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bibliographic_citation_format_rules.md

Bibliographic Citation Format Rules

These are my new rules (2024-12-05) for formatting bibligraphic content, for use in my blog Life With Alacrity and for use with other publications that use Markdown.

The primary goal is to leverage the Markdown format for readability, while supporting more complicated annotations and citations for the modern, largely online internet sources of content, rather than purely academic sources. A secondary goal is to ease transition to/from more traditional bibliographic formats using regular expression substitutions.

Markdown Citations

  • Title: The citation should begin with title of the work, which should be bold-italicized. The title should use the case style of the original title, if known, otherwise use Title Case (i.e., capitalizing all major words).

    • Example:
    * _**Animal Names**_ (~4004 BC). [spoken word]. _Progenis, Adam_.
    • Animal Names (~4004 BC). [spoken word]. Progenis, Adam.

  • Subtitles & Non-English Titles: If the work has a subtitle, it should be included with the title after a colon. If the title is a translation of the original title, the original title should be set inside curly braces, with the language of the title (in lower case), a colon, followed by the title in the original language, inside of quotes.

    • Examples:
    * _**Metamorphoses {classical latin: "Metamorphoseon Libri"}**_ (8 AD). [epic poem]. _Ovidius Naso, Publius - aka 'Ovid'._
* _**Commentaries on the Civil War: Pompey's Third Consulship {classical latin: "Commentarii de Bello Civili: De Tertio Consulatu Pompeii"}**_ (46 BC). [book]. _Caesar, Julius._
    • Metamorphoses {classical latin: "Metamorphoseon Libri"} (8 AD). [epic poem]. Ovidius Naso, Publius - aka 'Ovid'.
    • Commentaries on the Civil War: Pompey's Third Consulship {classical latin: "Commentarii de Bello Civili: De Tertio Consulatu Pompeii"} (46 BC). [book]. Caesar, Julius.

  • Publication Year: Place the year of publication (for print) or year of digital availability (for online sources) in parenthesis, followed by a period, immediately after the title. If the year of publication is approximate, precede it a tilde character. If the the work was published over many years, either show year of completion, or show the range of years using a hyphen. If significant, qualify the year using a lower case adjective. When citing online sources without a clear publication or update date, output from a database, or is dynamic page, use "n.d." (no date) in place of the year. If the content is likely to be updated over time, be sure to include the retrieval date to indicate when the information was accessed.

    • Examples:
    * _**Animal Husbandry: The Beginners Guide to Pairing and Caring**_ (~2348 BC). [spoken word]. _Lamechson, Noah._
* _**Metamorphoses {classical latin: "Metamorphoseon Libri"}**_ (8 AD). [epic poem]. _Ovidius Naso, Publius - aka 'Ovid'._
* _**Natural History {classical latin: "Naturalis Historia"}**_ (23-77 AD). [encylopedia]. _Plinius Secundus, Gaius - aka 'Pliny the Elder'._
* _**Spring Wind Brings Water {hungarian: "Tavaszi Szél Vizet Áraszt"}**_ (collected 1930). [folk song]. _Traditional._ Available 2024-12-05 from: <https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavaszi_sz%C3%A9l_vizet_%C3%A1raszt>.
* _**Guide to Urban Farming Techniques**_ (n.d.). [web article]. _Johnson, Alex._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from Urban Farming Initiative: <https://www.urbanfarminginitiative.org/guide>.
    • Animal Husbandry: The Beginners Guide to Pairing and Caring (~2348 BC). [spoken word]. Lamechson, Noah.
    • Metamorphoses {classical latin: "Metamorphoseon Libri"} (8 AD). [epic poem]. Ovidius Naso, Publius - aka 'Ovid'.
    • Natural History {classical latin: "Naturalis Historia"} (23-77 AD). [encylopedia]. Plinius Secundus, Gaius - aka 'Pliny the Elder'.
    • Spring Wind Brings Water {hungarian: "Tavaszi Szél Vizet Áraszt"} (collected 1930). [folk song]. Traditional. Available 2024-12-05 from: https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavaszi_sz%C3%A9l_vizet_%C3%A1raszt.
    • Guide to Urban Farming Techniques (n.d.). [web article]. Johnson, Alex. Retrieved 2023-12-05 from Urban Farming Initiative: https://www.urbanfarminginitiative.org/guide.

  • Edition Information for Books: Include edition information for books immediately after the date of publication, after a semi-colon but inside the parentheses. Use abbreviations such as "2nd ed." for clarity.

    • Example:
    *  _**The Chicago Manual of Style**_ (2017; 17th ed.). [reference book]. University of Chicago Press (ISBN: 978-0226287058).

