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Note that after rendering, GitHub performs aggressive sanitization on the resulting HTML, including removal of script tags, style attributes, class attributes, etc. See the GitHub Markup repository for more information.
Markdown is a markup for composing documents using a lightweight syntax for basic formatting. GitHub support for Markdown markup is extensive, including syntax highlighting in source editors. Inline HTML is generally supported.
TODO:
describe structure of this document, code examples
Testing...
Heading? SOMETIMES following html tag can't be indented more than 3 spaces.
More text.
regular markdown? OK for following html tag to be indented.
More text.
HR? SOMETIMES following tag can't be indented more than 3 spaces.
html tags can be indented, but the first tag of a block can't be indented too far, otherwise by markdown it will be treated as a code block.
blank line to break out of html block and revert to markdown.
html blocks can be resumed after markdown, and even indented beyond code blocks.
exception: after heading/hr markdown, resuming html block can't be indented too far
TODO - headings and thematic breaks
TODO - document html attributes
TODO - tables - markdown, rendered html, display example
A line ending with two spaces (``) will produce a line-break.
A line ending with a back-slash (`\`) will produce a line-break.\
A line ending with an HTML `<br>` tag will produce a line-break.<br>
Otherwise, consecutive lines ending with normal new-lines
will continue the same line and paragraph.
A line preceded by a blank line will produce a new paragraph.
<p>Text within HTML <code><p></code> tags will produce a new paragraph.</p>
<divitemscope="">
<p accesskey="C"
align="right" dir="ltr" itemprop="paragraph" lang="en-US" tabindex="3" title="Example paragraph">A paragraph with a line break<br accesskey="D" clear="none" dir="ltr" itemprop="break" lang="en-US" tabindex="4" title="Example break">and attributes.
</p>
</div>
<p>A line ending with two spaces (<code></code>) will produce a line-break.<br>
A line ending with a back-slash (<code>\</code>) will produce a line-break.<br>
A line ending with an HTML <code><br></code> tag will produce a line-break.<br>
Otherwise, consecutive lines ending with normal new-lines
will continue the same line and paragraph.</p><p>A line preceded by a blank line will produce a new paragraph.</p><p>Text within HTML <code><p></code> tags will produce a new paragraph.</p><divitemscope=""><paccesskey="C" align="right" dir="ltr" itemprop="paragraph" lang="en-US" tabindex="3" title="Example paragraph">
A paragraph with a line break
<braccesskey="D" clear="none" dir="ltr" itemprop="break" lang="en-US" tabindex="4" title="Example break">
and attributes.
</p></div>
Rendered Output
A line ending with two spaces () will produce a line-break.
A line ending with a back-slash (\) will produce a line-break.
A line ending with an HTML <br> tag will produce a line-break.
Otherwise, consecutive lines ending with normal new-lines
will continue the same line and paragraph.
A line preceded by a blank line will produce a new paragraph.
Text within HTML <p> tags will produce a new paragraph.
A paragraph with a line break
and attributes.
Notes:
A preceding blank line is necessary in some cases.
The first line of a paragraph begins with 0 to 3 spaces ().
Subsequent lines within the same paragraph may begin with 0 or more spaces ().
Multiple consecutive spaces within the text will be consolidated into a single space ().
The final line of a paragraph may optionally be followed by trailing whitespace.
Multiple consecutive blank lines will be consolidated to produce a single new paragraph.
**Bold** or
__bold__ or
<b>bold</b> or
<strong>bold</strong>.
*Italic* or
_italic_ or
<i>italic</i> or
<em>italic</em>.
*Mix and match **nested** formatting.*
<inscite="https://example.com/optional-reference">Underline</ins>.
~~Strikethrough~~ or
<s>strikethrough</s> or
<delcite="https://example.com/optional-reference">strikethrough</del> or
<strike>strikethrough (deprecated in HTML5)</strike>.
Super<sup>script</sup> or
sub<sub>script</sub>.
HTML named character entities, like non breaking spaces.
Emoji, by Markdown code like :smiley:,
Unicode hexadecimal like 😃,
Unicode decimal like 😃,
or literal like 😃.
<ruby>Ruby annotations <rp>(</rp><rt>Usually used as pronunciation guide for East Asian writing</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>.
Example:
Bold or
bold or
bold or
bold.
Italic or
italic or
italic or
italic.
Mix and match nested formatting.
Underline.
Strikethrough or
strikethrough or
strikethrough or
strikethrough (deprecated in HTML5).
Superscript or
subscript.
HTML named character entities, like non breaking spaces.
Emoji, by Markdown code like 😃,
Unicode hexadecimal like 😃,
Unicode decimal like 😃,
or literal like 😃.
