A Bash script that organizes files in the ~/Downloads folder by file age and file type.

organize.sh

#!/bin/bash

# Downloads Organizer Script
# Organizes files by age (3d, 7d, 14d, 30d, old) and then by file type

set -e

# Configuration
DOWNLOADS_DIR="/Users/htlin/Downloads"
DRY_RUN=${DRY_RUN:-false}
VERBOSE=${VERBOSE:-true}

# Colors for output
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
BLUE='\033[0;34m'
NC='\033[0m' # No Color

# Logging function
log() {
    if [[ $VERBOSE == true ]]; then
        echo -e "${BLUE}[INFO]${NC} $1"
    fi
}

log_success() {
    echo -e "${GREEN}[SUCCESS]${NC} $1"
}

log_warning() {
    echo -e "${YELLOW}[WARNING]${NC} $1"
}

log_error() {
    echo -e "${RED}[ERROR]${NC} $1"
}

# Get file extension in lowercase
get_extension() {
    local file="$1"
    echo "${file##*.}" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
}

# Get file category based on extension
get_category() {
    local ext="$1"
    case "$ext" in
        # Documents
        pdf|doc|docx|ppt|pptx|txt|rtf|odt|pages)
            echo "documents"
            ;;
        # Images
        jpg|jpeg|png|gif|bmp|tiff|svg|webp|ico|heic)
            echo "images"
            ;;
        # Data files
        csv|xlsx|xls|json|xml|yaml|yml|db|sql)
            echo "data"
            ;;
        # Code and config
        js|ts|py|go|java|c|cpp|h|css|html|sh|bash|zsh|fish|vim|conf|cfg|ini|toml|mod|sum)
            echo "code"
            ;;
        # Archives
        zip|tar|gz|rar|7z|bz2|xz|dmg|pkg|deb|rpm)
            echo "archives"
            ;;
        # E-books
        epub|mobi|azw|azw3|azw8|pdf)
            # PDFs could be either documents or ebooks - check filename patterns
            if [[ "$2" =~ (book|novel|guide|manual|tutorial) ]]; then
                echo "ebooks"
            else
                echo "documents"
            fi
            ;;
        # Audio/Video
        mp3|wav|flac|aac|mp4|avi|mkv|mov|wmv|webm)
            echo "media"
            ;;
        # Misc
        *)
            echo "misc"
            ;;
    esac
}

# Get age bucket based on file modification time
get_age_bucket() {
    local file="$1"
    local mod_time
    local now
    local diff_days
    
    # Get modification time in seconds since epoch
    if [[ "$OSTYPE" == "darwin"* ]]; then
        # macOS
        mod_time=$(stat -f "%m" "$file" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
    else
        # Linux
        mod_time=$(stat -c "%Y" "$file" 2>/dev/null || echo 0)
    fi
    
    now=$(date +%s)
    diff_days=$(( (now - mod_time) / 86400 ))
    
    if [[ $diff_days -le 3 ]]; then
        echo "3d"
    elif [[ $diff_days -le 7 ]]; then
        echo "7d"
    elif [[ $diff_days -le 14 ]]; then
        echo "14d"
    elif [[ $diff_days -le 30 ]]; then
        echo "30d"
    else
        echo "old"
    fi
}

# Create directory structure
create_structure() {
    local base_dirs=("3d" "7d" "14d" "30d" "old")
    local sub_dirs=("documents" "images" "data" "code" "archives" "ebooks" "media" "misc")
    
    log "Creating directory structure..."
    
    for base in "${base_dirs[@]}"; do
        for sub in "${sub_dirs[@]}"; do
            local dir_path="$DOWNLOADS_DIR/$base/$sub"
            if [[ $DRY_RUN == false ]]; then
                mkdir -p "$dir_path"
            fi
            log "Created: $dir_path"
        done
    done
}

# Move file to appropriate directory
move_file() {
    local file="$1"
    local age_bucket="$2"
    local category="$3"
    local dest_dir="$DOWNLOADS_DIR/$age_bucket/$category"
    local filename=$(basename "$file")
    
    # Skip if file is already in organized structure (unless re-aging)
    if [[ "$file" =~ ^$DOWNLOADS_DIR/(3d|7d|14d|30d|old)/ ]] && [[ "${4:-}" != "reage" ]]; then
        log "Skipping already organized file: $filename"
        return
    fi
    
    # Skip script files and hidden files
    if [[ "$filename" == "organize.sh" ]] || [[ "$filename" == "Makefile" ]] || [[ "$filename" == .* ]]; then
        log "Skipping system file: $filename"
        return
    fi
    
    # Create destination directory if it doesn't exist
    if [[ $DRY_RUN == false ]]; then
        mkdir -p "$dest_dir"
    fi
    
    local dest_path="$dest_dir/$filename"
    
    # Handle filename conflicts
    local counter=1
    local base_name="${filename%.*}"
    local extension="${filename##*.}"
    
    while [[ -e "$dest_path" ]]; do
        if [[ "$filename" == "$extension" ]]; then
            # No extension
            dest_path="$dest_dir/${base_name}_${counter}"
        else
            dest_path="$dest_dir/${base_name}_${counter}.${extension}"
        fi
        ((counter++))
    done
    
    if [[ $DRY_RUN == true ]]; then
        echo "DRY RUN: Would move '$file' → '$dest_path'"
    else
        mv "$file" "$dest_path"
        log_success "Moved: $filename → $age_bucket/$category/"
    fi
}

