Lesson07.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "charged-canyon",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Наука о данных\n",
    "### Совместный бакалавриат ВШЭ-РЭШ, 2021-2022 учебный год\n",
    "_Илья Щуров_\n",
    "\n",
    "[Страница курса](http://math-info.hse.ru/s21/j)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "immediate-prerequisite",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "students = ['Alice', 'Bob', 'Claudia']\n",
    "grades = [4, 5, 3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "asian-drinking",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "table = [('Alice', 4), ('Claudia', 3), ('Bob', 5)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "saved-affairs",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "table[2][1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "sharp-skiing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': 4, 'Bob': 5, 'Claudia': 3}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "northern-tongue",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Bob']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "drawn-tobacco",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Claudia']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "affecting-tumor",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 4, 'Bob': 5, 'Claudia': 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "daily-champagne",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Daniel'] = 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "floral-generator",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 4, 'Bob': 5, 'Claudia': 3, 'Daniel': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "complimentary-theology",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Alice'] = 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "soviet-benjamin",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Bob': 5, 'Claudia': 3, 'Daniel': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "explicit-modem",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del gradebook['Bob']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "committed-answer",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Claudia': 3, 'Daniel': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "funny-tracker",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Alice has grade 5.\n",
      "Claudia has grade 3.\n",
      "Daniel has grade 4.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for student in gradebook:\n",
    "    print(f\"{student} has grade {gradebook[student]}.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "common-telescope",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Alice has grade 5.\n",
      "Claudia has grade 3.\n",
      "Daniel has grade 4.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for student, grade in gradebook.items():\n",
    "    print(f\"{student} has grade {grade}.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "controlled-qatar",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_items([('Alice', 5), ('Claudia', 3), ('Daniel', 4)])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.items()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "lightweight-deployment",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "ValueError",
     "evalue": "too many values to unpack (expected 2)",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m                                Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-23-031e2d12988b>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mfor\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstudent\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgrade\u001b[0m \u001b[0;32min\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgradebook\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34mf\"{student} has grade {grade}.\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mValueError\u001b[0m: too many values to unpack (expected 2)"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for student, grade in gradebook:\n",
    "    print(f\"{student} has grade {grade}.\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "ecological-georgia",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "dict_values([5, 3, 4])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.values()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "amber-utilization",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Claudia': 3, 'Daniel': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "public-solid",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Alice']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "accepted-revolution",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "comment = {'Alice': 'Good job!', 'Claudia': \"Try again\"}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "pointed-fellowship",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Good job!'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "comment['Alice']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "critical-stamp",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 'Good job!', 'Claudia': 'Try again'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "comment"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "id": "departmental-vaccine",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': [3, 4], 'Bob': [2], 'Claudia': [2, 4, 5]}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "id": "processed-miniature",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Claudia'][2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "cloudy-grave",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "squares = {1: 1, 2: 4, 5: 25}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "detected-housing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1: 1, 2: 4, 5: 25}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "id": "flexible-buffalo",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "solid-legislation",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares[2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "another-sending",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "0",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-37-6b453444c824>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0msquares\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 0"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "id": "seven-neighborhood",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1: 1, 2: 4, 5: 25}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 39,