  • Type of Work:: Specify the type of source work in square brackets immediately following the title, followed by a period. This includes broad categories such as web article, blog post, academic paper, journal article, book, legislation, court case, detc. There are some special types: use [microcontent] for any brief untitled online social media content (i.e. any Twitter or X.com tweet, Mastodon toots, Blue Sky skeets, series of microcontent like tweetstorms, etc.); if the type of work is a [thesis] or [disseration], include type of thesis (e.g., Ph.D. dissertation, Master's thesis), and the university; an article from a website is a [web article], as opposed to [article] from print publication or journal; [ebook] for electronic books. Note that [PFD] is not a type, it is a format (see below for details on formats].

    • Examples:
    * _**Basics of Urban Agriculture**_ (2018). [web article]. _Martinez, Carlos._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from Urban Agriculture website: <https://www.urbanagriculture.com>.
* _**Urban Agriculture**_ (2017). [book]. _Martinez, Carlos._ Available 2023-12-05 from Urban Agriculture: <https://www.urbanagriculture.com/order_book.html>.
*  * _**Affordable Care Act**_ (2010). [legislation]. United States Congress.
* _**Brown v. Board of Education**_ (1954). [court case]. U.S. Supreme Court.
* _**A Study of Renewable Energy Technologies in East Asia**_ (2021). [Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology]. _Wang, Ming._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://www.mittheses.org/~mingw/renewable-energy-disseratation>.

  • Authorship: Specify the author of the work after the Type of Work, in italics. Use "Family-name, Given-name" order with a comma between. If the author's name follows a cultural convention where the family name precedes the given name (such as Hungarian, Chinese, Japanese, or Korean), present the name in its original format without a comma. This respects the cultural naming conventions and maintains the original order of the names.

    • Examples:
    * _The Paul Street Boys {hungarian: "A Pál utcai fiúk"}_ (1906). [youth novel]. _Molnár Ferenc._
    • The Paul Street Boys {hungarian: "A Pál utcai fiúk"} (1906). [youth novel]. Molnár Ferenc.

  • Other Authorship Roles: When an individual's role is primarily as an editor or translator, place their name followed by their role in parentheses. If they also authored the work, list "author" first.

    • Example:
    * _**Crime and Punishment {russian: "Преступление и наказание"}**_ (1866). [novel]. _Dostoevsky, Fyodor (Author); Garnett, Constance (Translator)._

  • Handling Multiple Authors: When citing works with multiple authors, list up to six authors in the order in which they are presented in the work. In cases where authors have made a specific choice about the order of their names, respect that choice. If a work has more than six authors, list the first three authors followed by "et al." to indicate the presence of additional authors.

  • Example: 
    * _**Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything**_ (2005). [book]. _Levitt, Steven D.; Dubner, Stephen J._

  • Attribution of Different Roles: When citing works with authors having different roles (e.g., author, editor, translator), specify the role after each name in parenthesis. If an author has multiple roles, list them in the parenthesis after the name, each separated by commas. If the all the authors have the role of author, do not list their role in parenthesis. If all the authors have the same role (such as editor), list their common role in parathensis after the last author. If there is a lead author, they should be listed first, and if there is professor/principal pnvestigator (PI) they should be listed last.

    • Examples:
    * _**The Evolution of Language**_ (2022). [book]. _Smith, John (Author); Doe, Jane (Publisher, Editor); Roe, Richard (Translator)._
* _**The Evolution of Language**_ (2022). [book]. _Smith, John; Doe, Jane; Roe, Richard (Editors)._
    • The Evolution of Language (2022). [book]. Smith, John (Author); Doe, Jane (Publisher, Editor); Roe, Richard (Translator).
    • The Evolution of Language (2022). [book]. Smith, John; Doe, Jane; Roe, Richard (Editors).

  • Chapter or Journal Titles: For citations of chapters in books or articles in journals, include the secondary book or journal title after the List of Authors. This secondary book or journal citation should be in quotation marks. When citing these secondary sources, the title of the secondary source (e.g., the book or journal title) should be italicized (not bold-italic), but the authors/editors of the secondary source should not be italicized. This distinction ensures clarity between the primary cited work and the secondary source.

    • Example:
    

      

    • Climate Change and Coastal Ecosystems (2019). [article]. Brown, Lisa. In "Journal of Environmental Science  (2020). [journal]. Green, Emily (editor)". Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: https://www.environmentalsciencejournal.com.
      • 

    

    • 

  • 

    Conference Proceedings: For papers presented at conferences, include the paper title, conference name, location, and date of the conference. If the proceedings are published, treat them like a book or journal.
    

