Re-implementation of @binding and @State (from SwiftUI) myself to better understand it

Bindings.swift

/*:
 This is a concept re-implementation of the @Binding and @State property wrappers from SwiftUI

 The only purpose of this code is to implement those wrappers myself
   just to understand how they work internally and why they are needed,

 ⚠️ This is not supposed to be a reference implementation nor cover all
      subtleties of the real Binding and State types.
    The only purpose of this playground is to show how re-implementing
      them myself has helped me understand the whole thing better
    (especially the Property Wrappers, their projectedValue,
      the relationship between State and Binding, and the magic behind
      the @dynamicMemberLookup + @propertyWrapper combination which allows
      `$someState.foo.bar` to work magically)
*/



//: ## A Binding is just something that encapsulates getter+setter to a property

@propertyWrapper
struct XBinding<Value> {
    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { return getValue() }
        nonmutating set { setValue(newValue) }
    }

    private let getValue: () -> Value
    private let setValue: (Value) -> Void

    init(getValue: @escaping () -> Value, setValue: @escaping (Value) -> Void) {
        self.getValue = getValue
        self.setValue = setValue
    }

    var projectedValue: Self { self }
}

//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ### Simple Int example
//:

//: We need a storage to reference first
private var x1Storage: Int = 42

//: (Note: Creating a struct because top-level property wrappers don't work well at global scope in a playground – globals being lazy and all)
struct Example1 {
    @XBinding(getValue: { x1Storage }, setValue: { x1Storage = $0 })
    var x1: Int
    /*: The propertyWrapper translates this to:

     ````
     private var _x1 = XBinding<Int>(getValue: { x1Storage }, setValue: { x1Storage = $0 })
     var x1: Int {
       get { _x1.wrappedValue } // which in turn ends up using the getValue closure
       set { _x1.wrappedValue = newValue } // which in turn ends up using the setValue closure
     }
     var $x1: XBinding<Int> {
       get { _x1.projectedValue } // which in our case is just the same as _x1 since a XBinding's projectedValue has been defined to return itself; but at least $x1 is internal, not private like _x1
       set { _x1.projectedValue = newValue }
     }
     ````
     */

    func run() {
        print("Before:", "x1Storage =", x1Storage, "x1 =", x1) // Before: x1Storage = 42 x1 = 42
        x1 = 37 // calls `x1.set` which calls `_x1.wrappedValue = 42` which calls `_x1.setValue(42)` (via its `nonmutating set`) which ends up doing `x1Storage = 42` under the hood. Pfew.
        print("After:", "x1Storage =", x1Storage, "x1 =", x1) // After: x1Storage = 37 x1 = 37
        // ok not that useful so far, but now you know the basics of how a Binding works. Now let's see why they can be useful.
    }
}
Example1().run()

//: This works, but as you can see, we had to create the storage ourself in order to then create a @Binding
//: Which is not ideal, since we have to create some property in one place (x1Storage),
//: then create a binding to that property separately to reference and manipulate it via the Binding
//: We'll see later how we can solve that.




//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ### Manipulating compound types

//: In the meantime, let's play a little with Bindings. Let's create a Binding on a more complex type:

struct Address: CustomStringConvertible {
    var number: Int
    var street: String
    var description: String { "\(number), \(street)" }
}

struct Person {
    var name: String
    var address: Address
}

var personStorage = Person(name: "Olivier", address: Address(number: 13, street: "Playground Street"))

struct Example2 {
    @XBinding(getValue: { personStorage }, setValue: { personStorage = $0 })
    var person: Person
    /*: Translated by the compiler to:

       ````
       var _person = XBinding<Person>(getValue: { personStorage }, setValue: { personStorage = $0 })
       var  person: Person { get { _person.wrappedValue   } set { _person.wrappedValue   = newValue } }
       var $person: Person { get { _person.projectedValue } set { _person.projectedValue = newValue } }
       ````
     */
    func run() {
        print(person.name) // "Olivier"
        print(_person.wrappedValue.name) // Basically the same as above, just more verbose
    }
}
let example2 = Example2()
example2.run()

//: Ok, still not so useful so far, be now… what if we could now `map` to inner properties of the `Person`?
//: i.e. what if I now want to transform the `Binding<Person>` to a `Binding<String>` now pointing to the `.name` inner property?