Autolink to <https://www.example.com/> or just https://www.example.com/
Autolink to <[email protected]> or just [email protected][Inline link to some URL](<https://www.example.com/>"Optional title")[Inline link to some email address](<mailto:[email protected]>"Optional title")
<ahref="https://www.example.com/"title="Optional title">HTML link to some URL</a>
<ahref="mailto:[email protected]"title="Optional title">HTML link to some email address</a>
[Relative link](<./a3af6d902a74a0afd1c2d79aadc9bb3f>"Optional title")[Link to site root](</>"Optional title")[Link to this directory's parent directory](<..>"Optional title")[Link to this document's directory](<.>"Optional title")[Section link](<#relative-links>"Optional title")[Link to the top of this document](<#>"Optional title")
<ahref="./a3af6d902a74a0afd1c2d79aadc9bb3f"title="Optional title">HTML relative link</a>
<ahref="/"title="Optional title">HTML link to site root</a>
<ahref=".."title="Optional title">HTML link to this directory's parent directory</a>
<ahref="."title="Optional title">HTML link to this document's directory</a>
<ahref="#relative-links"title="Optional title">HTML section link</a>
<ahref="#"title="Optional title">HTML link to the top of this document</a>
Put the [reference link text][Reference link ID] inline within the document text.
If the link text matches the [Reference link ID][], then the link ID can be left blank.
Or, if the link text matches the [Reference link ID], then the link ID can be omitted entirely — but it cannot be followed by a colon (`:`), otherwise it will be treated as a reference URL instead, and will be stripped from the rendered document.
Put the reference URL anywhere in the document (for example, at the very bottom); it will not be visible in the rendered document. Relative URLs and section URLs are valid.
[Reference link ID]: <https://example.com/>"Optional title"
If the link text matches the Reference link ID, then the link ID can be left blank.
Or, if the link text matches the Reference link ID, then the link ID can be omitted entirely — but it cannot be followed by a colon (:), otherwise it will be treated as a reference URL instead, and will be stripped from the rendered document.
Put the reference URL anywhere in the document (for example, at the very bottom); it will not be visible in the rendered document. Relative URLs and section URLs are valid.
Inline image:
![Inline image alt text](<https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png>"Optional image title")
Reference image:
![Reference image alt text][Reference image ID]
The reference image URL can be specified anywhere in the document; it will not be visible in the rendered document.
[Reference image ID]: <https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png>"Optional image title"
HTML image:
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png"
alt="HTML image alt text"
title="Optional image title"
/>
Example:
Inline image:
Reference image:
The reference image URL can be specified anywhere in the document; it will not be visible in the rendered document.
HTML image:
HACK: To host an image on GitHub, drag and drop the image file into a "Comment" box (for example, in issues, pull requests, at the bottom of Gists, etc.). This will cause the image file to be uploaded to GitHub's servers, and will generate the Markdown code for the image file. Copy the generated Markdown code, and paste it into your Markdown file. (No need to actually post the comment once the image file has already been uploaded.)
Center-aligned, and resized:
<divalign="center">
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png"
alt="HTML image alt text"
title="Optional image title"
width="100px"
/>
</div>
NOTE: Center-alignment doesn't work when applied to the `<img>` element directly; it must be applied to a surrounding block-level element such as `<div>` or `<p>`.
Right-aligned, and resized:
<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png"
alt="HTML image alt text"
title="Optional image title"
align="right"
width="100px"
/>
Example:
Center-aligned, and resized:
NOTE: Center-alignment doesn't work when applied to the <img> element directly; it must be applied to a surrounding block-level element such as <div> or <p>.
To make an image into a link, start with the normal format for a hyperlink, then replace the link's text with the code for an image:
[![Image alt text](<https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png>"Optional image title")](<https://octodex.github.com/>"Optional link title")
Or use HTML:
<ahref="https://octodex.github.com/"title="Optional link title">
<img alt="Image alt text"
title="Optional image title"
src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/30203863/71215319-517d2a80-22af-11ea-9ca8-206a2162c1cb.png"
/>
</a>
Example:
To make an image into a link, start with the normal format for a hyperlink, then replace the link's text with the code for an image:
Here are some code comments:
<!-- HTML/XML comments might not get displayed, but might or might not still show up in the HTML source of the rendered document. -->[#]: #"HACK: To prevent the comments from appearing in the rendered document source, use Markdown reference links. These get stripped from the rendered document completely."[//]: #"The URL of the link must be valid. You can use a number sign (`#`) for the URL, which is a valid link to the top of the document."[//]: #"The ID of the link can be anything valid, but it shouldn't interfere with any actual reference links in your document, so you may want to choose a common prefix for comments, such as two forward-slashes (`//`)."[--]: #'The comment text is actually the link title, so it must be enclosed between double-quotes (`"`), single quotes (`\'`), or parentheses (`()`), escaping nested symbols as necessary.'[REM]: #(In some cases, the comment line may need to be preceded by, and/or followed by, a blank line, otherwise the Markdown parser might display it in the rendered document.)
