thinking.ts

/*
 * Human Cognitive Thinking Patterns
 * =================================
 *
 * This TypeScript code analogy represents various cognitive thinking patterns
 * observed in human thought processes. The patterns included are:
 *
 * 1. Association
 * 2. Categorization
 * 3. Pattern Recognition
 * 4. Abstraction
 * 5. Problem Solving
 * 6. Decision Making
 * 7. Emotional Processing
 * 8. Memory Retrieval
 * 9. Creativity
 * 10. Metacognition
 *
 * Each pattern is represented as a class or function, with detailed explanations
 * provided in comments. The code aims to capture the essence of these cognitive
 * processes using TypeScript analogies, while maintaining readability and
 * adhering to best practices.
 */

// Common types and interfaces used throughout the code
type Thought = string;
type Emotion = 'joy' | 'sadness' | 'anger' | 'fear' | 'disgust' | 'surprise';
type Stimulus = any;

interface Memory {
  content: Thought;
  timestamp: Date;
  emotionalContext?: Emotion;
}

/*
 * 1. Association
 * --------------
 * Explanation: Association is the cognitive process of connecting ideas, memories,
 * or sensations. It allows humans to form relationships between different concepts
 * and experiences, facilitating learning and memory recall.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enables rapid information retrieval
 * - Supports creative thinking and problem-solving
 * - Enhances learning by connecting new information to existing knowledge
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can lead to biased thinking if associations are overgeneralized
 * - May result in false memories or incorrect assumptions
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Learning new concepts by relating them to familiar ones
 * - Recalling information based on contextual cues
 * - Forming connections between seemingly unrelated ideas
 */
class Association {
  private associationMap: Map<Thought, Set<Thought>> = new Map();

  // Associate two thoughts bidirectionally
  associate(thought1: Thought, thought2: Thought): void {
    this.addAssociation(thought1, thought2);
    this.addAssociation(thought2, thought1);
  }

  // Helper method to add a unidirectional association
  private addAssociation(from: Thought, to: Thought): void {
    if (!this.associationMap.has(from)) {
      this.associationMap.set(from, new Set());
    }
    this.associationMap.get(from)!.add(to);
  }

  // Retrieve associated thoughts
  getAssociations(thought: Thought): Set<Thought> {
    return this.associationMap.get(thought) || new Set();
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.associate('apple', 'red');
    this.associate('apple', 'fruit');
    this.associate('banana', 'fruit');

    console.log(this.getAssociations('apple')); // Output: Set { 'red', 'fruit' }
    console.log(this.getAssociations('fruit')); // Output: Set { 'apple', 'banana' }
  }
}

/*
 * 2. Categorization
 * -----------------
 * Explanation: Categorization is the cognitive process of organizing information,
 * objects, or experiences into groups based on shared characteristics. It helps
 * humans make sense of the world by simplifying complex information.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Simplifies information processing
 * - Facilitates quick decision-making
 * - Supports efficient memory storage and retrieval
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can lead to stereotyping or overgeneralization
 * - May overlook individual differences within categories
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Organizing knowledge in long-term memory
 * - Quickly identifying and responding to environmental stimuli
 * - Forming and applying concepts in reasoning and problem-solving
 */
class Categorization {
  private categories: Map<string, Set<Thought>> = new Map();

  // Categorize a thought
  categorize(category: string, thought: Thought): void {
    if (!this.categories.has(category)) {
      this.categories.set(category, new Set());
    }
    this.categories.get(category)!.add(thought);
  }

  // Retrieve thoughts in a category
  getCategory(category: string): Set<Thought> {
    return this.categories.get(category) || new Set();
  }

  // Check if a thought belongs to a category
  isInCategory(category: string, thought: Thought): boolean {
    return this.getCategory(category).has(thought);
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.categorize('fruit', 'apple');
    this.categorize('fruit', 'banana');
    this.categorize('vegetable', 'carrot');

    console.log(this.getCategory('fruit')); // Output: Set { 'apple', 'banana' }
    console.log(this.isInCategory('fruit', 'apple')); // Output: true
    console.log(this.isInCategory('fruit', 'carrot')); // Output: false
  }
}

