Human societies are problem solving organizations, which supply the necessities along with entertainment, as well as training to ensure continuation. The over-arching Sociopolitical systems require energy for their maintenance. If left without proper tending, they fall apart like a garden without attention. Increasing complexity carries with it increased cost per capita. Simple monarchies need much less maintenance than democracies, as voices are heard and justice grinds slowly. Investment in sociopolitical complexity often reaches a point of declining marginal returns, as time passes, interest wanes, justice disappoints. When debt saturation occurs, like today, the cost of maintenance and decline can be overwhelming. The complex system becomes vulnerable to collapse after great stresses and what Tainter calls perturbations, better thought of as disruptions or disturbances.
Stress and perturbation are a constant feature of any complex society, always occurring somewhere in its territory. The developed operat