# Organize files
organize_files() {
    log "Starting file organization..."
    
    local total_files=0
    local moved_files=0
    
    # Find all files in Downloads (excluding directories and already organized files)
    while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
        # Skip directories
        if [[ -d "$file" ]]; then
            continue
        fi
        
        ((total_files++))
        
        local filename=$(basename "$file")
        local extension=$(get_extension "$filename")
        local age_bucket=$(get_age_bucket "$file")
        local category=$(get_category "$extension" "$filename")
        
        log "Processing: $filename (Age: $age_bucket, Category: $category)"
        
        move_file "$file" "$age_bucket" "$category"
        ((moved_files++))
        
    done < <(find "$DOWNLOADS_DIR" -maxdepth 1 -type f -print0)
    
    log_success "Organization complete! Processed $total_files files, moved $moved_files files."
}

# Clean empty directories
clean_empty_dirs() {
    log "Cleaning empty directories..."
    
    if [[ $DRY_RUN == false ]]; then
        find "$DOWNLOADS_DIR" -type d -empty -delete 2>/dev/null || true
    fi
    
    log_success "Empty directories cleaned."
}

# Re-age organized files based on current age
reage_files() {
    log "Starting file re-aging based on current modification dates..."
    
    local total_files=0
    local moved_files=0
    
    # Process all files in organized directories
    for age_dir in "$DOWNLOADS_DIR"/{3d,7d,14d,30d,old}; do
        if [[ -d "$age_dir" ]]; then
            local current_age_bucket=$(basename "$age_dir")
            
            while IFS= read -r -d '' file; do
                # Skip directories
                if [[ -d "$file" ]]; then
                    continue
                fi
                
                ((total_files++))
                
                local filename=$(basename "$file")
                local extension=$(get_extension "$filename")
                local correct_age_bucket=$(get_age_bucket "$file")
                local category=$(get_category "$extension" "$filename")
                
                # Only move if age bucket has changed
                if [[ "$current_age_bucket" != "$correct_age_bucket" ]]; then
                    log "Re-aging: $filename ($current_age_bucket → $correct_age_bucket)"
                    move_file "$file" "$correct_age_bucket" "$category" "reage"
                    ((moved_files++))
                else
                    log "Age correct: $filename (staying in $current_age_bucket)"
                fi
                
            done < <(find "$age_dir" -type f -print0)
        fi
    done
    
    log_success "Re-aging complete! Processed $total_files files, moved $moved_files files."
}

# Show statistics
show_stats() {
    log "File organization statistics:"
    
    for age_dir in "$DOWNLOADS_DIR"/{3d,7d,14d,30d,old}; do
        if [[ -d "$age_dir" ]]; then
            local age_name=$(basename "$age_dir")
            echo -e "${YELLOW}$age_name:${NC}"
            
            for cat_dir in "$age_dir"/*; do
                if [[ -d "$cat_dir" ]]; then
                    local cat_name=$(basename "$cat_dir")
                    local file_count=$(find "$cat_dir" -type f | wc -l)
                    if [[ $file_count -gt 0 ]]; then
                        echo "  $cat_name: $file_count files"
                    fi
                fi
            done
        fi
    done
}

# Main function
main() {
    echo -e "${GREEN}Downloads Organizer${NC}"
    echo "==================="
    
    # Change to downloads directory
    cd "$DOWNLOADS_DIR" || {
        log_error "Cannot access Downloads directory: $DOWNLOADS_DIR"
        exit 1
    }
    
    case "${1:-organize}" in
        "organize")
            create_structure
            organize_files
            clean_empty_dirs
            show_stats
            ;;
        "reage")
            create_structure
            reage_files
            clean_empty_dirs
            show_stats
            ;;
        "reage-dry-run")
            DRY_RUN=true
            log_warning "Running REAGE in DRY RUN mode - no files will be moved"
            create_structure
            reage_files
            ;;
        "stats")
            show_stats
            ;;
        "dry-run")
            DRY_RUN=true
            log_warning "Running in DRY RUN mode - no files will be moved"
            create_structure
            organize_files
            ;;
        "help")
            echo "Usage: $0 [organize|reage|stats|dry-run|reage-dry-run|help]"
            echo ""
            echo "Commands:"
            echo "  organize      - Organize files (default)"
            echo "  reage         - Move files to correct age folders based on current date"
            echo "  reage-dry-run - Preview re-aging without moving files"
            echo "  stats         - Show organization statistics"
            echo "  dry-run       - Show what would be moved without moving"
            echo "  help          - Show this help"
            echo ""
            echo "Environment variables:"
            echo "  DRY_RUN=true    - Run without moving files"
            echo "  VERBOSE=false   - Reduce output"
            ;;
        *)
            log_error "Unknown command: $1"
            echo "Use '$0 help' for usage information"
            exit 1
            ;;
    esac
}

# Run main function with all arguments
main "$@"

./organize.sh [organize|reage|stats|dry-run|reage-dry-run|help]