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extension Array {
    
    func first() -> Element? {
        if isEmpty {
            return nil
        }
        return self[0]
    }
    
    func last() -> Element? {

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Learning FP the hard way: Experiences on the Elm language

by Ossi Hanhinen, @ohanhi

with the support of Futurice 💚.

Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Foreword

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// See http://blog.sigfpe.com/2008/12/mother-of-all-monads.html

// MARK: function composition
infix operator >>> { associativity left }
func >>> <A, B, C>(f: A -> B, g: B -> C) -> A -> C {
    return { x in g(f(x)) }
}

// MARK: Continuation monad
struct Cont<R, A> {

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//
//  Category.swift
//  Swift_Extras
//
//  Created by Robert Widmann on 9/7/14.
//  Copyright (c) 2014 Robert Widmann. All rights reserved.
//

import Foundation

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//
//  Yoneda.swift
//  Basis
//
//  Created by Robert Widmann on 12/11/14.
//  Copyright (c) 2014 Robert Widmann. All rights reserved.
//

import Basis

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// Playground - noun: a place where people can play

import Cocoa

var str = "Hello, playground"

// Here's take 1. First, I defined the algebra like I would in
// Scala, as separate protocols:
protocol Semigroup {
    typealias T

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//
//  Example.swift
//
//  Created by Daniel Worku on 11/16/15.
//
//	The MIT License (MIT)
//	Copyright (c) 2014 Daniel Worku
//
//	Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
//	this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in

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enum Expression<Recur> {
	case Variable(String)
	case Abstraction(String, Recur)
	case Application(Recur, Recur)

	func map<Other>(transform: Recur -> Other) -> Expression<Other> {
		switch self {
		case let .Variable(x):
			return .Variable(x)
		case let .Abstraction(x, body):

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Category theory jargon cheat sheet

A primer/refresher on the category theory concepts that most commonly crop up in conversations about Scala or FP. (Because it's embarassing when I forget this stuff!)

I'll be assuming Scalaz imports in code samples, and some of the code may be pseudo-Scala.

Functor

A functor is something that supports map.

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import Foundation
#if os(OSX)
    import Darwin
#else
    import Glibc
#endif


let path = __FILE__
public struct ReadError : ErrorType {let reason: String}