   "id": "typical-straight",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "sums = {(1, 2): 3, (3, 5): 8, (1, 6): 7, (3, 2): 5}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "id": "limited-excellence",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{(1, 2): 3, (3, 5): 8, (1, 6): 7, (3, 2): 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sums"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "id": "secret-eagle",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 41,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sums[(1, 2)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "id": "loving-johnson",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "3"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 42,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sums[1, 2]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "id": "funded-stocks",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unhashable type: 'list'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-43-f2142ead9929>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0msums\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unhashable type: 'list'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "sums = {[1, 2]: 3, [3, 5]: 8}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "id": "grave-struggle",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unhashable type: 'list'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-44-b97876a2fe30>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      1\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 3\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0msums\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m8\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      4\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m      5\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unhashable type: 'list'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = [1, 2]\n",
    "b = [3, 5]\n",
    "sums = {a: 3, b: 8}\n",
    "a[0] = 3\n",
    "a[1] = 5\n",
    "sums[[3, 5]]\n",
    "# ???"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "id": "european-location",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "squares = {x: x ** 2 for x in range(2, 8)}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "id": "designing-swiss",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 46,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "id": "sophisticated-distance",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{3: 4, 1: 5, 2: 8}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 47,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dict([(3, 4), (1, 5), (2, 8)])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "id": "ancient-niger",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'x': 1, 'y': 10, 'z': 14}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "dict(x=1, y=10, z=14)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "available-harvey",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def say_hello(first_name, last_name, *middle_names, **kwargs):\n",
    "    print(f\"Hello, {kwargs['title']} {first_name} \" + \n",
    "          \" \".join(middle_names) + \" \" + last_name)\n",
    "    print(kwargs)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 64,
   "id": "satisfactory-probe",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Hello, Mrs Alice W Q Smith\n",
      "{'title': 'Mrs', 'age': 18}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "say_hello('Alice', 'Smith', 'W', 'Q', title='Mrs', age=18)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 66,
   "id": "integrated-ordering",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': 4, 'Bob': 5, 'Claudia': 3}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 67,
   "id": "vertical-desktop",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "'Daniel'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-67-36887fa2ac19>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mgradebook\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Daniel'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'Daniel'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Daniel']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "id": "present-saying",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 68,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'Alice' in gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 69,
   "id": "local-boost",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 69,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'Bob' in gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 70,
   "id": "becoming-constant",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 70,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'Daniel' in gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 71,
   "id": "chinese-validity",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def get_grade(name):\n",
    "    if name in gradebook:\n",
    "        return gradebook[name]\n",
    "    else:\n",
    "        print(\"No such student\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 72,
   "id": "eligible-empty",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 72,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "get_grade(\"Alice\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 73,
   "id": "assisted-infection",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "No such student\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "get_grade(\"Daniel\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 76,
   "id": "civil-preserve",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 76,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Alice']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 75,
   "id": "surprised-anime",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Yes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if gradebook['Alice']:\n",
    "    print(\"Yes\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 77,
   "id": "ignored-ecuador",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "KeyError",
     "evalue": "'Daniel'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m                                  Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-77-18195a243199>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;32mif\u001b[0m \u001b[0mgradebook\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m'Daniel'\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m\u001b[1;32m      2\u001b[0m     \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Yes\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;31mKeyError\u001b[0m: 'Daniel'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if gradebook['Daniel']:\n",
    "    print(\"Yes\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 78,
   "id": "prescribed-administration",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 78,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.get(\"Alice\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 79,
   "id": "active-scope",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 79,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.get(\"Bob\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 81,
   "id": "swiss-constant",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = gradebook.get(\"Daniel\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 82,
   "id": "hairy-freeze",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "None\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 83,
   "id": "injured-technique",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 83,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.get(\"Daniel\", 0)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 84,
   "id": "genuine-somewhere",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 84,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "4 in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 85,
   "id": "suited-rough",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 85,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10 in [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 86,
