Lesson05.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "formal-hacker",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Наука о данных\n",
    "### Совместный бакалавриат ВШЭ-РЭШ, 2021-2022 учебный год\n",
    "_Илья Щуров_\n",
    "\n",
    "[Страница курса](http://math-info.hse.ru/s21/j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "moving-stupid",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "123"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 1,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = \"123\"\n",
    "int(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "entertaining-requirement",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "fifty-excess",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(123)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "outdoor-sensitivity",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(\"True\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "necessary-lotus",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(\"False\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "sensitive-target",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool(\"\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "toxic-reason",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter word\n",
      "That's empty!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = input(\"Enter word\")\n",
    "if s == \"\":\n",
    "    print(\"That's empty!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "empty-saturday",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter word\n",
      "That's empty!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = input(\"Enter word\")\n",
    "if not s:\n",
    "    print(\"That's empty!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "toxic-analysis",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter some words, separated by whitespase:     \n",
      "We have no words!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = input(\"Enter some words, separated by whitespase: \")\n",
    "words = s.split()\n",
    "if len(words) > 0:\n",
    "    print(\"We have several words\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"We have no words!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "focal-salem",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter some words, separated by whitespase: hello\n",
      "We have several words\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = input(\"Enter some words, separated by whitespase: \")\n",
    "words = s.split()\n",
    "if words:\n",
    "    print(\"We have several words\")\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print(\"We have no words!\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "hundred-precipitation",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool([1, 2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "motivated-bench",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool([False])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "forced-vegetarian",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "bool([])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "modern-natural",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ZeroDivisionError",
     "evalue": "division by zero",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-21-9e1622b385b6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m/\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mZeroDivisionError\u001b[0m: division by zero"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1/0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "native-saskatchewan",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = \"Hello\" or (1/0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "latest-recognition",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "small-reminder",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your name: Ilya\n",
      "Hello Ilya\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "default_name = \"Anonymous\"\n",
    "s = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n",
    "name = s or default_name\n",
    "print(\"Hello\", name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "interstate-italian",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Enter your name: \n",
      "Hello Anonymous\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "default_name = \"Anonymous\"\n",
    "s = input(\"Enter your name: \")\n",
    "if s:\n",
    "    name = s\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    name = default_name\n",
    "print(\"Hello\", name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "neutral-sharing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, World!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\"Hello\", \"World\", sep=\", \", end=\"!\\n\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "prompt-elements",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5040"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 30,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 7\n",
    "f = 1\n",
    "for i in range(1, n + 1):\n",
    "    f = f * i\n",
    "f"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "id": "auburn-calvin",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def factorial(n):\n",
    "    f = 1\n",
    "    for i in range(1, n + 1):\n",
    "        f = f * i\n",
    "    return f"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "further-medication",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5160"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "factorial(7) + factorial(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "changing-queen",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "6\n",
      "100\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f = 100\n",
    "def factorial(n):\n",
    "    f = 1\n",
    "    for i in range(1, n + 1):\n",
    "        f = f * i\n",
    "    return f\n",
    "\n",
    "print(factorial(3))\n",
    "print(f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "charged-machinery",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from math import sqrt"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "eleven-volunteer",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "f = 100\n",
    "def show_f():\n",
    "    print(f)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "fatty-bristol",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "100\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "show_f()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "illegal-season",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "15\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "f = 15\n",
    "show_f()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "id": "advisory-reminder",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def show_a():\n",
    "    print(a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "id": "animal-foundation",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "NameError",
     "evalue": "name 'a' is not defined",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-45-76387284371e>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mshow_a\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-44-222f542d61a1>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36mshow_a\u001b[0;34m()\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32mdef\u001b[0m \u001b[0mshow_a\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 2\u001b[0;31m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mNameError\u001b[0m: name 'a' is not defined"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "show_a()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "id": "billion-booth",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "123\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 123\n",
    "show_a()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "id": "faced-penalty",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "10"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 52,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = 10\n",
    "def foo():\n",
    "    # print(a)\n",
    "    a = 12\n",
    "foo()\n",
    "a"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "id": "regulated-decade",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "[1, 2, 3, 100]\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list = [1, 2, 3]\n",
    "def add_element_to_my_list(x):\n",
    "    my_list.append(x)\n",
    "add_element_to_my_list(100)\n",
    "print(my_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "id": "entitled-ecuador",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Russian\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "language = \"English\"\n",
    "def set_language(new_language):\n",
    "    global language\n",
    "    language = new_language\n",
    "\n",
    "set_language(\"Russian\")\n",
    "print(language)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "id": "focal-government",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def say_42():\n",
    "    print(42)\n",
    "\n",
    "def return_42():\n",
    "    return 42"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 57,
   "id": "sound-spectrum",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "42\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "say_42()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 58,
   "id": "periodic-virginia",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "42"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 58,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "return_42()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 59,
   "id": "atmospheric-incidence",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "42\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = say_42()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 61,
   "id": "endless-survivor",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "sonic-bishop",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 65,
   "id": "banner-photographer",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 65,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "None == None"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "id": "helpful-bathroom",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 66,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "None == 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "id": "infectious-tension",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "y = return_42()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "id": "smooth-killing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "42"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "id": "minor-adolescent",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def sum_3(x, y, z):\n",
    "    return x + y + z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "id": "written-commercial",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "665"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 71,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum_3(23, 100, 542)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "id": "baking-chemistry",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def hello(first_name, last_name):\n",