      

    • Examples:
      • 

    

    * _**A Practical Scheme for Non-Interactive Verifiable Secret Sharing**_ (1987). [conference paper]. _Feldman, Paul._ From "_Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Symposium on the Foundations of Computer Science, pages 427–437, 1987_." Available 2023-12-06 from IEEE Xplore [pdf]: <https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4568297/>. Retrieved 2023-12-06 from Computer Science Department of The University of Maryland [PDF, unofficial]: <https://www.cs.umd.edu/~gasarch/TOPICS/secretsharing/feldmanVSS.pdf>
* _**Fiduciary Principles in Agency Law**_ (2018). [article]. _DeMott, Deborah._ From "_The Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law_ (2018). Criddle, Evan J.; Miller, Paul B.; Robert H. Sitkoff (editors).  New York: Oxford University Press), Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, (2018-18)". Retrieved 2023-04-05 from: <https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3124325>

    

      

    • Innovations in Artificial Intelligence: A New Era (2019). [conference paper]. Johnson, Kyle. From "Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Las Vegas, NV, USA, March 15-17, 2021 (2021)." Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: https://www.ai-conference2021.org/proceedings.
      • 

    • Fiduciary Principles in Agency Law (2018). [article]. DeMott, Deborah. From "The Oxford Handbook of Fiduciary Law (2018). Criddle, Evan J.; Miller, Paul B.; Robert H. Sitkoff (editors).  New York: Oxford University Press), Duke Law School Public Law & Legal Theory Series, (2018-18)". Retrieved 2023-04-05 from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3124325
      • 

    

    • 

  • 

    Sources vs URLs: A citational always ends with a URL, and that URL is hosted by a source, which may be a website name, author's website, a publisher's name. When the host of the URL is not obvious or is unknown, try to inform the name of source based on what you can learn about that domain from it's home page or about page. More specifically: "harpercollins.com" or "harpercollons.com is not a source, from the home and about pages it is "Harper Collins Publishing"; "github.com" is not a source, but a github community can be "GitHub/WebOfTrustInfo".
    

    • 

  • 

    **Retrieval From Date and Source **: Specify "Retrieved" for publicly accessible documents from a source, followed the date of last access date in the form YYYY-MM-DD, followed by the publisher, or hosting organization's name, or the name of the community repo [i.e. "GitHub/WebOfTrustInfo"]. Use this for documents directly obtainable from the provided URL.
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**We Want Privacy, but Can’t Stop Sharing**_ (2014-10-04). [newspaper article]. _Murphy, Kate._ The New York Times. Retrieved 2023-12-06 from: <https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/05/sunday-review/we-want-privacy-but-cant-stop-sharing.html>.
    


    • 

  • 

    **Available From Date and Source: Use "Available" for sources document not freely accessible online, like those behind paywalls or requiring purchase or subscription. Include the availability check date in YYYY-MM-DD format, followed by the purchase URL. If there are multiple sites where the source document can be purchased, Prioritize authors' or publishers' pages (e.g. "Random House") or an ABE Books webpage for purchasable sources over generic online retailers (e.g. "Amazon", "Kobo", Apple, etc.). If there is an eBook version available, list the eBook publisher (e.g. Amazon for Kindle eBooks).
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics**_ (1996). [book, eBook]. _Anonymous (Original Author); Klein, Joe (Confirmed Author, Afterword)._  Available 2023-12-05 from Penguin Random House (ISBN: 0-679-44859-4): <https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/4166/primary-colors-by-anonymous/>. Also available as an eBook from Amazon: <https://www.amazon.com/Primary-Colors-Novel-Politics-ebook/dp/B0028MBKPC>.
    


    • 

  • 

    *Rules for Multiple Sources: For the same work disseminated across various platforms, cross-posted to different websites, or archived at sites like Archive.org, include each source with its respective retrieval/available date and URL. Differentiate the nature of source before the name of each sources, e.g. official publisher's website or, an unofficial source like an author's webpage, or "orginally from" or "crossposted to" or "archived by". Order the sources by closeness to the authors, listing sources controlled by the author first, then publishers, then distributors, with archives or unofficial sources last.
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**Chokepoint Capitalism: How Big Tech and Big Content Captured Creative Labor Markets and How We'll Win Them Back**_ (2022). [ebook; book]. _Doctorow, Cory; Giblin, Rebecca._ Available 2023-12-06 from author's website Craphound [epub]: <https://craphound.com/category/chokepoint/>. Also available 2023-12-06 from publisher Beacon Press [cloth hardcover, 312 pages,  ISBN 978-080700706-8] : <https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P1856.aspx>; [paperback, 312 pages, ISBN 978-080701265-9]: <https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P2020.aspx> 
    


    • 

  • 

    Formats: When a work is retrievable/accessible and has particular formats other than html on web pages, such as PDF, markdown, repository, text, or physical work, include each format with its respective retrieval/available date and URL, noting their nature (e.g., [pdf], [ebook]) in square brackets followed by the URL. You do not need to list [html] as a format unless there are multiple formats (see below).
    