   "id": "cloudy-footage",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 86,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "\"el\" in \"Hello\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 88,
   "id": "streaming-formula",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook1 = {'Alice': 3, 'Bob': 4}\n",
    "gradebook2 = {'Alice': 4, 'Claudia': 5}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 90,
   "id": "instrumental-elite",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook1.update(gradebook2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 91,
   "id": "changed-fantasy",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 4, 'Bob': 4, 'Claudia': 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 91,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 93,
   "id": "arranged-parking",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook1 = {'Alice': 3, 'Bob': 4}\n",
    "gradebook2 = {'Alice': 4, 'Claudia': 5}\n",
    "new_gradebook = gradebook1 | gradebook2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 94,
   "id": "treated-building",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 4, 'Bob': 4, 'Claudia': 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 94,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "new_gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 95,
   "id": "exempt-foundation",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Bob': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 95,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': 3, 'Bob': 4}\n",
    "backup_gradebook = gradebook\n",
    "gradebook['Alice'] = 5\n",
    "backup_gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 96,
   "id": "brazilian-terrain",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 3, 'Bob': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 96,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': 3, 'Bob': 4}\n",
    "backup_gradebook = gradebook.copy()\n",
    "gradebook['Alice'] = 5\n",
    "backup_gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 98,
   "id": "ongoing-jordan",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Bob': 4}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 98,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.setdefault(\"Alice\", 2)\n",
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 99,
   "id": "tracked-response",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Bob': 4, 'Daniel': 2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 99,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook.setdefault(\"Daniel\", 2)\n",
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 101,
   "id": "plastic-blues",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Alice': 5, 'Bob': 4, 'Daniel': 2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 101,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "Out[99]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 102,
   "id": "hourly-bikini",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'gradebook.setdefault(\"Daniel\", 2)\\ngradebook'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 102,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "In[99]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 104,
   "id": "precise-sussex",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = 100"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 105,
   "id": "metric-cradle",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "100"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 105,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "globals()['x']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 106,
   "id": "referenced-instrument",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(10):\n",
    "    globals()[f'x{i}'] = i ** 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 107,
   "id": "center-theme",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 107,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 108,
   "id": "future-facing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 108,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 109,
   "id": "dramatic-oxygen",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 109,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 110,
   "id": "exclusive-husband",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "81"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 110,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x9"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 111,
   "id": "convertible-garden",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 111,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x0"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 114,
   "id": "expressed-night",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Alice 5\n",
      "Bob 4\n",
      "Daniel 2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for k, v in gradebook.items():\n",
    "    print(k, v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 115,
   "id": "organic-screen",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Bob': 3, 'Claudia': 5, 'Alice': 3}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 116,
   "id": "south-allen",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Bob 3\n",
      "Claudia 5\n",
      "Alice 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for k, v in gradebook.items():\n",
    "    print(k, v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 117,
   "id": "colonial-topic",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'Bob': 3, 'Claudia': 5, 'Alice': 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 117,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 118,
   "id": "advanced-proposition",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "squares = {x: x**2 for x in range(100)}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 119,
   "id": "friendly-going",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{0: 0,\n",
       " 1: 1,\n",
       " 2: 4,\n",
       " 3: 9,\n",
       " 4: 16,\n",
       " 5: 25,\n",
       " 6: 36,\n",
       " 7: 49,\n",
       " 8: 64,\n",
       " 9: 81,\n",
       " 10: 100,\n",
       " 11: 121,\n",
       " 12: 144,\n",
       " 13: 169,\n",
       " 14: 196,\n",
       " 15: 225,\n",
       " 16: 256,\n",
       " 17: 289,\n",
       " 18: 324,\n",
       " 19: 361,\n",
       " 20: 400,\n",
       " 21: 441,\n",
       " 22: 484,\n",
       " 23: 529,\n",
       " 24: 576,\n",
       " 25: 625,\n",
       " 26: 676,\n",
       " 27: 729,\n",
       " 28: 784,\n",
       " 29: 841,\n",
       " 30: 900,\n",
       " 31: 961,\n",
       " 32: 1024,\n",
       " 33: 1089,\n",
       " 34: 1156,\n",
       " 35: 1225,\n",
       " 36: 1296,\n",
       " 37: 1369,\n",
       " 38: 1444,\n",
       " 39: 1521,\n",
       " 40: 1600,\n",
       " 41: 1681,\n",
       " 42: 1764,\n",
       " 43: 1849,\n",
       " 44: 1936,\n",
       " 45: 2025,\n",
       " 46: 2116,\n",
       " 47: 2209,\n",
       " 48: 2304,\n",
       " 49: 2401,\n",
       " 50: 2500,\n",
       " 51: 2601,\n",
       " 52: 2704,\n",
       " 53: 2809,\n",
       " 54: 2916,\n",
       " 55: 3025,\n",
       " 56: 3136,\n",
       " 57: 3249,\n",
       " 58: 3364,\n",
       " 59: 3481,\n",
