The parent_directory function returns the name of the directory that's located just above the current working directory. Remember that '..' is a relative path alias that means "go up to the parent directory". Fill in the gaps to complete this function.

Q4.py

import os
def parent_directory():

  # Create a relative path to the parent 
  # of the current working directory 
  relative_parent = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), os.pardir)
  # Return the absolute path of the parent directory
  return os.path.abspath(relative_parent)

print(parent_directory())

please i'm very confused on how to do it and it is an assignment I have to submit
menu = {
1: {"name": 'espresso',
"price": 1.99},
2: {"name": 'coffee',
"price": 2.50},
3: {"name": 'cake',
"price": 2.79},
4: {"name": 'soup',
"price": 4.50},
5: {"name": 'sandwich',
"price": 4.99}
}

def calculate_subtotal(order):
""" Calculates the subtotal of an order

[IMPLEMENT ME] 
    1. Add up the prices of all the items in the order and return the sum

Args:
    order: list of dicts that contain an item name and price

Returns:
    float = The sum of the prices of the items in the order
"""
print('Calculating bill subtotal...')
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE

raise NotImplementedError()

def calculate_tax(subtotal):
""" Calculates the tax of an order

[IMPLEMENT ME] 
    1. Multiply the subtotal by 15% and return the product rounded to two decimals.

Args:
    subtotal: the price to get the tax of

Returns:
    float - The tax required of a given subtotal, which is 15% rounded to two decimals.
"""
print('Calculating tax from subtotal...')
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE

raise NotImplementedError()

def summarize_order(order):
""" Summarizes the order

[IMPLEMENT ME]
    1. Calculate the total (subtotal + tax) and store it in a variable named total (rounded to two decimals)
    2. Store only the names of all the items in the order in a list called names
    3. Return names and total.

Args:
    order: list of dicts that contain an item name and price

Returns:
    tuple of names and total. The return statement should look like 
    
    return names, total

"""
print_order(order)
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE

raise NotImplementedError()

This function is provided for you, and will print out the items in an order

def print_order(order):
print('You have ordered ' + str(len(order)) + ' items')
items = []
items = [item["name"] for item in order]
print(items)
return order

This function is provided for you, and will display the menu

def display_menu():
print("------- Menu -------")
for selection in menu:
print(f"{selection}. {menu[selection]['name'] : <9} | {menu[selection]['price'] : >5}")
print()

This function is provided for you, and will create an order by prompting the user to select menu items

def take_order():
display_menu()
order = []
count = 1
for i in range(3):
item = input('Select menu item number ' + str(count) + ' (from 1 to 5): ')
count += 1
order.append(menu[int(item)])
return order

'''
Here are some sample function calls to help you test your implementations.
Feel free to change, uncomment, and add these as you wish.
'''
def main():
order = take_order()
print_order(order)

# subtotal = calculate_subtotal(order)
# print("Subtotal for the order is: " + str(subtotal))

# tax = calculate_tax(subtotal)
# print("Tax for the order is: " + str(tax))

# items, subtotal = summarize_order(order)

if name == "main":
main()

#2.)

def read_file(file_name):
""" Reads in a file.

[IMPLEMENT ME]
    1. Open and read the given file into a variable using the File read()
       function
    2. Print the contents of the file
    3. Return the contents of the file

Args:
    file_name: the name of the file to be read

Returns:
    string: contents of the given file.
"""
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE
with open('sampletext.txt','r') as file:
    print(file.readlines())

raise NotImplementedError()

def read_file_into_list(file_name):
""" Reads in a file and stores each line as an element in a list

[IMPLEMENT ME]
    1. Open the given file
    2. Read the file line by line and append each line to a list
    3. Return the list

Args:
    file_name: the name of the file to be read

Returns:
    list: a list where each element is a line in the file.
"""
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE
with open('sampletext.txt','r') as file:
    lines = []
    for line in file_in:
        lines.append(line)

raise NotImplementedError()

def write_first_line_to_file(file_contents, output_filename):
""" Writes the first line of a string to a file.

[IMPLEMENT ME]
    1. Get the first line of file_contents
    2. Use the File write() function to write the first line into a file
       with the name from output_filename

    We determine the first line to be everything in a string before the
    first newline ('\n') character.

Args:
    file_contents: string to be split and written into output file
    output_filename: the name of the file to be written to
"""
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE
with open(file_contents,'w') as file:
    file.write()

raise NotImplementedError()

def read_even_numbered_lines(file_name):
""" Reads in the even numbered lines of a file

[IMPLEMENT ME]
    1. Open and read the given file into a variable
    2. Read the file line-by-line and add the even-numbered lines to a list
    3. Return the list

Args:
    file_name: the name of the file to be read

Returns:
    list: a list of the even-numbered lines of the file
"""
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE

raise NotImplementedError()

def read_file_in_reverse(file_name):
""" Reads a file and returns a list of the lines in reverse order

[IMPLEMENT ME]
    1. Open and read the given file into a variable
    2. Read the file line-by-line and store the lines in a list in reverse order
    3. Print the list
    4. Return the list

Args:
    file_name: the name of the file to be read

Returns:
    list: list of the lines of the file in reverse order.
"""
### WRITE SOLUTION HERE

raise NotImplementedError()

'''
Here are some sample commands to help you run/test your implementations.
Feel free to uncomment/modify/add to them as you wish.
'''
def main():
file_contents = read_file("sampletext.txt")
# print(read_file_into_list("sampletext.txt"))
# write_first_line_to_file(file_contents, "online.txt")
# print(read_even_numbered_lines("sampletext.txt"))
# print(read_file_in_reverse("sampletext.txt"))

if name == "main":
main()