//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ## Transform Bindings

//: Usually in monad-land, we could declare a `map` method on XBinding for that
//: Except that here we need to be able to both get the name from the person... and be able to set it too
//: So instead of using a `transform` like classic `map`, we're gonna use a WritableKeyPath to be able to go both directions

extension XBinding {
    func map<NewValue>(_ keyPath: WritableKeyPath<Value, NewValue>) -> XBinding<NewValue> {
        return XBinding<NewValue>(
            getValue: { self.wrappedValue[keyPath: keyPath] },
            setValue: { self.wrappedValue[keyPath: keyPath] = $0 }
        )
    }
}

let nameBinding = example2.$person.map(\.name) // We now have a binding to the name property inside the Person
nameBinding.wrappedValue = "NewName"
print(personStorage.name) // "NewName"

//: But why stop there? Instead of having to call `$person.map(\.name)`, wouldn't it be better to call `$person.name` directly?
//: Let's do that using `@dynamicMemberLookup`. (We'll add that via protocol conformance so we can reuse this feature easily on other types later too)


//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ## `@dynamicMemberLoopup`
//: Add dynamic member lookup capability (via protocol conformance) to forward any access to a property to the inner value

@dynamicMemberLookup protocol XBindingConvertible {
    associatedtype Value

    var binding: XBinding<Self.Value> { get }

    subscript<Subject>(dynamicMember keyPath: WritableKeyPath<Self.Value, Subject>) -> XBinding<Subject> { get }
}

extension XBindingConvertible {
    public subscript<Subject>(dynamicMember keyPath: WritableKeyPath<Self.Value, Subject>) -> XBinding<Subject> {
        return XBinding(
            getValue: { self.binding.wrappedValue[keyPath: keyPath] },
            setValue: { self.binding.wrappedValue[keyPath: keyPath] = $0 }
        )
    }
}

//: `XBinding` is one of those types on which we want that `@dynamicMemberLookup` feature:
extension XBinding: XBindingConvertible {
    var binding: XBinding<Value> { self } // well for something already a `Binding`, just use itself!
}

//: And now `e2.$person.name` just access the `e2.$person: XBinding<Person>` first, then use the magic of
//: `@dynamicMemberLookup` when trying to access `.name` on it (using `subscript(dynamicMember: \.name)` under the hood)
//: to return a new `XBinding<String>` – which is now representing the access to the `.name` property of the `Person` (instead of the `Person` itself).
//:
//: That's how it's made possible to have `e2.$foo.bar.baz` "propagate" the `Binding` from one parent property to be a new `Binding`
//: to the child properties. `$` is not some magic compiler operator interpreting the whole expression as a `Binding` like I first thought – and maybe you too –
//: when I saw the SwiftUI call site code samples at WWDC. No, it's just using `@dynamicMemberLookup` to make the magic happen instead.
print(example2.person) // Person(name: "NewName", address: 13, Playground Street))
print(type(of: example2.$person.name)) // XBinding<String>
let streetNumBinding = example2.$person.address.number // XBinding<Int>
streetNumBinding.wrappedValue = 42
print(example2.person) // Person(name: "NewName", address: 42, Playground Street))





//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ## We don't want to declare storage ourselves: introducing `@State`

//: Ok this is all good and well, but remember our issue from the beginning? We still need to declare the storage for the value ourselves
//: Currently we had to declare `personStorage` and had to explicitly say how to get/set that storage when defining our `XBinding`.
//: That's no fun, so let's abstract this and wrap that one level further

//: `XState` will wrap both the storage for the value, and a `XBinding` to it
@propertyWrapper
class XStateV1<Value>: XBindingConvertible {
    var wrappedValue: Value // the storage for the value
    var binding: XBinding<Value> {
        // the binding to get/set the stored value
        XBinding(getValue: { self.wrappedValue }, setValue: { self.wrappedValue = $0 })
    }

    init(wrappedValue value: Value) {
        self.wrappedValue = value
    }

    var projectedValue: XBinding<Value> { binding }
}

//: > _This is a simplistic implementation to show the relationship between `State` and `Binding`.
//: > In practice there's more to it, especially in SwiftUI there's some more things to notify when the state has changed to redraw the UI that
//: > I didn't go into details here. See the comments on that gist to discuss more about it._

//: And now we don't need to declare both the `personStorage` and the `@Binding var person` property – we can use `@State var person` and have it all at once.
struct Example3 {
    @XStateV1 var person = Person(name: "Bob", address: Address(number: 21, street: "Builder Street"))
    /*: This is translated by the compiler to:

       ````
       var _person: XStateV1(wrappedValue: Person(name: "Bob", address: Address(number: 21, street: "Builder Street")))
       var  person: Person   { get { _person.wrappedValue   } set { _person.wrappedValue   = newValue } }
       var $person: XBinding { get { _person.projectedValue } set { _person.projectedValue = newValue } }
       ````
     > Note that since `projectedValue` of `XStateV1` exposes an `XBinding`, `$person` will be a `XBinding` (and not an `XState`) here.
    */

    func run() {
        print(person.name) // Person(name: "Bob", address: __lldb_expr_17.Address(number: 21, street: "Builder Street"))

        let streetBinding: XBinding<String> = $person.address.street
        person = Person(name: "Crusty", address: Address(number: 1, street: "WWDC Stage"))
        streetBinding.wrappedValue = "Memory Lane"
        print(person) // Person(name: "Crusty", address: __lldb_expr_17.Address(number: 1, street: "Memory Lane"))
    }
}
Example3().run()

/*:
 It's important to note that `$foo` does not just always return a binding to `foo` in all cases – this $ is not
 a magic token that turns a property into a binding as some might have thought at first.

