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<div><div>Knee bursitis</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Author:</dt><dd><a>Jeffrey N Katz, MD, MSc</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editor:</dt><dd><a>Zacharia Isaac, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Siobhan M Case, MD, MHS</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Dec 02, 2024.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Bursae are synovial-lined virtual cavities that facilitate the interplay between tendon and bone, such as the anserine bursa and the deep infrapatellar bursa; between muscle and muscle, such as the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa; between fascia and fascia, such as some bursal structures in 

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<div><div>Approach to the adult with unspecified hip pain</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Author:</dt><dd><a>Justin Paoloni, MBBS, BSc, PhD, MSpMed, FACSP</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editor:</dt><dd><a>Peter Fricker, MBBS, FACSP, HonDUniv(Canberra)</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;May 20, 2024.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Hip pain is common in adults and often causes functional disability. Among adults who play sports, the incidence of chronic hip pain is 30 to 40 percent [<a>1,2</a>]; among all adults over 60, the incidence of hip

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<div><div>Approach to hip and groin pain in the athlete and active adult</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Author:</dt><dd><a>Rob Johnson, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editors:</dt><dd><a>Peter Fricker, MBBS, FACSP, HonDUniv(Canberra)</a></dd><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Oct 23, 2024.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Hip and groin injuries occur less frequently than injuries of the knee and ankle in the athletic population but contribute significantly to morbidity among the physically active. The broad diffe

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<div><div>Imaging evaluation of the painful hip in adults</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Authors:</dt><dd><a>Cecilia Matilda Jude, MD</a></dd><dd><a>Shahla Modarresi, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editors:</dt><dd><a>Robert H Shmerling, MD</a></dd><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Siobhan M Case, MD, MHS</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Jun 02, 2025.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>The hip is a stable, major weightbearing joint with significant mobility. Hip pain has different etiologies in adults and children. In adults, hip pain may be caused by intraarticular di

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<div><div>Musculoskeletal examination of the hip and groin</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Authors:</dt><dd><a>Margot Putukian, MD, FACSM, FAMSSM</a></dd><dd><a>Megan Groh Miller, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editor:</dt><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Jul 25, 2023.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Hip and groin pain are common complaints among active adults and pose a diagnostic challenge to clinicians due to the complex anatomy and biomechanics of the region. Effective evaluation of the hip and groin depend

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<div><div>Society guideline links: Hip and groin pain</div> <span></span><p></p><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>Introduction</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>This topic includes links to society and government-sponsored guidelines from selected countries and regions around the world. We will update these links periodically; newer versions of some guidelines may be available on each society's website. Some societies may require users to log in to access their guidelines.</p><p>The recommendations in the following guidelines may vary from those that appear in UpToDate topic reviews. Readers who are looking for UpToDate topic reviews should use the UpToDate search box to find the relevant content.</p><p>Links to related guidelines are provided separately:</p><p></p><ul></ul>(See  <a>"Society guideline links: Osteoarthritis"</a>.)<p></p><p></p><ul></ul>(See  <a>"Society guideline links: Groin hernia in adults"</a>.)<p></p><p></p><ul></ul>(See  <a>"Society guideline links: Hip fracture in adults"</a>.)<p

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<div><div>Evaluation of elbow pain in adults</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Author:</dt><dd><a>Francis G O'Connor, MD, MPH, FACSM, FAMSSM</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editor:</dt><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Jun 09, 2025.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Elbow pain may be due to disorders involving the joint itself, the surrounding soft tissue structures, or a referred source (eg, neck, shoulder, or wrist). Joint and soft tissue structures that are common sources of pain include the epicondyles and their ten

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<div><div>Elbow tendinopathy (tennis and golf elbow)</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Author:</dt><dd><a>Neeru Jayanthi, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editor:</dt><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Mar 10, 2025.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Chronic pain at the lateral or medial epicondyle of the elbow is a relatively common condition, particularly among tennis players and golfers, respectively, and among manual laborers. Chronic pathologic changes in the tendon origins are associated with such pain, although t

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<div><div>Throwing injuries of the upper extremity: Clinical presentation and diagnostic approach</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Author:</dt><dd><a>Craig Young, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editors:</dt><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dd><a>Joseph Chorley, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Oct 31, 2023.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Millions of people throughout the world participate in sports that involve throwing or throwing-like movements. These movements range from classic ball throwing, as performed by baseball pitchers o

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<div><div>Biceps tendinopathy and tendon rupture</div> <span></span><div><div><dl><dt><span> </span>Authors:</dt><dd><a>Stephen M Simons, MD, FACSM, FAMSSM</a></dd><dd><a>J Bryan Dixon, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Section Editor:</dt><dd><a>Karl B Fields, MD</a></dd><dt><span> </span>Deputy Editor:</dt><dd><a>Jonathan S Grayzel, MD</a></dd></dl><p><a>Contributor Disclosures</a></p></div><div><div><span>All topics are updated as new evidence becomes available and our <a>peer review process</a> is complete.</span></div><div><div><bdi><span>Literature review current through:</span>&nbsp;Jun 2025.</bdi></div><div><bdi><span>This topic last updated:</span>&nbsp;Jul 17, 2024.</bdi></div></div></div></div><div><div></div></div><div><p><span>INTRODUCTION</span><span>&nbsp;—&nbsp;</span></p><p>Shoulder pain is a common presenting complaint to primary care offices and sports medicine clinics. The basic workup for shoulder pain should include assessment of the biceps tendon, which has been considered a common cause of