Adding @k1sul1's suggestion from the comments as it's more concise than what I had before:
I just wanted them all gone, so I ran this in the MySQL shell.
UPDATE wp_posts SET post_content = REGEXP_REPLACE(post_content, "\\[\/?vc(.*?)\]", "");
Note the double backslash. If you forget it, you'll replace all v's and c's with nothing, and the shortcodes will still be there. This works for other shortcode as well, just replace vc.