We needed the yoast-seo breadcrumbs block to have alignwide. This is how we did it.

yoast-breadcrumbs-block-modifier.php

<?php

/**
 * Add our action to modify the registered yoast seo breadcrum block.
 * Note the priority. Yoast registeres their blocks at priority 11, so we need to be
 * higher than that.
 */
add_action( 'init', array( $this, 'modify_yoast_breadcrumbs_block' ), 12 );

/**
 * Modify the output of the Yoast Breadcrumbs block.
 */
add_filter( 'render_block_yoast-seo/breadcrumbs', array( $this, 'modify_yoast_breadcrumbs_block_output' ), 10, 2 );

/**
 * Modify the Yoast Breadcrumbs block to use the custom template.
 *
 * @return void
 */
function modify_yoast_breadcrumbs_block() {
	/**
	 * Get the block type registry.
	 */
	$registry = WP_Block_Type_Registry::get_instance();

	/**
	 * Get the yoast-seo breadcrumbs block.
	 */
	$breadcrumbs_block = $registry->get_registered( 'yoast-seo/breadcrumbs' );

	/**
	 * Modify the block supports.
	 */
	$breadcrumbs_block->supports['align'] = array( 'wide' );
}

/**
 * Modify the Yoast Breadcrumbs block output to use the custom template.
 * This is a filter for the `render_block` hook.
 *
 * @param string $block_content The block content.
 * @param array  $block         The block.
 */
function modify_yoast_breadcrumbs_block_output( $block_content, $block ) {

	/**
	 * Initialize the DOMDocument.
	 */
	$doc = new DOMDocument();

	/**
	 * Load the block content into a DOMDocument.
	 * We cannot just load the block content as is, as it will be cast as ISO-8859-1. We need to
	 * tell the DOMDocument to use UTF-8.
	 */
	$doc->loadHTML( '<?xml encoding="utf-8" ?>' . $block_content );

	/**
 	 * The DOMElement for the breadcrumbs block.
	 *
	 * @var \DOMNode|\DOMElement $breadcrumbs_block
	 */
	$breadcrumbs_block = $doc->getElementsByTagName( 'div' )->item( 0 );

	/**
	 * The class attribute.
	 *
	 * @var string $class_names
	 */
	$class_names = $breadcrumbs_block->getAttribute( 'class' );

	/**
	 * The alignment for this block.
	 *
	 * @var string|null $align
	 */
	$align = $block['attrs']['align'] ?? null;

	/**
	 * Add needed classes.
	 */
	$class_names = classNames(
		$class_names,
		array(
			'align' . $align => ! empty( $align ),
		)
	);

	/**
	 * Set the new class attribute.
	 */
	$breadcrumbs_block->setAttribute( 'class', $class_names );

	/**
	 * Get the breadcrumbs block content.
	 *
	 * @var string $block_content
	 */
	$block_content = $doc->saveHTML( $breadcrumbs_block );

	return $block_content;
}