Represent a picture matrix - grayscale and colours!

matrix.py

#############################################################################
######### class Matrix with display() function for image visualization
#############################################################################

class Matrix:
    """
    Represents a rectangular matrix with n rows and m columns.
    """

    def __init__(self, n, m, val=0):
        """
        Create an n-by-m matrix of val's.
        Inner representation: list of lists (rows)
        """
        assert n > 0 and m > 0
        self._rows = [[val] * m for i in range(n)]

    def dim(self):
        return len(self._rows), len(self._rows[0])

    def pretty_print(self, fmt="{}", max_rows=10, max_per_row=10):
        n, m = self.dim()
        print("Matrix {}x{}:".format(n, m))
        for row in self._rows[:min(n, max_rows)]:
            s = ", ".join([fmt.format(x) for x in row[:max_per_row]])
            if m > max_per_row:
                s += ", ..."
            print("[{}]".format(s))
        if n > max_rows:
            print(" ... ")

    def __repr__(self):
        n, m = self.dim()
        content = ""
        if n > 10 or m > 10:
            content = "[...]"
        else:
            content = str(self._rows)
        return "<Matrix {}x{}: {}>".format(n, m, content)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return isinstance(other, Matrix) and self._rows == other._rows

    def items(self):
        n, m = self.dim()
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(m):
                yield self[i, j]

    def __iter__(self):
        return self.items()

    # cell/sub-matrix access/assignment
    ####################################
    def __getitem__(self, ij): #ij is a tuple (i,j). Allows m[i,j] instead m[i][j]
        i, j = ij
        if isinstance(i, int) and isinstance(j, int):
            return self._rows[i][j]
        elif isinstance(i, slice) and isinstance(j, slice):
            mat = Matrix(1, 1) # to be overwritten
            mat._rows = [row[j] for row in self._rows[i]]
            return mat
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __setitem__(self, ij, val): #ij is a tuple (i,j). Allows m[i,j] instead m[i][j]
        i, j = ij
        if isinstance(i, int) and isinstance(j, int):
            assert isinstance(val, (int, float, complex, list))
            self._rows[i][j] = val
        elif isinstance(i, slice) and isinstance(j, slice):
            assert isinstance(val, Matrix)
            n, m = val.dim()
            s_rows = self._rows[i]
            assert len(s_rows) == n and len(s_rows[0][j]) == m
            for s_row, v_row in zip(s_rows, val._rows):
                s_row[j] = v_row
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    # operations
    ########################
    def self_op(self, op):
        n, m = self.dim()
        mat = Matrix(n, m)
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(m):
                mat[i, j] = op(self[i, j])
        return mat

    def pair_op(self, other, op):
        assert self.dim() == other.dim()
        n, m = self.dim()
        mat = Matrix(n, m)
        for i in range(n):
            for j in range(m):
                mat[i, j] = op(self[i, j], other[i, j])
        return mat

    def apply_op(self, other, op):
        if isinstance(other, Matrix):
            return self.pair_op(other, op)
        elif isinstance(other, (int, float, complex)):
            return self.self_op(lambda x: op(x, other))
        else:
            raise NotImplemented

    def __add__(self, other):
        return self.apply_op(other, lambda x, y: x + y)

    def __sub__(self, other):
        return self.apply_op(other, lambda x, y: x - y)

    def __rsub__(self, other):
        return self.apply_op(other, lambda x, y: y - x)
    
    def __mul__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, (int, float, complex)):
            return self.self_op(lambda x: x * other)
        else:
            return NotImplemented

    def __mod__(self, other):
        return self.self_op(lambda x: x % other)

    def __neg__(self):
        return self.self_op(lambda x: -x)

    def dot_product(self, other):
        assert isinstance(other, Matrix)
        return self.pair_op(other, lambda x, y: x * y)

    __radd__ = __add__
    __rmul__ = __mul__

    # Input/output
    ###############
    def save(self, filename):
        f = open(filename, 'w')
        n, m = self.dim()
        print(n, m, file=f)
        for row in self._rows:
            for e in row:
                print(e, end=" ", file=f)
            print("", file=f) #newline
        f.close()

