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PdfLatex is a tool that converts Latex sources into PDF. This is specifically very important for researchers, as they use it to publish their findings. It could be installed very easily using Linux terminal, though this seems an annoying task on Windows. Installation commands are given below.
Install the TexLive base
sudo apt-get install texlive-latex-base
Also install the recommended and extra fonts to avoid running into the error [1], when trying to use pdflatex on latex files with more fonts.
Solution of psql: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user “postgres” (or any user)
psql: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user “postgres” (or any user)
The connection failed because by default psql connects over UNIX sockets using peer authentication, that requires the current UNIX user to have the same user name as psql. So you will have to create the UNIX user postgres and then login as postgres or use sudo -u postgres psql database-name for accessing the database (and psql should not ask for a password).
If you cannot or do not want to create the UNIX user, like if you just want to connect to your database for ad hoc queries, forcing a socket connection using psql --host=localhost --dbname=database-name --username=postgres (as pointed out by @meyerson answer) will solve your immediate problem.
But if you intend to force password authentication over Unix sockets instead of the peer method, try changing the following pg_hba.conf* line:
Many users when are given server access, do not have root (or sudo) privileges and can not simply do
sudo apt-get install python-pip .
Here's an easy way you can install and use pip without root (or sudo) access in a local directory.
Note : This works without easy_install too.