/*
 * 3. Pattern Recognition
 * ----------------------
 * Explanation: Pattern recognition is the cognitive ability to identify regularities,
 * trends, or recurring elements in information or experiences. It allows humans to
 * make predictions and adapt to their environment.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enables quick identification of familiar situations or objects
 * - Supports learning and skill acquisition
 * - Facilitates problem-solving by recognizing similar past experiences
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can lead to false pattern detection (apophenia)
 * - May result in oversimplification of complex situations
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Recognizing faces or objects in visual perception
 * - Identifying trends in data or behavior
 * - Learning and applying rules or regularities in language and communication
 */
class PatternRecognition {
  private patterns: Map<string, Array<Stimulus>> = new Map();

  // Record a pattern
  recordPattern(patternName: string, sequence: Array<Stimulus>): void {
    this.patterns.set(patternName, sequence);
  }

  // Recognize a pattern in a given sequence
  recognizePattern(sequence: Array<Stimulus>): string | null {
    for (const [patternName, patternSequence] of this.patterns.entries()) {
      if (this.isSubsequence(patternSequence, sequence)) {
        return patternName;
      }
    }
    return null;
  }

  // Helper method to check if one sequence is a subsequence of another
  private isSubsequence(pattern: Array<Stimulus>, sequence: Array<Stimulus>): boolean {
    let patternIndex = 0;
    for (const item of sequence) {
      if (item === pattern[patternIndex]) {
        patternIndex++;
        if (patternIndex === pattern.length) {
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
    return false;
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.recordPattern('binary', [0, 1, 0, 1]);
    this.recordPattern('ascending', [1, 2, 3, 4]);

    console.log(this.recognizePattern([0, 1, 0, 1, 0])); // Output: 'binary'
    console.log(this.recognizePattern([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5])); // Output: 'ascending'
    console.log(this.recognizePattern([5, 4, 3, 2, 1])); // Output: null
  }
}

/*
 * 4. Abstraction
 * --------------
 * Explanation: Abstraction is the cognitive process of forming general concepts
 * by extracting common features from specific examples. It allows humans to deal
 * with complex ideas and generalize knowledge across different contexts.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enables efficient processing of complex information
 * - Facilitates transfer of knowledge across domains
 * - Supports higher-level thinking and problem-solving
 *
 * Cons:
 * - May lead to oversimplification of nuanced situations
 * - Can result in loss of important details
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Forming general concepts from specific instances
 * - Applying learned principles to new situations
 * - Developing theories and models to explain phenomena
 */
class Abstraction {
  private abstractions: Map<string, Set<string>> = new Map();

  // Create an abstraction from specific instances
  createAbstraction(abstractConcept: string, ...instances: string[]): void {
    this.abstractions.set(abstractConcept, new Set(instances));
  }

  // Add an instance to an existing abstraction
  addInstance(abstractConcept: string, instance: string): void {
    if (!this.abstractions.has(abstractConcept)) {
      this.abstractions.set(abstractConcept, new Set());
    }
    this.abstractions.get(abstractConcept)!.add(instance);
  }

  // Check if an instance belongs to an abstraction
  isInstanceOf(abstractConcept: string, instance: string): boolean {
    return this.abstractions.get(abstractConcept)?.has(instance) || false;
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.createAbstraction('Vehicle', 'Car', 'Bicycle', 'Boat');
    this.addInstance('Vehicle', 'Airplane');

    console.log(this.isInstanceOf('Vehicle', 'Car')); // Output: true
    console.log(this.isInstanceOf('Vehicle', 'Airplane')); // Output: true
    console.log(this.isInstanceOf('Vehicle', 'House')); // Output: false
  }
}

