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require 'benchmark'

a = {foo: 'Hello'}
b = {bar: ' world'}

n = 100_000_000
Benchmark.bm do |x|
  x.report("{**a,**b}") do
    n.times {
      {**a, **b}

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RSpec::Matchers.define :permit do |action|
  
  match do |object|
    read_user object

    permit?(action, user: @user, context: @object)
  end

  def read_user(object)
    return if @user

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module Pivilages
  def load_privilages_for(user)
    Authorization.current_user = user
    
    file_name = File.join(Rails.root, 'config', 'authorization_rules.rb')
    rules = File.read(file_name)
    
    load_engine_analyzer_for rules
  end

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class Foo
  def foo(bar=nil)
    @bar = (bar || @bar)
  end
end

# Example
foo = Foo.new
foo.foo()      # => nil
foo.foo(10)    # => 10

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# config/application.rb

module RailsApp
  class Application < Rails::Application
    # ...
    files = File.join(Rails.root, 'app', 'models') + File::SEPARATOR + '*_observer.rb'
    observers = []
    Dir[files].each do |file|
      observers << File.basename(file).gsub('.rb','').to_sym
    end