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A managed runtime is a software environment that oversees the execution of code in a programming language, handling many low-level details automatically to simplify development and improve safety. It acts as an intermediary between the application's code and the underlying operating system/hardware, providing services like:
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QUIC (Quick UDP Internet Connections) is a modern transport protocol designed to improve upon the limitations of TCP, particularly for web traffic. Originally developed by Google in 2012, it was standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in May 2021 as RFC 9000. QUIC operates over UDP, providing low-latency, secure, and multiplexed connections. HTTP/3 is the third major version of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which builds directly on QUIC as its transport layer, replacing the TCP+TLS stack used in HTTP/2. Standardized in June 2022 as RFC 9114, HTTP/3 aims to enhance web performance, especially in unreliable or high-latency networks like mobile connections.
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Great question. “RPC vs sockets” is really “higher-level call semantics vs low-level byte streams.” RPC frameworks sit on top of sockets and trade control for productivity and ecosystem. Here’s a pragmatic breakdown.
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This will be a comprehensive, structured, and detailed exploration of the concept of proxies — covering definitions, history, classifications, architectures, real-world applications, protocols, design considerations, security implications, performance factors, and modern trends (including AI and cloud-native proxying).
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gRPC and Sun RPC (also known as ONC RPC or RPC) are both remote procedure call (RPC) frameworks designed to enable communication between distributed systems. However, they differ significantly in age, design, and capabilities. Sun RPC, developed by Sun Microsystems in the 1980s, was foundational for protocols like NFS (Network File System) and focused on simplicity for Unix-like environments. gRPC, created by Google and open-sourced in 2015, is a modern, high-performance framework built for cloud-native applications, microservices, and mobile/web integrations.
Below is a side-by-side comparison of their key attributes.
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“Stub” is a broad concept in computing that appears in many contexts, from operating systems to distributed systems, compilers, and testing frameworks. Despite the variations, all “stubs” share one conceptual essence:
A stub is a placeholder or surrogate that stands in for another piece of code, process, or system component — typically one that is unavailable, incomplete, or remote.
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GitOps, DevOps, and their sibling “-Ops” paradigms each reflect different philosophies in modern software delivery and operations. Let’s go step-by-step through them, starting with definitions, contrasts, and then a taxonomy of the most relevant “Ops” families that exist today.
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In cloud computing, elasticity and scalability are closely related concepts that both deal with handling changing workloads — but they differ in scope, timing, and automation. Let’s break them down precisely:
