Incremental builds are not one mechanism. In practice there are at least five reuse layers: up-to-date skipping, persistent task/action caching, in-process bundler reuse, page/route-level static-output reuse, and request-time regeneration. Systems that work well distinguish those layers explicitly instead of expecting one cache to solve every performance problem.[^1][^2][^3][^8][^9][^14][^16]
The strongest common rule across build systems is that reuse must be a function of declared inputs, outputs, configuration, and runtime context. Gradle, MSBuild, Bazel, Pants, Nx, and Turborepo all make correctness depend on explicit dependency modeling, deterministic work, and conservative invalidation.[^1][^3][^4][^5][^6][^7]
For static site generators, the hardest problems are hidden dependencies, global fan-out from shared data, path-sensitive caches, and the temptation to blur build-time incrementality with runtime regen