    • 

  • 

    Multiple Formats: If there are multiple formats from multiple sources, list each source seperatly, then the format(s) available from that source, followed by the URL. If there are multiple formats available from a single source (i.e. single URL), seperate out the sources with semicolons, e.g. [ebook; pdf; tradeback]. If all formats are from the same source, but different URLs, there's no need to repeat the name of the source, just use semicolons between the sources. When listing sources, begin with sources offering freely accessible content (retreivable) and followed by purchasable ones (accessible). Otherwise list formats in order of fidelity and machine translatability, with HTML web pages first, followed by web-rendered content like Markdown, then downloadable rendered content such as PDFs and eBooks, and lastly non-rendered content like text and physical items like books and journals. Special note: a [book] is a type of content, not a format (such as [hardback],[tradeback], [paperback] ; [ebook] is also type, not a format (such as [pdf], [kindle], [epub].
    

      

    • Examples:
      • 

    

    * _**Five Mental Models of Identity**_ (2018). [workshop paper]. _Andrieu, Joe (lead author); George, Nathan; Hughes, Andrew; MacIntosh, Christophe; Rondelet, Antoine._ From "_Rebooting the Web of Trust 7, Toronto, September 26-28, 2018_." Retrieved 2023-12-06 from GitHub/WebOfTrustInfo [markdown]: <https://github.com/WebOfTrustInfo/rwot7-toronto/blob/master/final-documents/mental-models.md>; [PDF]: <https://github.com/WebOfTrustInfo/rwot7-toronto/blob/master/final-documents/mental-models.pdf>; [text]: <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/WebOfTrustInfo/rwot7-toronto/master/final-documents/mental-models.md>
* _**Chokepoint Capitalism: How Big Tech and Big Content Captured Creative Labor Markets and How We'll Win Them Back**_ (2022). [ebook; book]. _Doctorow, Cory; Giblin, Rebecca._ Available 2023-12-06 from author's website Craphound [epub]: <https://craphound.com/category/chokepoint/>. Also available 2023-12-06 from publisher Beacon Press [cloth hardcover, 312 pages,  ISBN 978-080700706-8] : <https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P1856.aspx>; [paperback, 312 pages, ISBN 978-080701265-9]: <https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P2020.aspx> 

    


    • 

  • 

    Inclusion of ISBNs, DOIs, and Other Content Identifiers in Format Type: When citing a work with a specific content identifier, include this information immediately following the format type preceded by a commma (i.e. [hardback, ISBN 978-0062316097]. For books, prefer the ISBN (aka ISBN-13) if available vs the less preferred ISBN-10, for journals use ISSN, but do not use an ASIN number (an identifier proprietary to Amazon) except for Kindle ebooks. For academic papers or articles, include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier). For content with a unique digital fingerprint (e.g., a cryptographic hash), include the appropriate identifier.
    

      

    • Examples:
      • 

    

    * _**Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind**_ (2015). [book, ebook]. _Harari, Yuval Noah._ Available 2024-12-05 from Harper Collins Publishers [hardcover, ISBN 9780062316097; trade paperback, 9780062316110; ebook, ISBN 9780062316103; digital audio: ISBN 9780062796233: <https://www.harpercollins.com/products/sapiens-yuval-noah-harari>. Also available 2024-12-05 from Amazon [kindle, ASIN B00ICN066A]: <https://www.amazon.com/Sapiens-Humankind-Yuval-Noah-Harari-ebook/dp/B00ICN066A>
* _**The Role of Urban Green Spaces in Mood and Mental Health**_ (2019). [journal article]. _Brown, Thomas._ In "_Journal of Urban Health_, 96(4), 507-519. (DOI:10.1007/s11524-019-00366-1)".
* _**Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Explained**_ (2020). [web article]. _Carter, Nathan._ Published by Blockchain News. (pdf, content hash QmP98yDnM1R7F9bCt4G6iDVZyQdZ1Cf7hRZ6d3bQkDjvVf).

    

      

    • Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind (2015). [book, ebook]. Harari, Yuval Noah. Available 2024-12-05 from Harper Collins Publishers [hardcover, ISBN 9780062316097; trade paperback, 9780062316110; ebook, ISBN 9780062316103; digital audio: ISBN 9780062796233: https://www.harpercollins.com/products/sapiens-yuval-noah-harari. Also available 2024-12-05 from Amazon [kindle, ASIN B00ICN066A]: https://www.amazon.com/Sapiens-Humankind-Yuval-Noah-Harari-ebook/dp/B00ICN066A
      • 

    • The Role of Urban Green Spaces in Mood and Mental Health (2019). [journal article]. Brown, Thomas. In "Journal of Urban Health, 96(4), 507-519. (DOI:10.1007/s11524-019-00366-1)".
      • 

    • Decentralized Finance (DeFi) Explained (2020). [web article]. Carter, Nathan. Published by Blockchain News. (pdf, content hash QmP98yDnM1R7F9bCt4G6iDVZyQdZ1Cf7hRZ6d3bQkDjvVf).
      • 

    

    • 

  • 

    URL: Provide the URL of the source, enclosed in angle brackets to avoid accidently adding a period after the URL as it might be mistaken as part of the URL. Ensure the URL is accurate and complete, leading directly to the specific content cited. Avoid including unnecessary parts such as text following query strings (marked by "?"), unless it's required for accessing the content. Do not use shortened or redirect URLs, as they may not reliably lead to the correct final destination. The URL in the citation should reflect the final landing page to ensure direct and reliable access to the source material.
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**Principal Authority: A New Perspective on Self-Sovereign Identity**_ (2021). [web article]. _Allen, Christopher (author); Appelcline, Shannon (co-author)._ Retrieved 2024-12-05 from Blockchain Commons Website: <https://www.blockchaincommons.com/articles/Principal-Authority>.
    


    • 



Special Edge Cases (with examples)


    

  • 

    Citing Secondary Sources: When citing secondary sources (for instance when the original is off-line, out-of-print, behind a paywall, or otherwise not available), include the original author and the secondary source's details (formatted like the rules for a secondary source such as journal or inclusion in book). However, use the text "As cited in" to distinguish between the two sources.
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**The Interpretation of Dreams**_ (1899). [book]. _Freud, Sigmund._ As cited in "_Freud: A Life for Our Time_ (1988). [biography]. Gay, Peter._ W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN: 978-0393314038)."
    

      

    • The Interpretation of Dreams (1899). [book]. Freud, Sigmund. As cited in "Freud: A Life for Our Time (1988). [biography]. Gay, Peter._ W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN: 978-0393314038)."
      • 

    

    • 

  • 

    Handling Works with Unknown Publication Year: For works where the publication year is not known or cannot be estimated, use "n.y." (no year) to indicate the absence of a specific publication date. In the case of online sources that undergo regular updates, such as Wikipedia articles or dynamic web pages, include both the 'last updated' date and the retrieval date to accurately reflect the source's most recent content. If a specific 'last updated' date is not available, use "n.d." (no date) followed by the retrieval date.
    

      

    • Examples:
      • 

    

    * _**The Lost Art of Ancient Pottery**_ (n.y.). [book]. _Smith, John._
* _**Quantum Computing Basics**_ (last updated 2023-05-10). [web article]. _Doe, Jane._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://www.quantumresearch.org/basics>.
* _**Introduction to Quantum Computing**_ (n.d.). [web article]. _Doe, Jane._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://www.quantumresearch.org/intro>.
* _**History of Quantum Computing**_ (n.d.). [Wikipedia article]. Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_computing>.
    


    • 

  • 

      

    • 

      Citing Social Media and Informal Online Sources: When citing social media posts, forum threads, and blog posts, use the first phrase of the content as a bold-italicized title. Include the author's real name or username in italics, followed by the date of the post in parentheses. For microcontent, the full date YYYY-MM-DD the citation should be used in the date of publication. Specify the type of source (e.g., microcontent, storm, forum thread, blog post) in square brackets. For forum threads, mention the thread title and date (if applicable). Conclude with the platform name and the URL.
      

        

      • Examples:
        • 

      

      * _**Amazing to think that the water I sipped today...**_ (2019-10-18). [microcontent]. _@Astro_Christina._ Twitter. Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://twitter.com/Astro_Christina/status/1185188282545876993>.
* _**Best Organic Fertilizers for Tomatoes**_ (2021-06-05). [forum thread]. _AmateurGardener._ From the "Tomato Gardening Tips" thread (2021-05-15). Gardeners Forum. Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://www.gardenersforum.com/threads/tomato-gardening-tips.12345>.
* _**Urban Gardening in Small Spaces**_ (n.d.). [blog post]. _City Gardener Blog._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://citygardenerblog.com/urban-gardening-small-spaces>.

      


      • 

    

    • 

  • 

    ** Citing Works Published or Crossposted to Multiple Sites, or Updated Elsewhere:** When a work has been published in multiple mediums or has significant updates, create a combined citation that includes all versions, specifying the medium and update details for each. List the versions chronologically, starting with the original publication.
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**The Path to Self-Sovereign Identity**_ (2016, Updated 2020). [magazine article; blog post]. _Allen, Christopher._ Originally published in Coindesk (2016), retrieved 2024-12-05 from: <https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/04/27/the-path-to-self-sovereign-identity/>. Cross-posted to Life With Alacrity (2016), updated version available at <https://www.lifewithalacrity.com/article/the-path-to-self-soverereign-identity/>.
* _**The Impact of Climate Change on Urban Landscapes**_ (2015, revised 2018). [journal article; book chapter]. _Singh, Rajesh._ Initially published in _Journal of Urban Ecology_ (2015). Retrieved 2024-12-05 from: <https://www.urbanecologyjournal.com/article/impact-climate-change>. Revised chapter included in _Urban Ecology: Challenges and Solutions_ (2018). _Miller, Jane; Gupta, Anil (editors)._ Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521899839.
    