/*
 * 5. Problem Solving
 * ------------------
 * Explanation: Problem solving is the cognitive process of finding solutions to
 * challenges or obstacles. It involves identifying the problem, generating
 * potential solutions, evaluating options, and implementing the chosen solution.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enables overcoming obstacles and achieving goals
 * - Promotes critical thinking and creativity
 * - Improves decision-making skills
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can be time-consuming and mentally taxing
 * - May lead to analysis paralysis if overused
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Addressing practical challenges in daily life
 * - Solving complex problems in academic or professional settings
 * - Developing innovative solutions to societal issues
 */
class ProblemSolving {
  // Define a problem-solving strategy
  private strategy: (problem: string) => string[];

  constructor(strategy: (problem: string) => string[]) {
    this.strategy = strategy;
  }

  // Generate solutions for a given problem
  solveProblem(problem: string): string[] {
    return this.strategy(problem);
  }

  // Evaluate and select the best solution
  selectBestSolution(solutions: string[]): string {
    // In reality, this would involve complex evaluation criteria
    return solutions.reduce((best, current) => 
      current.length > best.length ? current : best
    );
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    const brainstormStrategy = (problem: string): string[] => {
      // Simulate brainstorming process
      return [
        `Solution 1 for ${problem}`,
        `Solution 2 for ${problem}`,
        `Innovative approach to ${problem}`,
      ];
    };

    const problemSolver = new ProblemSolving(brainstormStrategy);
    const problem = "How to reduce carbon emissions";
    const solutions = problemSolver.solveProblem(problem);
    const bestSolution = problemSolver.selectBestSolution(solutions);

    console.log("Solutions:", solutions);
    console.log("Best solution:", bestSolution);
  }
}

/*
 * 6. Decision Making
 * ------------------
 * Explanation: Decision making is the cognitive process of selecting a course
 * of action from multiple alternatives. It involves evaluating options based on
 * various criteria, considering potential outcomes, and choosing the most
 * appropriate action.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enables progress and action in the face of uncertainty
 * - Can lead to optimal outcomes when done effectively
 * - Develops critical thinking and judgment skills
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can be influenced by cognitive biases
 * - May lead to decision fatigue if overused
 * - Poor decisions can have negative consequences
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Making choices in personal and professional life
 * - Allocating resources in business or project management
 * - Responding to complex situations with multiple options
 */
class DecisionMaking {
  // Evaluate options based on given criteria
  private evaluateOption(option: string, criteria: string[]): number {
    // Simplified evaluation: count how many criteria the option satisfies
    return criteria.filter(criterion => option.includes(criterion)).length;
  }

  // Make a decision based on given options and criteria
  makeDecision(options: string[], criteria: string[]): string {
    let bestOption = options[0];
    let bestScore = this.evaluateOption(bestOption, criteria);

    for (const option of options.slice(1)) {
      const score = this.evaluateOption(option, criteria);
      if (score > bestScore) {
        bestOption = option;
        bestScore = score;
      }
    }

    return bestOption;
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    const options = [
      "Buy a new car",
      "Use public transportation",
      "Buy a bicycle",
    ];
    const criteria = ["eco-friendly", "cost-effective", "time-saving"];

    const decision = this.makeDecision(options, criteria);
    console.log("Decision:", decision);
  }
}

/*
 * 7. Emotional Processing
 * -----------------------
 * Explanation: Emotional processing is the cognitive and physiological mechanism
 * by which humans experience, interpret, and respond to emotions. It involves
 * recognizing emotional stimuli, generating emotional responses, and regulating
 * emotional states.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Facilitates social bonding and communication
 * - Guides decision-making and behavior
 * - Enhances memory formation for significant events
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can lead to irrational decisions if not properly regulated
 * - May cause psychological distress if emotions are overwhelming
 * - Can be influenced by cognitive biases and past experiences
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Responding to environmental threats or opportunities
 * - Forming and maintaining social relationships
 * - Motivating goal-directed behavior and decision-making
 */
class EmotionalProcessing {
  private currentEmotion: Emotion | null = null;
  private emotionalMemory: Memory[] = [];