 Instead, `$foo` is to access the `projectedValue` of the PropertyWrapper attached to `foo`.
 True, it so happens that:
   - the `projectedValue` of `XBinding` is indeed an `XBinding` (it returns `self`)
   - the `projectedValue` of `XState` is also an `XBinding` (built on the fly to return a binding to the `wrappedValue`)

 But this is just a coincidence of those two types both returning `XBindings` for their `projectedValue`, given the way
   that we decided to implement `projectedValue` on `XBinding` and `XState`.

 For other Property Wrappers, the `projectedValue` might be of another type and `$` would mean something else depending
   on the wrapper (e.g. the `projectedValue` exposed by a `@Published` in Combine is a `Publisher`, not a `Binding`)
*/


//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: # The End
//: …or almost.
//:
//: > _Continue reading if you want more info about some advanced questions which came later in my journey or via Gist comments below._
//: -----------------------------------------------------------------



//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ## How XState breaks if you happen to have a type with a property coincidentally named `wrappedValue` (very unlikely though)

/*:
 There's a tricky edge case which can happen if you use `@XState var model: SomeModel` but`SomeModel` has a property coincidentally named `wrappedValue`
 In that case, `$model.wrappedValue` will not give you a new binding to that wrappedValue like you might expect, but return the object the binding is pointing to instead.

 This is because `XBinding` itself also have a real `wrappedValue` property (so that it can be declared as `@propertyWrapper`). Which means that even if
 `$model` returns an `XBinding` as you expect, since `XBinding` has a proper `wrappedValue` property itself, then `$model.wrappedValue` will
 return the value of that real `wrappedValue` property, and won't go thru the `subscript(dynamicMember:)`/`@dynamicMemberLookup` route.

 This is not really an issue since `wrappedValue` should be rarely used as a name for properties in your regular types in practice.
 But this caused issues with early implentations of Property Wrappers (called propertyDelegates back then) – as the magic property name required to make a type a `@propertyDelegate` was named `value` back then before they renamed those to `@propertyWrapper` and `wrappedValue`.
 Since `value` was a way more common property name in other types like `SomeModel`, that was more likely to cause hidden bugs. But thankfully, they renamed this before the last revision, so the special case should be way less likely now.

 _I'm still keeping this contrieved example around since that's one step I had to go thru when understanding how the @propertyWrapper + State + @dynamicMemberLookup magic came together back when I initially went thru those discovery path_
*/

struct Expression {
    var wrappedValue: Int
    var nonSpecialProp: Int
}

struct Example4 {
    @XStateV1 var expr = Expression(wrappedValue: 42, nonSpecialProp: 1337)

    func run() {
        let bindingToExprValue2 = $expr.nonSpecialProp
        type(of: bindingToExprValue2) // XBinding<Int>
        let notABindingToExprValue = $expr.wrappedValue
        type(of: notABindingToExprValue) // Expression
        let bindingToExprValue = $expr[dynamicMember: \.wrappedValue]
        type(of: bindingToExprValue) // XBinding<Int>
    }
}
Example4().run()


//: -----------------------------------------------------------------
//: ## nonmutating set
//: Ok, but in Apple's API, State is a struct with a nonmutating setter. How did they achieve that then?
//: Well, just with one additional level of indirection, wrapping the class into a struct allows that trick:

@propertyWrapper struct XState<Value>: XBindingConvertible {
    class Storage {
        var value: Value
        init(initialValue: Value) { self.value = initialValue }
    }
    private var storage: Storage

    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { self.storage.value }
        nonmutating set { self.storage.value = newValue }
    }
    var binding: XBinding<Value> {
        XBinding(getValue: { self.wrappedValue }, setValue: { self.wrappedValue = $0 })
    }

    init(wrappedValue value: Value) {
        self.storage = Storage(initialValue: value)
    }

    var projectedValue: XBinding<Value> { binding }
}

//: And now we can use the same example as before, except `@XState` is now backed by a struct

struct Example5 {
    @XState var expr = Expression(wrappedValue: 42, nonSpecialProp: 1337)

    func run() {
        let bindingToExprValue2 = $expr.nonSpecialProp
        type(of: bindingToExprValue2) // XBinding<Int>
        let notABindingToExprValue = $expr.wrappedValue
        type(of: notABindingToExprValue) // Expression
        let bindingToExprValue = $expr[dynamicMember: \.wrappedValue]
        type(of: bindingToExprValue) // XBinding<Int>
    }
}
Example5().run()

Cool, the puzzle is now solved for me!

