STR, July 2018
This outlines setting up mining on Ubuntu. This was first written in April 2017, and was extended in July 2018 to make it easier for both people who can handle headless ubuntu and for people who prefer desktop. It's also been updated for Bitmethod goodness to make it easier for a larger collection of people to successfully mine using GPUs.
This guide assumes the reader already has a crypto wallet set up, is comfortable with Linux and the command line, and knows how to use Google if they run into problems.
The end result is an Ubuntu 16.04 LTS desktop running CUDA ethminer via systemd.