MySQLMariaDB

MySQLMariaDB

# MySQL-15.1 # MariaDB-10.4.14


$ winpty mysqladmin --version
$ winpty mysqlsh --version
$ winpty mysql --version
> mysqladmin --version
> mysqlsh --version
> winpty mysql --version


# MySQL Shell 
# winpty mysqlsh --sql --result-format table # table # tabbed # vertical
# \connect --mysql root@localhost
$ winpty mysqlsh --sql
> mysqlsh --sql
# OR
$ winpty mysql -u root -p
> mysql -u root -p

# Queries
# SELECT * FROM mysql.user\G
# \pager less -SFX # :q
SELECT * FROM mysql.user;

CREATE USER 'rajani'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '*************************';

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON * . * TO 'rajani'@'localhost';

SHOW GRANTS FOR 'rajani'@'localhost';

SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;

# \connect --mysql rajani@localhost
# CURRENT_USER()
SELECT CURRENT_USER();

# \connect --mysql root@localhost
# CURRENT_USER()
SELECT CURRENT_USER();

# ALTER ALTER USER 'rajani' # login as root or rajani
ALTER USER 'rajani'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '*****************';
# OR
# ALTER ALTER USER 'root' # login as root or rajani
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '**********';

# \connect --mysql rajani@localhost
# CURRENT_USER()
SELECT CURRENT_USER();

# \connect --mysql root@localhost
# CURRENT_USER()
SELECT CURRENT_USER();

# DROP USER 'rajani' # login as root or rajani
DROP USER 'rajani'@'localhost';
# OR
# DROP USER 'root' # login as root or rajani
DROP USER 'root'@'localhost';

SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;

# Version
SELECT VERSION();
SELECT @@version;
SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%version%";
SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%version%';

# Databases
SHOW DATABASES;

# Change Database
USE `mysql`; # OR # USE `sys`;

# Current Database
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT DATABASE() FROM DUAL;

# Tables/Views in Current Database
SHOW TABLES;

# Columns # Tables/Views
SELECT `COLUMN_NAME` 
FROM `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`.`COLUMNS` 
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='mysql' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='db';
# OR
SELECT `COLUMN_NAME` 
FROM `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`.`COLUMNS` 
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sys' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='host_summary';

# Stored Procedures/Functions
# SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS\G
# \pager less -SFX # :q
SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS;
# SHOW FUNCTION STATUS\G
# \pager less -SFX # :q
SHOW FUNCTION STATUS;

# USE `mysql`; # OR # USE `sys`;
# Check for sample # C:\Users\rajanis\Downloads\XAMPP\xampp\mysql\data
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `sample`;
# OR
# USE `mysql`; # OR # USE `sys`;
# DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS `sample`;
# CREATE DATABASE `sample`;

# Databases
SHOW DATABASES;

USE `sample`;

# Current Database
SELECT DATABASE();
SELECT DATABASE() FROM DUAL;

# DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `sample`.`example`;
/*
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
    (create_definition,...)

create_definition: {
    col_name column_definition
  | {INDEX | KEY} [index_name] [index_type] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | {FULLTEXT | SPATIAL} [INDEX | KEY] [index_name] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] PRIMARY KEY
      [index_type] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] UNIQUE [INDEX | KEY]
      [index_name] [index_type] (key_part,...)
      [index_option] ...
  | [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY
      [index_name] (col_name,...)
      reference_definition
  | check_constraint_definition
}

key_part: {col_name [(length)] | (expr)} [ASC | DESC]

index_type:
    USING {BTREE | HASH}

check_constraint_definition:
    [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] CHECK (expr) [[NOT] ENFORCED]

reference_definition:
    REFERENCES tbl_name (key_part,...)
      [MATCH FULL | MATCH PARTIAL | MATCH SIMPLE]
      [ON DELETE reference_option]
      [ON UPDATE reference_option]
*/
# MySQL ONLY # `updated_at` TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `example`
(
    `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `username` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, 
    `login_date` DATE NOT NULL,
    `login_time` TIME NOT NULL,
    `created_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    `updated_at` TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,    
    PRIMARY KEY(`id`),
    CONSTRAINT `idx_username` UNIQUE(`username`)    
);
# MariaDB # `updated_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
/*
MariaDB automatically assigns the following properties to the column
DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
ON UPDATE CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
# Warning (code 1280): Name 'pk_id' ignored for PRIMARY key.
*/
/*
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `example`
(
    `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `username` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, 
    `login_date` DATE NOT NULL,
    `login_time` TIME NOT NULL,
    `created_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
    `updated_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,    
    PRIMARY KEY(`id`),
    CONSTRAINT `idx_username` UNIQUE(`username`)    
);
*/
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;

# Tables/Views in Current Database
SHOW TABLES;

# Columns # Tables/Views # sample # example
SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';

# AUTO_INCREMENT
SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM 
information_schema.TABLES 
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';

INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`
(`username`, `login_date`, `login_time`, `created_at`, `updated_at`)
VALUES
('Foo', '2014-02-28', '23:59:59', '2014-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2014-02-28 23:59:59.0'),
('Bar', '2015-02-28', '23:59:59', '2015-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2015-02-28 23:59:59.0');
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;

