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It is easy to isolate ancestry using Y haplotype and mitochondrial DNA. How is this different from ancestral admixture and population stratification as studied by geneticists and GWAS studies. And how does genetic ancestry and such lineages differ from social conventions of defining race?

What makes external features of ethnicity identifiable? Why is evolution of such traits similar to or different from other traits that define human cognitive traits? Is it fair to say tha rare denovo variants might get entrenched within a genetically isolated population within the last 2000-3000 years; whereas common traits that confer abilities common to the human cognitive development are far holder ~ evolved under selection pressures over 100s of thousands of years and are relatively stable? Agree or Disagree?

Write an essay. It should be rigorous and thorough and engage with misconceptions that PhD level readers outside of expertise of Broad Institute / EMBL level geneticists.

Summary of Annual NIH Spending on projects about "biomarkers"

Fiscal Year	Projects	Total Funding	Sub Projects	Sub Project Funding
2004	1527	$537,186,990	439	$33,041,900
2005	1712	$619,361,134	240	$47,405,035
2006	1618	$647,500,503	321	$71,519,867
2007	551	$274,341,084	204	$39,386,589
2008	736	$357,470,326	233	$54,909,641
2009	3573	$1,679,909,537	1058	$269,653,399

One of the hallmarks of inter-regional functional coupling (IRFC) using fMRI is the distinctive and reproducible community structure that emerges after partitioning voxels into regions and regions into large scale sub-networks such as that of Yeo et. al. 2011. To the extent that IRFC in functional brain networks from any modality reects capacity for neurophysiological communication, the strength of coupling between two large scale communities, such as the default mode sub-network (DMN) and fronto-parietal control sub-network (FPN) in Fig 1a., is a vital index of possible reconguration of community structure. Changes to community strength may vary between individuals on the healthy to ill spectrum and vary within individuals across mental states or in response to brain stimulation. In this work, we provide a novel measure of community strength, higher order clique conductance (HOCC), inspired by Benson 2016 that takes not only connections but maximal cliques of size k>2 (Fig 1c.) into account. Results from app

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Pimental's correction for kendall's tau correlation coefficient is given by

Summary

Canonical Correlation Analysis is a dimensionality reduction technique to find the subspace that maximizes the correlation between two sets of multivariate features X and Y that share the same number of rows or observations.

Since CCA is a supervised technique it is easy to obtain extremely high canonical correlations that might not generalize due to overfitting.

The script sample_canonical_correlations.m is designed to investigate out-of-sample canonical correlations. If one partitions the number of rows/observations into training and test sets, then one can

1. do ordinary CCA on the training set
1. use the canonical variates from the training set to obtain out-of-sample canonical correlations on the test set
1. Compare in-sample vs. out-of-sample canonical correlations

	<!DOCTYPE html>
	<html lang="en">
	<head>
	<meta charset="UTF-8">
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
	<title>All Biomarker Research: Top 10 Institutes by Total Funding</title>
	<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/chart.umd.min.js"></script>
	<style>
	body {
	font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;

	%%%THIS FILE GRAPHS PARAMETER SPACE FROM TWIN DATA SETS
	%%%WHENEVER CV(DZ)/CV(MZ)>1/2
	%
	% All parameter sets within this space are mathematically equally likely
	% but are not necessarily biologically equally likely
	%
	% By Matt Keller
	% Nov 26, 2004
	%
	% For more explanation, see:

	function [ D ] = hoeffdingsD( x, y )
	%Compute's Hoeffding's D measure of dependence between x and y
	% inputs x and y are both N x 1 arrays
	% output D is a scalar
	% The formula for Hoeffding's D is taken from
	% http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/procstat/63104/HTML/default/viewer.htm#procstat_corr_sect016.htm
	% Below is demonstration code for several types of dependencies.
	% Implementation by Jascha https://stackoverflow.com/a/9322657
	%
	% % this case should be 0 - there are no dependencies