Again, thanks so much for the effort, it's been a great resource for me trying to understand how it works.

Will check out your links 🙏

I am wondering how SwiftUI is able to detect when a @State variable has been changed and the corresponding view needs to be updated. Does the @State propertyWrapper gets a reference to some sort of manager and notifies it when its setValue gets called?

I am wondering how SwiftUI is able to detect when a https://github.com/State variable has been changed and the corresponding view needs to be updated. Does the https://github.com/State propertyWrapper gets a reference to some sort of manager and notifies it when its setValue gets called?

@donaldbeebi That I am not sure either to be honest. I think that's a bit more magic handled internally by SwiftUI.

My guess is that in practice, the @State propertyWrapper might be implemented not using the usual wrappedValue property, but by using the (private/non-official) "static subscript" accessor for implementing a Property Wrapper.

---

Basically, usually to implement a @propertyWrapper, you have to implement a wrappedValue property, and that's what gets used when the call site uses the property with its original name (not prefixing it with _ or $).
But there's an alternative way of implementing the getter/setter of a property wrapper, which is mentioned here in the Swift Evolution Proposal. In theory that alternative way is under "Future Directions" and thus is not officially supported yet… but in practice, it is already implemented (it's just that, it not being official and kinda "under the table" API, there's no guarantee that its syntax won't change before it gets turned official, similar to internal underscored methods).

That "static subscript" implementation of a property wrapped allows you to access the "enclosing instance" of the property annotated with the property wrapper. In essence that means that if you declare a @State private var myProp inside a struct MyView: View, then the @State property wrapper would be able to access the MyView instance that encloses / contains your state variable declaration thanks to that static subscript implementation. This can be very powerful and is probably how the @State property wrapper is telling the enclosing View about the existence of the State variable, and "registers" itself with the View to tell it to refresh itself when the State changes. You can read more about this on SwiftBySundell and SwiftLee's blogs.

So, my guess is that they might have taken advantage of this (non-official, internal) thing to implement the View refresh mechanism in what might look something like this?

@propertyWrapper struct State<Value>: BindingConvertible {
    class Storage {
        var value: Value
        init(initialValue: Value) { self.value = initialValue }
    }
    private var storage: Storage

    // wrappedValue is not used when we also provide a static subscript, as the static subscript implementation takes precedence
    var wrappedValue: Value {
        get { fatalError("In theory this will never be called, as the static subscript will be used instead") }
        nonmutating set { fatalError("In theory this will never be called, as the static subscript will be used instead") }
    }

    static subscript<ContainerView: View>(
        _enclosingInstance viewInstance: ContainerView,
        wrapped wrappedKeyPath: ReferenceWritableKeyPath<ContainerView, Value>,
        storage storageKeyPath: ReferenceWritableKeyPath<ContainerView, Self>
    ) -> Value {
        get { viewInstance[keyPath: storageKeyPath].storage.value }
        set {
            viewInstance[keyPath: storageKeyPath].storage.value = newValue
            // Signal the View instance in some way that it needs to be redrawn
            viewInstance._setNeedsRefresh() // hypothetical internal method, no idea if that's how its done in practice or what such method would be called if it even exists
        }
    }
…
}

To be honest I'm not sure that's really how they do it (and I'm starting to have doubts now because I think when you implement a @propertyWrapper using the static subscript, it then can only be applied to reference types and not value types… but View subclasses are typically struct… so maybe that wouldn't work after all…). There's definitively some more magic and internals going on there 😉

I am wondering how SwiftUI is able to detect when a @State variable has been changed and the corresponding view needs to be updated. Does the @State propertyWrapper gets a reference to some sort of manager and notifies it when its setValue gets called?

The OpenCombine relies on ABI stability to detect the object change. See the discussion here
https://forums.swift.org/t/implementing-a-protocol-default-implementation-analogous-to-that-of-observableobject/49815/3

@haifengkao Interesting, thanks for the find!

This is great @AliSoftware, thanks! 🙌
I also attempted to re-create these property wrappers and cross-checked them with yours.

I was interested in the State being a struct in SwiftUI. I first opted for class, similar to you I think.
I am wondering if the State can be a struct because it wraps something similar to a CurrentValueSubject or something.
It might explain how the Views are able to observe its changes.