Inspect the page's HTML to see if/how these comments appear in the rendered document source.
Example:
Here are some code comments:
Inspect the page's HTML to see if/how these comments appear in the rendered document source.
```````Code blocks must start with *at least* three back-ticks (`) or tildes (~),and must end with *at least* the same number of back-ticks or tildes (respectively).So to include a block of Markdown code within a block of Markdown code,use three back-ticks (or tildes) for the inner block of code,and use four or more back-ticks (or tildes, respectively) for the surrounding block of code.```````
~~~```Or alternate between the various code block styles.```~~~
Example:
```
Code blocks must start with *at least* three back-ticks (`) or tildes (~),
and must end with *at least* the same number of back-ticks or tildes (respectively).
So to include a block of Markdown code within a block of Markdown code,
use three back-ticks (or tildes) for the inner block of code,
and use four or more back-ticks (or tildes, respectively) for the surrounding block of code.
```
```
Or alternate between the various code block styles.
```
Inline code is enclosed between `single back-ticks`, or between HTML tags such as:
- <code><code></code>
- <samp><sample></samp>
- <var><var></var>
- <kbd><kdb></kbd>
- <tt><tt></tt> (deprecated in HTML 5)
Example:
Inline code is enclosed between single back-ticks, or between HTML tags such as:
Inline quotes are enclosed within <qcite="https://example.com/optional-reference">HTML <code><q></code></q> tags.
> Block quotes are preceded with a "greater-than" character (`>`),
which can optionally be omitted on subsequent lines.
Indentation is also optional on subsequent lines.
> For paragraphs within a quote,>> separate them with a "greater-than" character (`>`) on a line by itself.> Block quotes...>> ...can be nested.
<blockquotecite="https://example.com/optional-reference">
Block quotes can be enclosed
between HTML <code><blockquote></code> tags.
</blockquote>
Example:
Inline quotes are enclosed within HTML <q> tags.
Block quotes are preceded with a "greater-than" character (>),
which can optionally be omitted on subsequent lines.
Indentation is also optional on subsequent lines.
For paragraphs within a quote,
separate them with a "greater-than" character (>) on a line by itself.
Block quotes...
...can be nested.
Block quotes can be enclosed
between HTML <blockquote> tags.
- An unordered list item.
Markdown elements (such as paragraphs and other lists) can be nested within a list item by indenting them to match the list item.
- Another unordered list item.
<ul>
<li>An HTML unordered list item.</li>
<li>Another HTML list item.</li>
</ul>
Example:
An unordered list item.
Markdown elements (such as paragraphs and other lists) can be nested within a list item by indenting them to match the list item.
3. An ordered list item can start at any number.
2. But consecutive list items are ordered sequentially, regardless of the numbering.
10.[ ] Checklist items can be included in numbered lists, but the numbers don't appear.
10. Regardless, checklist items still count toward the numbering.
1. Ordered lists can be nested...
3. ...but they must start at 1.
<ol>
<li>An HTML ordered list item</li>
<li>Another HTML list item.</li>
</ol>
Example:
An ordered list item can start at any number.
But consecutive list items are ordered sequentially, regardless of the numbering.
Checklist items can be included in numbered lists, but the numbers don't appear.
Regardless, checklist items still count toward the numbering.
1. To start a new list after finishing an existing list...
1. ...it's not enough to separate them with blank lines.
The lists must be separated by some other element, such as a paragraph or heading.
1. That will cause a new list to be created.
- Unordered list items can begin with a hyphen (`-`).
* Unordered list items can begin with an asterisk (`*`) instead.
+ Unordered list items can begin with a plus sign (`+`) instead.
+ All items in the same list must use the same format, otherwise separate lists will be created for each.
1. Ordered list items can begin with a number and a period (`.`).
1) Ordered list items can begin with a number and a closing parenthesis (`)`) instead.
1) All items in the same list must use the same format, otherwise separate lists will be created for each.
- If *any* item of the same list is separated from the others by a blank line...
- ...it causes *all* items in that list to be put into paragraphs.
- This may affect the spacing of the list items.
Example:
To start a new list after finishing an existing list...
...it's not enough to separate them with blank lines.
The lists must be separated by some other element, such as a paragraph or heading.
That will cause a new list to be created.
Unordered list items can begin with a hyphen (-).
Unordered list items can begin with an asterisk (*) instead.
Unordered list items can begin with a plus sign (+) instead.
All items in the same list must use the same format, otherwise separate lists will be created for each.
Ordered list items can begin with a number and a period (.).
Ordered list items can begin with a number and a closing parenthesis ()) instead.
All items in the same list must use the same format, otherwise separate lists will be created for each.
If any item of the same list is separated from the others by a blank line...
...it causes all items in that list to be put into paragraphs.