    • 

  • 

    Handling Pseudonymous and Anonymous Authors: When a work is published under a pseudonym, cite the pseudonym as the author. If the real identity is widely known and relevant, include it in paranthesis after the pseudonym.  For explicitly anonymous works, use "Anonymous".
    

      

    • Example:
      • 

    

    * _**Go Ask Alice**_ (1971). [ebook; book]. _Anonymous (Attributed to: Sparks, Beatrice (author); Glovach, Linda (Co-Author))._  Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://archive.org/details/goaskalice00spar_1>. Also available 2023-12-05 from Prentice Hall (1st edition) and later editions from Simon & Schuster (ISBN13: 9780671664589 ): <https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Go-Ask-Alice/Anonymous/9780671664589>.
* _**Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics**_ (1996). [book, eBook]. _Anonymous (Original Author); Klein, Joe (Confirmed Author, Afterword)._  Available 2023-12-05 from Penguin Random House (ISBN: 0-679-44859-4): <https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/4166/primary-colors-by-anonymous/>. Also available as an eBook from Amazon: <https://www.amazon.com/Primary-Colors-Novel-Politics-ebook/dp/B0028MBKPC>.
* _**1984**_ (1949). [novel]. _Orwell, George (confirmed psuedonym for "Blair, Eric Arthur")._
* _**Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System**_ (2008). [white paper]. _Nakamoto, Satoshi (pseudononymous author)._ Retrieved 2023-12-05 from: <https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf>.
* _**The Junius Papers**_ (1769-1772). [collection of letters]. _Junius (pseudononymous author)._ In "_The letters of Junius. Complete in one volume. A new edition. With a copious index._ (1789). Junius (pseudononymous author)." Retrieved 2023-12-05 from Archive.org as [PDF]: <https://archive.org/details/bim_eighteenth-century_the-letters-of-junius-c_junius_1789>. Also in "_Junius: Including Letters by the Same Writer Under Other Signatures: to which are Added His Confidential Correspondence with Mr. Wilkes and His Private Letters to Mr. H.S. Woodfall Volume 1_ (1840) [book; eBook]. Junius (pseudononymous author); Wade, John (editor)." Available 2023-12-05 from Hard Press via Amazon as [book; eBook] <https://www.amazon.com/Junius-Including-Signatures-Confidential-Correspondence-ebook/dp/B07CLP1M5N>
    


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    Authorship by Unattributed Parties: For unattributed works hosted by an organization, use the organization's name. For works by a group of unattributed authors, use "Divers Hands".
    

      

    • Examples:
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    * _**National Geographic Atlas of the Middle East, Second Edition: The Most Concise and Current Source on the World's Most Complex Region**_ (2008).  [book]. _National Geographic Society._ Published by National Geographic (ISBN-10: 1426202210, ISBN-13: 9781426202216). Available from: <https://www.abebooks.com/9781426202216/National-Geographic-Atlas-Middle-East-1426202210/plp>.
* _**The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Translated out of the Original Tongues: and with the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised, by His Majesty's Special Command**_ (1611). [book]. _Divers Hands._   Authorized King James Version, Pure Cambridge Edition. Available 2024-12-05 from Archive.org (PDF) at: <https://archive.org/details/king-james-bible-pure-cambridge-edition-pdf>.
* _**Heroes & Monsters: The Unofficial Companion to the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen**_ (2003). [book]. _Nevins, Jess (Author); Moore, Alan (introduction); O'Neill, Kevin (commentary); and Divers Hands._ Published by MonkeyBrain (ISBN: 1-932265-04-X) <https://www.monkeybrainbooks.com/Heroes_and_Monsters.html>. Available 2024-12-05 from ABE Books <https://www.abebooks.com/9781932265040/Heroes-Monsters-Unofficial-Companion-League-193226504X/plp>. Based on series of annotations (2022): _Notes on League of Extraordinary Gentlemen #1_ starting at <https://enjolrasworld.com/Jess%20Nevins/League%20of%20Extraordinary%20Gentlemen/Notes%20on%20League%20of%20Extraordinary%20Gentlemen%201.htm> 
* _**The Dark Brotherhood and Other Pieces**_ (1966). [book (hardback, 321 pages)]. _Lovecraft, H. P. (author); Divers Hands (contributors); Derleth, August (editor)._ Published by Arkham House, United States. Available from: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Brotherhood_and_Other_Pieces>.
    


