Pending real documentation.... We do have a development container which includes the same toolchain version that was used to build CoreOS but it works under systemd-nspawn, not docker, and isn't documented. But here is a quick guide that may be a useful starting place.
# on coreos
wget http://alpha.release.core-os.net/amd64-usr/current/coreos_developer_container.bin.bz2
bunzip2 coreos_developer_container.bin.bz2
sudo systemd-nspawn -i coreos_developer_container.bin --share-system