Header Separator | Hyphens | Column Separators | Vertical Bars | Markdown formatting
---|---|---|---|---
Use a line of hyphens | Each section of the | Use vertical bars | Opening and | Markdown formatting
(`-`) to separate the | header line must | (`\|`) to separate | closing vertical | *is* permitted.
header row from the | contain at least | columns. | bars (`\|`) on each
table rows. | 3 hyphens (`---`). | | line are optional.
| Left-Aligned | Center-Aligned | Right-Aligned | Default Alignment ||:---------------------------|:---------------------------:|---------------------------:|------------------------|| For left-aligned columns, | For center-aligned columns, | For right-aligned columns, | For default alignment, || put a colon at the left | put a colon at both ends | put a colon at the right | omit colons from || end of the hyphens in that | of the hyphens in that | end of the hyphens in that | that section of the || section of the header | section of the header | section of the header | header separator || separator line (`:---`). | separator line (`:---:`). | separator line (`---:`). | line (`---`). |
HTML tags and attributes must be <ahref="https://github.github.com/gfm/#raw-html">valid and well-formed</a>,
otherwise they <em>might not be parsed as HTML< /em>.
[Inline](<#supported-inline-level-html-elements>) HTML tags can be used <em>within</em> Markdown code.
<p><ahref="#supported-block-level-html-elements">Block-level</a> HTML tags start an
"<ahref="https://github.github.com/gfm/#html-blocks">HTML block</a>". But:
<ol><li>
Markdown code will _not_ be parsed within an HTML block.
</li><li>
So to break out of an HTML block and revert to _Markdown_ processing, a blank line is needed.
</li><li>
The HTML block can be resumed after that.
</li></ol></p>
Example:
HTML tags and attributes must be valid and well-formed,
otherwise they < em>might not be parsed as HTML< /em>.
Inline HTML tags can be used within Markdown code.
The following HTML elements are specifically disallowed by the tagfilter extension to the GitHub Flavored Markdown Spec. They will be escaped and rendered as literal text in the resulting document.
In addition to the element-specific HTML attributes mentioned above, the attributes below should also be preserved on any element in the GitHub HTML::Pipeline. The attributes on crossed out HTML elements are obsolete in HTML 5, but they might still work in web browsers.
For example, center-alignment and right-alignment of text/images wouldn't normally be possible in Markdown, because the style attributes and <style> elements for CSS are stripped from the rendered output. But it can still be done using the align attribute, even though this has been deprecated on the relevent HTML elements.
(The HTML elements in smaller text will be stripped/rendered as <p> in the GitHub HTML::Pipeline; they are included for reference only.)
Summary of HTML elements and their attributes that will be retained/have an effect in the rendered output of GitHub Flavored Markdown and HTML::Pipeline. (As of this writing, works on my machine in Firefox 71 and Chrome 79.)
Element
Attributes
Any
accesskey (ex: "A") dir ("ltr", "rtl", "auto") itemprop (when element is within a <div itemscope>) lang (ex: "en-US") tabindex (ex: "1") title (tool-tip text)
<br> (void)
clear ("all", "left", "right", "none")
<h1> <h2> <h3> <h4> <h5> <h6>
align ("left", "center", "right", "justify")
<hr> (void)
width
<p>
align ("left", "center", "right", "justify")
Test:
Left
Center
Right
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
Textile is a lightweight syntax for composing HTML. GitHub support for Textile markup is moderate (including syntax highlighting in source editors), including only basic table syntax. Inline HTML is generally supported.
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iv. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of
warranties;
v. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the
extent reasonably practicable;
B. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and
retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
C. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this
Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or
hyperlink to, this Public License.
You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any
reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in
which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be
reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or
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information.
If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the
information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent
reasonably practicable.
If You Share Adapted Material You produce, the Adapter's
License You apply must not prevent recipients of the Adapted
Material from complying with this Public License.
Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.
Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that
apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:
a. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right
to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial
portion of the contents of the database;
b. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database
contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database
Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database
Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
c. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share
all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4 supplements and does not
replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed
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Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.
a. UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE
EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS
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KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT
ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
b. TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE
TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
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USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR
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c. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided
above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent
possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and
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Section 6 – Term and Termination.
a. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and
Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with
this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License
terminate automatically.
b. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under
Section 6(a), it reinstates:
automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided
it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the
violation; or
upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any
right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations
of this Public License.
c. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the
Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop
distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so
will not terminate this Public License.
d. Sections
1,
5,
6,
7, and
8
survive termination of this Public License.
Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.
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terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
b. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the
Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and
independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.
Section 8 – Interpretation.
a. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and
shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose
conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully
be made without permission under this Public License.
b. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is
deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the
minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision
cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License
without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and
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failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the
Licensor.
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as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities
that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal
processes of any jurisdiction or authority.
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Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared
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Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark "Creative
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