    "    print(\"Hello\", first_name, last_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "id": "resident-mortality",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Harry Potter\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Harry\", \"Potter\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 74,
   "id": "external-banner",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Harry Potter\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(first_name=\"Harry\", last_name=\"Potter\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "id": "regulation-orchestra",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Harry Potter\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(last_name=\"Potter\", first_name=\"Harry\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "id": "civilian-differential",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Harry Potter\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Harry\", last_name=\"Potter\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "id": "material-albert",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "SyntaxError",
     "evalue": "positional argument follows keyword argument (<ipython-input-77-97ad54a0d341>, line 1)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;36m  File \u001b[0;32m\"<ipython-input-77-97ad54a0d341>\"\u001b[0;36m, line \u001b[0;32m1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31m    hello(last_name=\"Potter\", \"Harry\")\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m                                     ^\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;31mSyntaxError\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m:\u001b[0m positional argument follows keyword argument\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(last_name=\"Potter\", \"Harry\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "id": "stainless-satisfaction",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def hello(first_name, last_name, title=\"Mr\"):\n",
    "    print(\"Hello\", title, first_name, last_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "id": "ambient-logging",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Mr Harry Potter\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Harry\", \"Potter\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 80,
   "id": "indonesian-sodium",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Prof. Severus Snape\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Severus\", \"Snape\", \"Prof.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "id": "least-genesis",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Prof. Severus Snape\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Severus\", \"Snape\", title=\"Prof.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "id": "rising-mainstream",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def hello(first_name, last_name, title=\"Mr\"):\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    Приветствует пользователя.\n",
    "    \n",
    "    Аргументы:\n",
    "    \n",
    "    first_name — имя пользователя\n",
    "    last_name — фамилия пользователя\n",
    "    title — обращение (по умолчанию \"Mr\")\n",
    "    \"\"\"\n",
    "    print(\"Hello\", title, first_name, last_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "id": "immune-truck",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from matplotlib.pyplot import plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "id": "cross-potter",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "??plot"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 87,
   "id": "novel-purple",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "hello() takes from 2 to 3 positional arguments but 4 were given",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-87-06d92906cafd>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mhello\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Hello\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Harry\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Potter\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\"Mr\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: hello() takes from 2 to 3 positional arguments but 4 were given"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Hello\", \"Harry\", \"Potter\", \"Mr\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "id": "fuzzy-builder",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 5 100 54 Hello\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(2, 5, 100, 54, \"Hello\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 92,
   "id": "particular-staff",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def foo(*args):\n",
    "    print(type(args))\n",
    "    print(args)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "id": "vocal-fever",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'tuple'>\n",
      "(3, 4, 5, 100, 'Hello')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "foo(3, 4, 5, 100, \"Hello\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "id": "comfortable-criminal",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def hello(first_name, last_name, *middlenames, title, **kwargs):\n",
    "    print(\"Hello\", title, first_name, end=\" \")\n",
    "    for middlename in middlenames:\n",
    "        print(middlename, end=\" \")\n",
    "    print(last_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "id": "north-being",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello Prof. Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hello(\"Albus\", \"Dumbledore\", \"Percival\", \"Wulfric\", \"Brian\", title=\"Prof.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 103,
   "id": "accessory-jacket",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def sum_2d_vectors(u, v):\n",
    "    return (u[0] + v[0], u[1] + v[1])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "id": "gorgeous-justice",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(5, 7)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sum_2d_vectors((1, 4), (4, 3))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "id": "injured-excess",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "names = (\"Albus\", \"Percival\", \"Wulfric\", \"Dumbledore\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "id": "relevant-adoption",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "('Albus', 'Percival', 'Wulfric', 'Dumbledore')\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(names)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "id": "wrong-external",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Albus Percival Wulfric Dumbledore\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(\" \".join(names))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 112,
   "id": "digital-execution",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Albus Percival Wulfric Dumbledore\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(*names)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 113,
   "id": "curious-sally",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(*[1, 2, 3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "id": "honest-motivation",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(1, 2, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "id": "mechanical-cameroon",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def foo(x, y, z):\n",
    "    print(\"x =\", x)\n",
    "    print(\"y =\", y)\n",
    "    print(\"z =\", z)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "id": "greenhouse-auckland",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "point3d = (1, 5, 3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "id": "fiscal-official",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "foo() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'y' and 'z'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-117-bb93431d9ef7>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mfoo\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mpoint3d\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: foo() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'y' and 'z'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "foo(point3d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "id": "optional-lemon",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x = 1\n",
      "y = 5\n",
      "z = 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "foo(*point3d)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "id": "advance-pilot",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x, y, z = [1, 2, 3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "id": "outstanding-crystal",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 120,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 121,
   "id": "addressed-copyright",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 121,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "id": "impressive-prime",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 122,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "z"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "id": "dynamic-eugene",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('Albus', 'Percival', 'Wulfric', 'Dumbledore')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 124,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 125,
   "id": "cleared-decade",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "first_name, *middle_names, last_name = names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 126,
   "id": "affected-parts",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Albus'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 126,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "first_name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "id": "special-sellers",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Dumbledore'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 127,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "last_name"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 128,
   "id": "behavioral-envelope",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['Percival', 'Wulfric']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 128,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "middle_names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "id": "spare-lunch",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "first_name = names[0]\n",
    "last_name = names[-1]\n",
    "middle_names = names[1:-1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "id": "indie-header",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('Percival', 'Wulfric')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 130,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "middle_names"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "sacred-secondary",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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