       " 60: 3600,\n",
       " 61: 3721,\n",
       " 62: 3844,\n",
       " 63: 3969,\n",
       " 64: 4096,\n",
       " 65: 4225,\n",
       " 66: 4356,\n",
       " 67: 4489,\n",
       " 68: 4624,\n",
       " 69: 4761,\n",
       " 70: 4900,\n",
       " 71: 5041,\n",
       " 72: 5184,\n",
       " 73: 5329,\n",
       " 74: 5476,\n",
       " 75: 5625,\n",
       " 76: 5776,\n",
       " 77: 5929,\n",
       " 78: 6084,\n",
       " 79: 6241,\n",
       " 80: 6400,\n",
       " 81: 6561,\n",
       " 82: 6724,\n",
       " 83: 6889,\n",
       " 84: 7056,\n",
       " 85: 7225,\n",
       " 86: 7396,\n",
       " 87: 7569,\n",
       " 88: 7744,\n",
       " 89: 7921,\n",
       " 90: 8100,\n",
       " 91: 8281,\n",
       " 92: 8464,\n",
       " 93: 8649,\n",
       " 94: 8836,\n",
       " 95: 9025,\n",
       " 96: 9216,\n",
       " 97: 9409,\n",
       " 98: 9604,\n",
       " 99: 9801}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 119,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "squares"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 120,
   "id": "western-polymer",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "del squares[78]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 122,
   "id": "favorite-accordance",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "squares[101] = 101 ** 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 124,
   "id": "domestic-arcade",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n",
      "5\n",
      "6\n",
      "7\n",
      "8\n",
      "9\n",
      "10\n",
      "11\n",
      "12\n",
      "13\n",
      "14\n",
      "15\n",
      "16\n",
      "17\n",
      "18\n",
      "19\n",
      "20\n",
      "21\n",
      "22\n",
      "23\n",
      "24\n",
      "25\n",
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      "29\n",
      "30\n",
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      "80\n",
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      "86\n",
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      "90\n",
      "91\n",
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      "93\n",
      "94\n",
      "95\n",
      "96\n",
      "97\n",
      "98\n",
      "99\n",
      "101\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for k in squares:\n",
    "    print(k)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 127,
   "id": "moving-multimedia",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = {1, 2, 5}\n",
    "y = {1, 100, 100, 5, 12}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 129,
   "id": "appropriate-polymer",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "set"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 129,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 130,
   "id": "numerical-dispute",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 5, 12, 100}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 130,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 132,
   "id": "nervous-festival",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 132,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "1 in x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 133,
   "id": "documentary-hypothetical",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 133,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "3 in x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 135,
   "id": "universal-joshua",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 5, 12, 100}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 135,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x | y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 136,
   "id": "qualified-state",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 5}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 136,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x & y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 137,
   "id": "general-malaysia",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 137,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x - y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 138,
   "id": "charming-carolina",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 138,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x.issubset(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 140,
   "id": "pursuant-ireland",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 140,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{1, 2}.issubset({1, 2, 3})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 144,
   "id": "sticky-cross",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 100]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 145,
   "id": "detected-adobe",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 145,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(set(my_list)) == len(my_list)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 146,
   "id": "remarkable-grove",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{(1, 2), (3, 4)}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 146,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{(1, 2), (3, 4)}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 147,
   "id": "selective-sixth",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unhashable type: 'list'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-147-a0ff115cb325>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unhashable type: 'list'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{[1, 2], [3, 4]}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 148,
   "id": "systematic-failing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = {1, 2}\n",
    "x.add(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 149,
   "id": "moved-ability",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{1, 2, 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 149,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 157,
   "id": "changing-paint",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "frozen_x = frozenset({1, 2, 3})"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 158,
   "id": "controversial-satin",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "AttributeError",
     "evalue": "'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m                            Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-158-fac25e90e0d6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mfrozen_x\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0madd\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m5\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mAttributeError\u001b[0m: 'frozenset' object has no attribute 'add'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "frozen_x.add(5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 153,
   "id": "based-stress",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = {1, 2}\n",
    "x.add(3)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 154,
   "id": "adequate-planning",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x.remove(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 155,
   "id": "systematic-venezuela",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{2, 3}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 155,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 160,