    @staticmethod
    def load(filename):
        f = open(filename)
        line = f.readline()
        n, m = [int(x) for x in line.split()]
        result = Matrix(n, m)
        for i in range(n):
            line = f.readline()
            row = [int(x) for x in line.split()]
            assert len(row) == m
            result._rows[i] = row
        return result

    def display(self, title=None, zoom=None):
        # This function build a string of the hex represention of the pixel value
        ps = lambda pixel: '{:02x}'.format(int(pixel) % 256)
        height, width = self.dim()
        # Changed: the pixel is represented as a list, not a number, with three items - RGB values.
        pixels = " ".join('{' + ' '.join('#'+ ps(pixel[0]) + ps(pixel[1]) + ps(pixel[2])
                                       for pixel in row) + '}'
                          for row in self._rows)

        def tk_worker(root):
            # should not use touch 'self' directly. (That's what she said)
            pi = tkinter.PhotoImage(width=width,height=height)
            pi.put(pixels)
            if zoom is not None:
                assert zoom > 0
                if zoom > 1:
                    pi = pi.zoom(zoom)
                elif zoom < 1:
                    pi = pi.subsample(zoom)
            tl = tkinter.Toplevel(master=root)
            tl.title('Matrix' if title is None else title)
            lb = tkinter.Label(master=tl, image=pi)
            lb.pi = pi
            lb.pack()
            return tl

        if TKTHREAD_ENABLED:
            with _TkThread.the_lock:
                _TkThread.the_queue.append(tk_worker)
        else:
            root = tkinter.Tk()
            root.withdraw()
            tl = tk_worker(root)
            tl.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", root.destroy)
            root.mainloop()

def synthetic(n, m, red, green=None, blue=None):
    # If no function was specified for G or B, make it the same as the function for R
    if green is None:
        green = red
    if blue is None:
        blue = red
    mat = Matrix(n, m)
    for i in range(n):
        for j in range(m):
            mat[i, j] = [red(i, j) % 256, green(i, j) % 256, blue(i, j) % 256]
    return mat

def join(mat1, mat2, space=5):
    n1, m1 = mat1.dim()
    n2, m2 = mat2.dim()
    mat = Matrix(max(n1, n2), m1 + m2 + space, 128)
    mat[:n1, :m1] = mat1
    mat[:n2, m1 + space:] = mat2
    return mat

## Examples
def examples():
    import math
    import random

    synthetic(50, 50, lambda i, j: 255 * (i % 2)).display(zoom=10)
    synthetic(50, 50, lambda i, j: 255 * ((i * j) % 2)).display(zoom=10)
    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: 255*(i + j)).display()
    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: max(i, j)).display()
    synthetic(256, 256, lambda i, j: i ^ j).display(zoom=2)

    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: (abs(i-256)+abs(j-256))).display()
    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: ((i-256)**2+(j-256)**2)).display()
    synthetic(128, 16, lambda i, j: 255 * ((i & (2**j)) >> j)).display(zoom=5)

    synthetic(256, 256, lambda i, j: 128 + 127*round((random.random() - 0.5)*1.01)).display(zoom=2)
    synthetic(100, 100, lambda i, j: random.gauss(128, 10)).display(zoom=4)

    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: int(math.sin(j / 20) * 255)).display()
    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: int(math.sin(i / 20) * math.sin(j / 20) * 255)).display()
    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: int((math.sin(i / 20) + math.sin(j / 20)) * 255)).display()
    synthetic(512, 512, lambda i, j: int((math.sin(i / 30) + math.sin(j / 20)) * 255)).display()


################# Code for image visualization
# Enabled only for linux/windows machines.
import sys
import tkinter
import time

TKTHREAD_ENABLED = sys.platform in ('win32', 'linux')

if TKTHREAD_ENABLED:
    import threading

    class _TkThread(threading.Thread):
        the_lock = threading.RLock()
        the_queue = []
        
        def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
            threading.Thread.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
            self.setDaemon(True)

        def run(self):
            root = tkinter.Tk()
            root.withdraw()
            while True:
                with self.the_lock:
                    func = self.the_queue.pop() if self.the_queue else None
                if func is not None:
                    func(root)
                root.update()
                time.sleep(.1)
    _TkThread().start()