leksak

The different layers that make up the internet protocol stack are

• Application
• Transport
• Network
• Link
• Physical

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leksak

The most common functions in a protocol should handle

• The dialogue, who gets to send in which order
• The addressing, how to broadcast one's identity and the identity of one's intended recipient.
• Frame-format, how information (data) is packaged (framed)
• Error-handling

leksak

Q: What are the differences between a circuit switching network and a packet switching network?

Answer

Bandwidth

A circuit switching network has a guaranteed bandwidth, since the entire established circuit is dedicated to the communication between the two parties. The disadvantage of this is that the resource (the bandwidth) is not guaranteed to be fully utilised

leksak

{-# LANGUAGE MultiWayIf #-}

data Variables = Zero | One | LB | RB deriving (Show, Eq)

-- LB and RB symbolises left and right brackets, i.e. [, ]
pythagoras = concatMap (\c -> if
                    | c ==  Zero -> One : [LB, Zero, RB, Zero]
                    | c == One -> One : [One]
                    | c == LB -> [LB]
                    | c == RB -> [RB])

leksak

{-# LANGUAGE MultiWayIf #-}

data Algae = A | B deriving (Show, Eq)

algae :: [Algae] -> [Algae]
algae = concatMap (\c -> if
                | c == A -> A:[B]
                | c == B -> [A])

leksak

/**
 * Lossless reading of a file (line-separators are preserved).
 * May temporarily require memory several times the size of the
 * file. For a short time the raw file contents (a byte array),
 * and the decoded characters reside in memory simultaneously.
 * It is safest to apply to files that you know to be small 
 * relative to the available memory.
 * @param path the absolute path of the file.
 * @param encoding the charset with which the bytes in the file
 *                 should be decoded.