   "id": "improving-psychology",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': {'Algebra': 4, 'Geometry': 5},\n",
    "             'Bob': {'Algebra': 5, 'Geometry': 4}}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 161,
   "id": "rolled-polymer",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 161,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "gradebook['Alice']['Geometry']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 162,
   "id": "architectural-prospect",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "gradebook = {'Alice': {'Algebra': [4, 5], 'Geometry': [2, 5, 5]},\n",
    "             'Bob': {'Algebra': [1, 2, 5], 'Geometry': []}}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 163,
   "id": "chicken-reducing",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_tuple = ('Alice', [1, 4, 3])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 164,
   "id": "acceptable-gentleman",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('Alice', [1, 4, 3])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 164,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_tuple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 165,
   "id": "secondary-director",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "my_tuple[1][0] = 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 166,
   "id": "institutional-arthritis",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('Alice', [5, 4, 3])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 166,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_tuple"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 167,
   "id": "outer-carol",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unhashable type: 'list'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-167-3e5e94035bf6>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmy_tuple\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unhashable type: 'list'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{my_tuple}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 168,
   "id": "occupational-hotel",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-2174745016731178947"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 168,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hash(\"Hello\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 169,
   "id": "authorized-knock",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2327812432076005420"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 169,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hash(\"Hallo\")"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 181,
   "id": "stupid-slope",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "21969422862311469"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 181,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hash(2327812432076005420)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 180,
   "id": "appointed-fellowship",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "10 True\n",
      "100 True\n",
      "1000 True\n",
      "10000 True\n",
      "100000 True\n",
      "1000000 True\n",
      "10000000 True\n",
      "100000000 True\n",
      "1000000000 True\n",
      "10000000000 True\n",
      "100000000000 True\n",
      "1000000000000 True\n",
      "10000000000000 True\n",
      "100000000000000 True\n",
      "1000000000000000 True\n",
      "10000000000000000 True\n",
      "100000000000000000 True\n",
      "1000000000000000000 True\n",
      "10000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "1000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n",
      "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 False\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(1, 50):\n",
    "    z = 10 ** i\n",
    "    print(z, z == hash(z))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 182,
   "id": "oriented-thread",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "-3550055125485641917"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 182,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hash((1, 2))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 183,
   "id": "dried-problem",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "ename": "TypeError",
     "evalue": "unhashable type: 'list'",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m                                 Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "\u001b[0;32m<ipython-input-183-4b420d0158ba>\u001b[0m in \u001b[0;36m<module>\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0;31m \u001b[0mhash\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m[\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m]\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[0;31mTypeError\u001b[0m: unhashable type: 'list'"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "hash([1, 2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 184,
   "id": "green-diversity",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "x = [1, 2, 3]\n",
    "y = [1, 2, 3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 185,
   "id": "apparent-trigger",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 185,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x == y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 186,
   "id": "inside-membership",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
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       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 186,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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    "x is y"
   ]
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  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 187,
   "id": "worth-infrared",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 187,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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    "id(x) == id(y)"
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 189,
   "id": "proud-simple",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 189,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   "source": [
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    "y = 5\n",
    "x is y"
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 190,
   "id": "approximate-washington",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 190,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   "source": [
    "x = 12345\n",
    "y = 12345\n",
    "x is y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 191,
   "id": "approved-samba",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 191,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x == y"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 192,
   "id": "gentle-mentor",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140581561766512"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 192,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 193,
   "id": "wireless-source",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "140581561766320"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 193,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "id(y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "adult-member",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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