# Git

## Global Settings
- Related Setup: https://gist.github.com/hofmannsven/6814278
- Related Pro Tips: https://ochronus.com/git-tips-from-the-trenches/
- Interactive Beginners Tutorial: http://try.github.io/
- Git Cheatsheet by GitHub: https://services.github.com/on-demand/downloads/github-git-cheat-sheet/

## Reminder
Press `minus + shift + s` and `return` to chop/fold long lines!

Show folder content: `ls -la`

## Notes
Do not put (external) dependencies in version control!

## Setup
See where Git is located:
`which git`

Get the version of Git:
`git --version`

Create an alias (shortcut) for `git status`:
`git config --global alias.st status`

Help:
`git help`

## General
Initialize Git:
`git init`

Get everything ready to commit:
`git add .`

Get custom file ready to commit:
`git add index.html`

Commit changes:
`git commit -m "Message"`

Commit changes with title and description:
`git commit -m "Title" -m "Description..."`

Add and commit in one step:
`git commit -am "Message"`

Remove files from Git:
`git rm index.html`

Update all changes:
`git add -u`

Remove file but do not track anymore:
`git rm --cached index.html`

Move or rename files:
`git mv index.html dir/index_new.html`

Undo modifications (restore files from latest commited version):
`git checkout -- index.html`

Restore file from a custom commit (in current branch):
`git checkout 6eb715d -- index.html`

## Reset
Go back to commit:
`git revert 073791e7dd71b90daa853b2c5acc2c925f02dbc6`

Soft reset (move HEAD only; neither staging nor working dir is changed):
`git reset --soft 073791e7dd71b90daa853b2c5acc2c925f02dbc6`

Undo latest commit: `git reset --soft HEAD~ `

Mixed reset (move HEAD and change staging to match repo; does not affect working dir):
`git reset --mixed 073791e7dd71b90daa853b2c5acc2c925f02dbc6`

Hard reset (move HEAD and change staging dir and working dir to match repo):
`git reset --hard 073791e7dd71b90daa853b2c5acc2c925f02dbc6`

Hard reset of a single file (`@` is short for `HEAD`):
`git checkout @ -- index.html`

## Update & Delete
Test-Delete untracked files:
`git clean -n`

Delete untracked files (not staging):
`git clean -f`

Unstage (undo adds):
`git reset HEAD index.html`

Update most recent commit (also update the commit message):
`git commit --amend -m "New Message"`

## Branch
Show branches:
`git branch`

Create branch:
`git branch branchname`

Change to branch:
`git checkout branchname`

Create and change to new branch:
`git checkout -b branchname`

Rename branch:
`git branch -m branchname new_branchname` or:
`git branch --move branchname new_branchname`

Show all completely merged branches with current branch:
`git branch --merged`

Delete merged branch (only possible if not HEAD):
`git branch -d branchname` or:
`git branch --delete branchname`

Delete not merged branch:
`git branch -D branch_to_delete`

## Merge
True merge (fast forward):
`git merge branchname`

Merge to master (only if fast forward):
`git merge --ff-only branchname`

Merge to master (force a new commit):
`git merge --no-ff branchname`

Stop merge (in case of conflicts):
`git merge --abort`

Stop merge (in case of conflicts):
`git reset --merge` // prior to v1.7.4

Undo local merge that hasn't been pushed yet:
`git reset --hard origin/master`

Merge only one specific commit: 
`git cherry-pick 073791e7`

Rebase:
`git checkout branchname` » `git rebase master`
or:
`git merge master branchname`
(The rebase moves all of the commits in `master` onto the tip of `branchname`.)

Cancel rebase:
`git rebase --abort`

Squash multiple commits into one:
`git rebase -i HEAD~3` ([source](https://www.devroom.io/2011/07/05/git-squash-your-latests-commits-into-one/))

Squash-merge a feature branch (as one commit):
`git merge --squash branchname` (commit afterwards)

## Stash
Put in stash:
`git stash save "Message"`

Show stash:
`git stash list`

Show stash stats:
`git stash show stash@{0}`

Show stash changes:
`git stash show -p stash@{0}`

Use custom stash item and drop it:
`git stash pop stash@{0}`

Use custom stash item and do not drop it:
`git stash apply stash@{0}`

Use custom stash item and index:
`git stash apply --index`

Create branch from stash: 
`git stash branch new_branch`

Delete custom stash item:
`git stash drop stash@{0}`

Delete complete stash:
`git stash clear`

## Gitignore & Gitkeep
About: https://help.github.com/articles/ignoring-files

Useful templates: https://github.com/github/gitignore

Add or edit gitignore: 
`nano .gitignore`

Track empty dir: 
`touch dir/.gitkeep`

## Log
Show commits:
`git log`

Show oneline-summary of commits:
`git log --oneline`

Show oneline-summary of commits with full SHA-1:
`git log --format=oneline`

Show oneline-summary of the last three commits:
`git log --oneline -3`

Show only custom commits:
`git log --author="Sven"`
`git log --grep="Message"`
`git log --until=2013-01-01`
`git log --since=2013-01-01`