  // Process a stimulus and generate an emotional response
  processStimulus(stimulus: Stimulus): Emotion {
    // Simplified emotional processing based on stimulus characteristics
    if (typeof stimulus === 'string' && stimulus.includes('danger')) {
      this.currentEmotion = 'fear';
    } else if (typeof stimulus === 'number' && stimulus > 0) {
      this.currentEmotion = 'joy';
    } else {
      this.currentEmotion = 'surprise';
    }

    this.storeEmotionalMemory(stimulus);
    return this.currentEmotion;
  }

  // Store the current emotional state in memory
  private storeEmotionalMemory(stimulus: Stimulus): void {
    if (this.currentEmotion) {
      this.emotionalMemory.push({
        content: `Experienced ${this.currentEmotion} in response to ${stimulus}`,
        timestamp: new Date(),
        emotionalContext: this.currentEmotion,
      });
    }
  }

  // Regulate emotional response (simplified version)
  regulateEmotion(): void {
    if (this.currentEmotion === 'anger' || this.currentEmotion === 'fear') {
      console.log("Applying emotion regulation techniques...");
      this.currentEmotion = 'neutral';
    }
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    console.log(this.processStimulus("Potential danger ahead")); // Output: 'fear'
    console.log(this.processStimulus(10)); // Output: 'joy'
    this.regulateEmotion();
    console.log("Current emotion after regulation:", this.currentEmotion);
  }
}

/*
 * 8. Memory Retrieval
 * -------------------
 * Explanation: Memory retrieval is the cognitive process of accessing stored
 * information from long-term memory. It involves activating and bringing forth
 * previously encoded information in response to cues or as part of thinking
 * processes.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enables use of past experiences and knowledge in current situations
 * - Supports learning and skill development
 * - Facilitates problem-solving and decision-making
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can be influenced by cognitive biases and false memories
 * - May lead to over-reliance on past experiences in new situations
 * - Retrieval failures (forgetting) can occur
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Recalling facts and experiences for decision-making
 * - Applying learned skills and knowledge
 * - Reconstructing past events for storytelling or testimony
 */
class MemoryRetrieval {
  private memories: Memory[] = [];

  // Store a new memory
  storeMemory(content: Thought, emotionalContext?: Emotion): void {
    this.memories.push({
      content,
      timestamp: new Date(),
      emotionalContext,
    });
  }

  // Retrieve memories based on content similarity
  retrieveMemories(cue: string): Memory[] {
    return this.memories.filter(memory => 
      memory.content.toLowerCase().includes(cue.toLowerCase())
    );
  }

  // Retrieve memories based on emotional context
  retrieveEmotionalMemories(emotion: Emotion): Memory[] {
    return this.memories.filter(memory => memory.emotionalContext === emotion);
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.storeMemory("Enjoyed a sunny day at the beach", "joy");
    this.storeMemory("Learned about memory retrieval processes", "surprise");
    this.storeMemory("Felt anxious before an important presentation", "fear");

    console.log(this.retrieveMemories("beach"));
    console.log(this.retrieveEmotionalMemories("joy"));
  }
}

/*
 * 9. Creativity
 * -------------
 * Explanation: Creativity is the cognitive process of generating novel and
 * valuable ideas, solutions, or expressions. It involves combining existing
 * knowledge and experiences in unique ways to produce original outcomes.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Leads to innovation and problem-solving
 * - Enhances adaptability to new situations
 * - Promotes personal growth and self-expression
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can be unpredictable and difficult to control
 * - May lead to impractical or unfeasible ideas
 * - Can be inhibited by fear of failure or judgment
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Developing innovative solutions to complex problems
 * - Producing artistic or literary works
 * - Generating new ideas in business or scientific research
 */
class Creativity {
  private knowledgeBase: Set<string> = new Set();

  // Add knowledge to the creative process
  addKnowledge(...items: string[]): void {
    items.forEach(item => this.knowledgeBase.add(item));
  }

