https://stackoverflow.com/a/79020107/1271826

ClosuresAndTypedThrows.swift

enum MyError: Error {
    case one
    case two
}

actor Example {
    func funcWithTypedThrow() async throws(MyError) { throw .one }

    // OK
    
    func foo() async {
        // closures can be defined as throwing a particular error type

        let closure: () async throws(MyError) -> Void = { try await self.funcWithTypedThrow() }

        // thus, this is OK

        do {
            try await closure()
        } catch {
            switch error {
            case .one: print("one")
            case .two: print("two")
            }
        }
    }

    // Not OK
    
    func bar() async {
        // but closures do not (yet) infer the typed-throw type

        let closure = { try await self.funcWithTypedThrow() }

        // thus, this will produce the following compile-time errors

        do {
            try await closure()
        } catch {
            switch error {
            case .one: print("one") // Error: Type '_ErrorCodeProtocol' has no member 'one'
            case .two: print("two") // Error: Type '_ErrorCodeProtocol' has no member 'two'
            }
        }
    }
}

I suspect this is all related to #74555.

Also, FWIW, SE-0413 seems to suggest that typed throw type inference is a work-in-progress:

Note: the originally accepted version of this proposal included type inference changes intended for Swift 6.0 that were behind the upcoming feature flag FullTypedThrows. These type inference changes did not get implemented in Swift 6.0, and have therefore been removed from this proposal and placed into “Future Directions” so they can be revisited once implemented.