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AngularJS provides filters to transform data:

1. currency: Format a number to a currency format.
2. date: Format a date to a specified format.
3. filter: Select a subset of items from an array.
4. json: Format an object to a JSON string.
5. limitTo: Limits an array/string, into a specified number of elements/characters.
6. lowercase: Format a string to lower case.
7. number: Format a number to a string.
8. orderBy: Orders an array by an expression.

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In AngularJS, a service is a function, or object, that is available for, and limited to, your AngularJS application.

AngularJS has about 30 built-in services. One of them is the $location service.

The $location service has methods which return information about the location of the current web page:

var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('customersCtrl', function($scope, $location) {
    $scope.myUrl = $location.absUrl();
});

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ng-blur
ng-change
ng-click
ng-copy
ng-cut
ng-dblclick
ng-focus
ng-keydown
ng-keypress
ng-keyup

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input elements
select elements
button elements
textarea elements

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Input fields have the following states:

$untouched The field has not been touched yet.
$touched The field has been touched.
$pristine The field has not been modified yet.
$dirty The field has been modified.
$invalid The field content is not valid.
$valid The field content is valid.

They are all properties of the input field, and are either true or false.

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The following classes are added to, or removed from, input fields:

ng-untouched The field has not been touched yet
ng-touched The field has been touched
ng-pristine The field has not been  modified yet
ng-dirty The field has been modified
ng-valid The field content is valid
ng-invalid The field content is not valid
ng-valid-key One key for each validation. Example: ng-valid-required, useful when there are more than one thing that must be validated
ng-invalid-key Example: ng-invalid-required

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const Feact = {
    createElement(type, props, children) {
        const element = {
            type,
            props: props || {}
        };

        if (children) {
            element.props.children = children;
        }

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 Custom validations in Angular JS are created as directives with a dependency on the ng-model directive. 
 
 app.directive('evenNumber', function() {
      return {
        require: 'ngModel',
        link: function(scope, element, attr, ctrl) {
          function isEven(value) {
            if (parseInt(value, 10) % 2 === 0) {
              ctrl.$setValidity('even', true);
            } else {

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angular.lowercase()	Converts a string to lowercase
angular.uppercase()	Converts a string to uppercase
angular.isString()	Returns true if the reference is a string
angular.isNumber()	Returns true if the reference is a number

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If you want to navigate to different pages in your application, but you also want the application to be a SPA (Single Page Application),
with no page reloading, you can use the ngRoute module.

Applications can only have one ng-view directive, and this will be the placeholder for all views provided by the route.

<div ng-view></div>

With the $routeProvider you can define what page to display when a user clicks a link.

var app = angular.module("myApp", ["ngRoute"]);