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  • 

    Citing Audiovisual Materials: For audiovisual materials, include the title, year, format (e.g., film, TV show), director (for films) or creator (for TV shows), and production company.
    

      

    • Examples:
      • 

    

    * _**Inception**_ (2010). [film]. _Christopher Nolan (director)._ Warner Bros. Pictures.
* _**Breaking Bad**_ (2008-2013). [TV series]. Vince Gilligan (creator; showrunner). AMC Networks.
    

      

    • Inception (2010). [film]. Christopher Nolan (director). Warner Bros. Pictures.
      • 

    • Breaking Bad (2008-2013). [TV series]. Vince Gilligan (creator; showrunner). AMC Networks.
      • 

    

    

    

    • 



Annotated of Markdown Citations


Annotated of Markdown Citation begins the the basic Markdown Citation, but appends a number of additional annotations about the content of the cited work, seperated by blank lines and each annotation using indented blockquotes.


    

  • 

    Tags: Following a Markdown Citation, include an indented blockquote of ontological tags that encapsulate key concepts and themes of the work. Start the blockquote with "TAGS" in bold and uppercase, followed by a curated list of tags. Each tag should be preceded by a hash mark and formatted in camel case for readability. The selection of tags should be informed by the work's content, themes, and the context provided by other sources referencing the work, ensuring a comprehensive reflection of its essence. Arrange the tags in order of their relevance and importance to the work's primary subject matter.
    

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  • 

    Short Abstract: Following the tags, include a short, concise abstract as a indented Markdown blockquote. This should be in form of an indented Markdown blockquote, beginning with by an all uppper case and bold  "SHORT ABSTRACT" and the short abstract in quotes. This abstract should succinctly encapsulate the core themes and contributions of the work without restating information already provided in the citation, such as the title, author's name, or publication date. Aim for clarity and accessibility, ensuring the abstract is understandable to a broad audience while accurately reflecting the author's perspective and the work's significance within its field. Focus on the central ideas and contributions, summarizing the key arguments or findings in a way that highlights the work's relevance and impact. The abstract should be a standalone paragraph, offering a clear overview of the work's content and importance in a style that is both informative and engaging, capturing the essence of the work in a few well-crafted sentences.
    

      

    • Examples:
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      * _**The Path to Self-Sovereign Identity**_ (2016, Updated 2020). [magazine article; blog post]. _Allen, Christopher._ Originally published in Coindesk (2016), retrieved 2024-12-05 from: <https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/04/27/the-path-to-self-sovereign-identity/>. Cross-posted to Life With Alacrity (2016), updated version available at <https://www.lifewithalacrity.com/article/the-path-to-self-soverereign-identity/>.

    > **TAGS**: #SelfSovereignIdentity #BlockchainIdentity #DigitalAutonomy #IdentityManagement #DataPrivacy #DecentralizedSystems #DigitalHuman Rights #DigitalIdentity #OnlinePrivacy #IdentityEvolution
    > 
    > **ABSTRACT**: "In this influential post, the author discusses the evolution and future of digital identity, emphasizing the concept of 'self-sovereign identity.' He describes the historical progression of online identity models and advocates for a user-centric approach where individuals have complete control over their digital identities. Allen's vision for self-sovereign identity is grounded in principles like independence, transparency, and user control, aiming to reshape how digital identity is managed and utilized in the evolving digital landscape."

* _**Chokepoint Capitalism: How Big Tech and Big Content Captured Creative Labor Markets and How We'll Win Them Back**_ (2022). [book; ebook]. _Doctorow, Cory; Giblin, Rebecca._ Available 2023-12-06 from Craphound [ebook, author's website]: <https://craphound.com/category/chokepoint/>. Also available 2023-12-06 from Beacon Press [cloth hardcover, 312 pages,  ISBN 978-080700706-8] : <https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P1856.aspx>; [paperback, 312 pages, ISBN 978-080701265-9]: <https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P2020.aspx> 

  > **TAGS**: #MonopolyAndCulture #CreativeMarketChallenges #BigTechCritique #DigitalEconomy #CorporateControl #CreativeRights #CreatorRights #MarketDynamics #AntitrustAction #EconomicEquality #InnovativeSolutions
  >
  > **SHORT ABSTRACT:** "A comprehensive analysis of corporate monopolies and monopsonies in various industries, particularly focusing on the challenges faced by creative workers. The authors propose solutions for battling these chokepoints, ranging from transparency rights to collective action." 
    

      

    • 

      The Path to Self-Sovereign Identity (2016, Updated 2020). [magazine article; blog post]. Allen, Christopher. Originally published in Coindesk (2016), retrieved 2024-12-05 from: https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2016/04/27/the-path-to-self-sovereign-identity/. Cross-posted to Life With Alacrity (2016), updated version available at https://www.lifewithalacrity.com/article/the-path-to-self-soverereign-identity/.
      