Show only custom data of commit:
`git log --format=short`
`git log --format=full`
`git log --format=fuller`
`git log --format=email`
`git log --format=raw`

Show changes:
`git log -p`

Show every commit since special commit for custom file only:
`git log 6eb715d.. index.html`

Show changes of every commit since special commit for custom file only:
`git log -p 6eb715d.. index.html`

Show stats and summary of commits:
`git log --stat --summary`

Show history of commits as graph:
`git log --graph`

Show history of commits as graph-summary:
`git log --oneline --graph --all --decorate`

## Compare
Compare modified files:
`git diff`

Compare modified files and highlight changes only:
`git diff --color-words index.html`

Compare modified files within the staging area:
`git diff --staged`

Compare branches:
`git diff master..branchname`

Compare branches like above:
`git diff --color-words master..branchname^`

Compare commits:
`git diff 6eb715d`
`git diff 6eb715d..HEAD`
`git diff 6eb715d..537a09f`

Compare commits of file:
`git diff 6eb715d index.html`
`git diff 6eb715d..537a09f index.html`

Compare without caring about spaces:
`git diff -b 6eb715d..HEAD` or:
`git diff --ignore-space-change 6eb715d..HEAD`

Compare without caring about all spaces:
`git diff -w 6eb715d..HEAD` or:
`git diff --ignore-all-space 6eb715d..HEAD`

Useful comparings:
`git diff --stat --summary 6eb715d..HEAD`

Blame:
`git blame -L10,+1 index.html`

## Releases & Version Tags
Show all released versions:
`git tag`

Show all released versions with comments:
`git tag -l -n1`

Create release version:
`git tag v1.0.0`

Create release version with comment:
`git tag -a v1.0.0 -m 'Message'`

Checkout a specific release version:
`git checkout v1.0.0`

## Collaborate
Show remote:
`git remote`

Show remote details:
`git remote -v`

Add remote upstream from GitHub project:
`git remote add upstream https://github.com/user/project.git`

Add remote upstream from existing empty project on server:
`git remote add upstream ssh://root@123.123.123.123/path/to/repository/.git`

Fetch:
`git fetch upstream`

Fetch a custom branch:
`git fetch upstream branchname:local_branchname`

Merge fetched commits:
`git merge upstream/master`

Remove origin:
`git remote rm origin`

Show remote branches:
`git branch -r`

Show all branches (remote and local):
`git branch -a`

Create and checkout branch from a remote branch:
`git checkout -b local_branchname upstream/remote_branchname`

Compare:
`git diff origin/master..master`

Push (set default with `-u`):
`git push -u origin master`

Push:
`git push origin master`

Force-Push:
`git push origin master --force

Pull:
`git pull`

Pull specific branch:
`git pull origin branchname`

Fetch a pull request on GitHub by its ID and create a new branch:
`git fetch upstream pull/ID/head:new-pr-branch`

Clone to localhost:
`git clone https://github.com/user/project.git` or:
`git clone ssh://user@domain.com/~/dir/.git`

Clone to localhost folder:
`git clone https://github.com/user/project.git ~/dir/folder`

Clone specific branch to localhost:
`git clone -b branchname https://github.com/user/project.git`

Clone with token authentication (in CI environment):
`git clone https://oauth2:<token>@gitlab.com/username/repo.git`

Delete remote branch (push nothing):
`git push origin :branchname` or:
`git push origin --delete branchname`

## Archive
Create a zip-archive: `git archive --format zip --output filename.zip master`

Export/write custom log to a file: `git log --author=sven --all > log.txt`

## Troubleshooting
Ignore files that have already been committed to a Git repository: http://stackoverflow.com/a/1139797/1815847

## Security
Hide Git on the web via `.htaccess`: `RedirectMatch 404 /\.git` 
(more info here: http://stackoverflow.com/a/17916515/1815847)

## Large File Storage
Website: https://git-lfs.github.com/

Install: `brew install git-lfs`

Track `*.psd` files: `git lfs track "*.psd"` (init, add, commit and push as written above)