  // Generate creative ideas by combining existing knowledge
  generateIdeas(numIdeas: number): string[] {
    const ideas: string[] = [];
    const knowledgeArray = Array.from(this.knowledgeBase);

    for (let i = 0; i < numIdeas; i++) {
      const idea = this.combineRandomElements(knowledgeArray);
      ideas.push(idea);
    }

    return ideas;
  }

  // Helper method to combine random elements
  private combineRandomElements(elements: string[]): string {
    const numElements = Math.floor(Math.random() * 3) + 2; // Combine 2-4 elements
    const selectedElements = new Set<string>();

    while (selectedElements.size < numElements) {
      const randomIndex = Math.floor(Math.random() * elements.length);
      selectedElements.add(elements[randomIndex]);
    }

    return Array.from(selectedElements).join(" + ");
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.addKnowledge("AI", "art", "music", "sustainability", "education");
    const creativeIdeas = this.generateIdeas(3);
    console.log("Creative ideas:", creativeIdeas);
  }
}

/*
 * 10. Metacognition
 * -----------------
 * Explanation: Metacognition is the awareness and understanding of one's own
 * thought processes. It involves monitoring, evaluating, and regulating cognitive
 * activities to optimize learning and problem-solving.
 *
 * Pros:
 * - Enhances learning efficiency and effectiveness
 * - Improves problem-solving and decision-making skills
 * - Promotes self-awareness and personal growth
 *
 * Cons:
 * - Can lead to overthinking or analysis paralysis
 * - May be challenging for individuals with certain cognitive disorders
 * - Requires mental effort and practice to develop
 *
 * Use cases:
 * - Improving study strategies and learning outcomes
 * - Enhancing self-regulation in cognitive tasks
 * - Developing more effective problem-solving approaches
 */
class Metacognition {
  private strategies: Map<string, (task: string) => void> = new Map();
  private taskPerformance: Map<string, number> = new Map();

  // Add a cognitive strategy
  addStrategy(name: string, strategy: (task: string) => void): void {
    this.strategies.set(name, strategy);
  }

  // Apply a strategy to a task and evaluate its effectiveness
  applyStrategy(strategyName: string, task: string): void {
    const strategy = this.strategies.get(strategyName);
    if (strategy) {
      console.log(`Applying strategy "${strategyName}" to task: ${task}`);
      strategy(task);
      this.evaluatePerformance(strategyName, task);
    } else {
      console.log(`Strategy "${strategyName}" not found.`);
    }
  }

  // Simulate task performance evaluation
  private evaluatePerformance(strategyName: string, task: string): void {
    // In reality, this would involve complex performance metrics
    const performance = Math.random(); // Simulated performance score
    this.taskPerformance.set(`${strategyName}-${task}`, performance);
  }

  // Reflect on strategy effectiveness
  reflectOnStrategies(): void {
    for (const [key, performance] of this.taskPerformance.entries()) {
      const [strategy, task] = key.split('-');
      console.log(`Strategy "${strategy}" for task "${task}": Performance = ${performance.toFixed(2)}`);
    }
  }

  // Example usage
  example(): void {
    this.addStrategy("Visualization", (task) => {
      console.log(`Visualizing ${task} in mind...`);
    });

    this.addStrategy("Chunking", (task) => {
      console.log(`Breaking ${task} into smaller parts...`);
    });

    this.applyStrategy("Visualization", "complex math problem");
    this.applyStrategy("Chunking", "long reading assignment");

    this.reflectOnStrategies();
  }
}

// Demonstrate the usage of all cognitive thinking patterns
function demonstrateCognitivePatterns(): void {
  console.log("1. Association");
  new Association().example();

  console.log("\n2. Categorization");
  new Categorization().example();

  console.log("\n3. Pattern Recognition");
  new PatternRecognition().example();

  console.log("\n4. Abstraction");
  new Abstraction().example();

  console.log("\n5. Problem Solving");
  new ProblemSolving(() => []).example();

  console.log("\n6. Decision Making");
  new DecisionMaking().example();

  console.log("\n7. Emotional Processing");
  new EmotionalProcessing().example();

  console.log("\n8. Memory Retrieval");
  new MemoryRetrieval().example();

  console.log("\n9. Creativity");
  new Creativity().example();

  console.log("\n10. Metacognition");
  new Metacognition().example();
}

// Run the demonstration
demonstrateCognitivePatterns();