| issue | c | zig (release-safe) | rust (release) | Nim (release) | Nim (danger) | D (@safe) | Swift | modern C++ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| out-of-bounds heap read/write | none | runtime | runtime | runtime | none | runtime | runtime | none³ |
| null pointer dereference | none | runtime | runtime | runtime | none | runtime¹ | runtime | none⁴ |
| type confusion | none | runtime, partial | runtime | compile time | compile time | compile time | compile time | partial⁵ |
| integer overflow | none | runtime | runtime | runtime | none | wraps | runtime (checked) | undefined behavior |
| use after free | none | none |
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