- Quran
- Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad
- Ijma (consensus)
- Ijtihad (independent reasoning when needed)
Applies to:
- Muslims fully
- Non Muslims in public law and governance matters, but not in their personal religious practices
Muslims:
- Five daily prayers obligatory
- Zakat compulsory
- Fasting in Ramadan obligatory
- Hajj required if able
Non Muslims:
- Not required to perform Islamic religious duties
- Allowed to practice their own religion
Muslims:
- Apostasy considered a punishable offense
- Often treated as rebellion in early practice
Non Muslims:
- Not subject to apostasy laws for remaining in their religion
- Conversion out of Islam after accepting it fell under apostasy rulings
Muslims:
- Subject to hudud punishments under strict conditions
- Theft punished by amputation
- Adultery punished by stoning or lashes
- False accusation punished by lashes
- Alcohol punished by lashes
- Highway robbery punished severely
Non Muslims:
- Generally subject to state criminal law for major crimes
- In some cases allowed their own legal rulings in personal matters
- Hudud could apply depending on case and court authority
Muslims:
- Sexual relations outside marriage prohibited
- Same sex acts considered punishable
- Modesty laws including hijab applied
Non Muslims:
- Governed by their own religious laws in private matters
- Public violations could be subject to state law
- Not required to follow Islamic dress code
Muslims:
- Tried in Islamic courts under qadis
- Quran and Sunnah used as primary sources
Non Muslims:
- Could bring cases to Islamic courts
- Often allowed separate courts for personal and religious matters
Muslims:
- Marriage contract required
- Mahr mandatory
- Divorce permitted
- Polygyny allowed up to four wives
- Inheritance fixed by Quran
Non Muslims:
- Governed by their own religious laws in marriage and divorce
- Inheritance handled within their communities
Muslims:
- Zakat obligatory
- Riba prohibited
- Trade regulated under Islamic law
Non Muslims:
- Paid jizya tax instead of zakat
- Allowed to engage in trade
- Not bound by all Islamic financial restrictions in personal dealings
Muslims:
- Participated in political and administrative system
- Leadership expected to follow Islamic law
Non Muslims:
- Not typically part of highest political leadership
- Granted protection and rights under state authority
Muslims:
- Paid zakat
- Obligated to military service
Non Muslims:
- Paid jizya tax
- Exempt from military service
- Guaranteed protection of life and property
- Allowed religious freedom with some public restrictions
Muslims:
- Required to follow rules of warfare
- Participation in military service expected
Non Muslims:
- Not required to serve in military
- Protected as non combatants if not participating in war
Muslims:
- Required to follow Islamic moral code
- Encouraged to promote good and prevent wrongdoing
Non Muslims:
- Not required to follow all Islamic moral rules privately
- Public order laws still applied
Muslims:
- Subject to ijtihad based rulings when needed
Non Muslims:
- Affected by general state decisions
- Allowed autonomy in personal matters where permitted