      

      TAGS: #SelfSovereignIdentity #BlockchainIdentity #DigitalAutonomy #IdentityManagement #DataPrivacy #DecentralizedSystems #DigitalHuman Rights #DigitalIdentity #OnlinePrivacy #IdentityEvolution
      

      ABSTRACT: "In this influential post, the author discusses the evolution and future of digital identity, emphasizing the concept of 'self-sovereign identity.' He describes the historical progression of online identity models and advocates for a user-centric approach where individuals have complete control over their digital identities. Allen's vision for self-sovereign identity is grounded in principles like independence, transparency, and user control, aiming to reshape how digital identity is managed and utilized in the evolving digital landscape."
      

      

      • 

    • 

      Chokepoint Capitalism: How Big Tech and Big Content Captured Creative Labor Markets and How We'll Win Them Back (2022). [book; ebook]. Doctorow, Cory; Giblin, Rebecca. Available 2023-12-06 from Craphound [ebook, author's website]: https://craphound.com/category/chokepoint/. Also available 2023-12-06 from Beacon Press [cloth hardcover, 312 pages,  ISBN 978-080700706-8] : https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P1856.aspx; [paperback, 312 pages, ISBN 978-080701265-9]: https://www.beacon.org/Chokepoint-Capitalism-P2020.aspx
      

      

      TAGS: #MonopolyAndCulture #CreativeMarketChallenges #BigTechCritique #DigitalEconomy #CorporateControl #CreativeRights #CreatorRights #MarketDynamics #AntitrustAction #EconomicEquality #InnovativeSolutions
      

      SHORT ABSTRACT: "A comprehensive analysis of corporate monopolies and monopsonies in various industries, particularly focusing on the challenges faced by creative workers. The authors propose solutions for battling these chokepoints, ranging from transparency rights to collective action."
      

      

      • 

    

    • 

  • 

    Key Quotes Annotation: Include a section titled "KEY QUOTES" in bold after the short abstract. This section should feature one or two exact quotes from the article that are particularly evocative or insightful. Each quote, enclosed in double quotation marks, should be presented as an indented blockquote. The quote should be concise, clear, and capture the essence or a pivotal point of the article. If applicable, reference the specific part of the source (e.g., page number or section) immediately following the quote.
    

      

    • Examples:
      • 

    

    * _**Open Development: The Necessary Next Step for Open Source**_ (2023). [web article]. _Allen, Christopher; Appelcline, Shannon_. Retrieved 2023-12-06 from Blockchain Commons: <https://www.blockchaincommons.com/articles/Open-Development/>

  > **TAGS**: #OpenDevelopment #OpenSource #SoftwareDevelopment #CommunityEngagement #Collaboration #DigitalEcosystem #Innovation #TechnologyEthics #Sustainability #DigitalTransparency
  > 
  > **SHORT ABSTRACT:** "This article introduces the concept of Open Development, expanding beyond traditional open-source software models. It highlights the limitations of open source as merely a licensing regime and advocates for a comprehensive open development approach. This approach includes principles like accessibility, collaboration, diversity, strategic community planning, transparency, sustainability, and openness. The article also explores the concept's application in different software development stages, emphasizing the need for community involvement, long-term support, and ethical considerations in technology development."
   >
   > **KEY QUOTES:** "Open development is much bigger than just open source. It requires committing to certain principles and adopting best practices that create a much larger ecosystem."<br/>"Open development isn’t a binary choice, but rather a spectrum... software development can become increasingly open and increasingly dedicated to these principles as it incorporates additional best practices."
    

      

    • 

      Open Development: The Necessary Next Step for Open Source (2023). [web article]. Allen, Christopher; Appelcline, Shannon. Retrieved 2023-12-06 from Blockchain Commons: https://www.blockchaincommons.com/articles/Open-Development/
      

      

      TAGS: #OpenDevelopment #OpenSource #SoftwareDevelopment #CommunityEngagement #Collaboration #DigitalEcosystem #Innovation #TechnologyEthics #Sustainability #DigitalTransparency
      

      SHORT ABSTRACT: "This article introduces the concept of Open Development, expanding beyond traditional open-source software models. It highlights the limitations of open source as merely a licensing regime and advocates for a comprehensive open development approach. This approach includes principles like accessibility, collaboration, diversity, strategic community planning, transparency, sustainability, and openness. The article also explores the concept's application in different software development stages, emphasizing the need for community involvement, long-term support, and ethical considerations in technology development."
      

      KEY QUOTES: "Open development is much bigger than just open source. It requires committing to certain principles and adopting best practices that create a much larger ecosystem."
      "Open development isn’t a binary choice, but rather a spectrum... software development can become increasingly open and increasingly dedicated to these principles as it incorporates additional best practices."
      

      

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