# UPDATE_TIME # Tables/Views # sample # example
SELECT `UPDATE_TIME` 
FROM `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`.`TABLES` 
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';

# AUTO_INCREMENT 
SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM 
information_schema.TABLES 
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';

# MySQL ONLY # AUTO_INCREMENT # INSERT 
INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`  
(`id`, `username`, `login_date`, `login_time`, `created_at`, `updated_at`)
VALUES
(3, 'Baz', '2016-02-29', '23:59:59', '2016-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2016-02-29 23:59:59.0'),
(4, 'Qux', '2017-02-28', '23:59:59', '2017-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2017-02-28 23:59:59.0');
# MariaDB # AUTO_INCREMENT # INSERT 
/*
NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER is deprecated in MySQL
NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO suppresses the behavior for 0 so that only NULL generates the next sequence number
SELECT @@sql_mode;

SET GLOBAL sql_mode = 'modes';
SET SESSION sql_mode = 'modes';

SELECT @@GLOBAL.sql_mode;
SELECT @@SESSION.sql_mode;
SELECT @@sql_mode;
*/
/*
SET SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO';
INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`  
(`id`, `username`, `login_date`, `login_time`, `created_at`, `updated_at`)
VALUES
(3, 'Baz', '2016-02-29', '23:59:59', '2016-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2016-02-29 23:59:59.0'),
(4, 'Qux', '2017-02-28', '23:59:59', '2017-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2017-02-28 23:59:59.0');
*/
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;

# AUTO_INCREMENT # Reset
ALTER TABLE `sample`.`example` AUTO_INCREMENT = 10;

# AUTO_INCREMENT 
SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM 
information_schema.TABLES 
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';

INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`
SELECT 10, 'QUUX', '2018-02-28', '23:59:59', '2018-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2018-02-28 23:59:59.0'
UNION ALL
SELECT 11, 'QUUZ', '2019-02-28', '23:59:59', '2019-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2019-02-28 23:59:59.0';
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;

# MySQL 8.0.19 
INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`
(`username`, `login_date`, `login_time`, `created_at`, `updated_at`)
VALUES 
ROW ('Corge', '2020-02-29', '23:59:59', '2020-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2020-02-29 23:59:59.0'),
ROW ('Grault', '2021-02-28', '23:59:59', '2021-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2021-02-28 23:59:59.0');
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;


# FOREIGN KEY Constraints
# Note: Cascaded foreign key actions do not activate triggers
/*
[CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY
    [index_name] (col_name, ...)
    REFERENCES tbl_name (col_name,...)
    [ON DELETE reference_option]
    [ON UPDATE reference_option]

reference_option:
    RESTRICT | CASCADE | SET NULL | NO ACTION | SET DEFAULT
*/
# Single-column foreign key
CREATE TABLE alpha
(
    id INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE beta
(
    id INT,
    alpha_id INT,
    INDEX alp_ind (alpha_id),
    FOREIGN KEY (alpha_id)
    REFERENCES alpha(id)
    ON DELETE CASCADE
);
INSERT INTO `sample`.`alpha`
(`id`)
VALUES
(1),
(2);
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`alpha`;
INSERT INTO `sample`.`beta`
(`alpha_id`)
VALUES
(1),
(2);
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`beta`;

#  Foreign keys, one foreign key references a two-column index and the other references a single-column index:
CREATE TABLE apache
(
    type INT NOT NULL,
    id INT NOT NULL,
    stock DECIMAL,
    PRIMARY KEY(type, id)
);
CREATE TABLE friend
(
    id INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE apache_order
(
    no INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    apache_type INT NOT NULL,
    apache_id INT NOT NULL,
    friend_id INT NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY(no),
    INDEX (apache_type, apache_id),
    INDEX (friend_id),
    FOREIGN KEY (apache_type, apache_id)
    REFERENCES apache(type, id)
    ON UPDATE CASCADE
    ON DELETE RESTRICT
);
INSERT INTO `sample`.`apache`
(`type`, `id`)
VALUES
(100, 1),
(200, 2);
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache`;
INSERT INTO `sample`.`friend`
(`id`)
VALUES
(1),
(2);
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`friend`;
INSERT INTO `sample`.`apache_order`
(`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend_id`)
VALUES
(55, 100, 1, 777),
(66, 200, 2, 888);
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;

# Adding Foreign Key Constraints
# The foreign key can be self referential (referring to the same table)
/*
ALTER TABLE tbl_name
    ADD [CONSTRAINT [symbol]] FOREIGN KEY
    [index_name] (col_name, ...)
    REFERENCES tbl_name (col_name,...)
    [ON DELETE reference_option]
    [ON UPDATE reference_option]
*/
DELETE FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` ADD FOREIGN KEY (friend_id) REFERENCES friend(id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE;
INSERT INTO `sample`.`apache_order`
(`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend_id`)
VALUES
(111, 100, 1, 1),
(222, 200, 2, 2);
SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;

# Dropping Foreign Key Constraints
/*
ALTER TABLE tbl_name DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_symbol;
*/
# MySQL ONLY
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` DROP FOREIGN KEY `friend_id`;
# MariaDB ONLY
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` DROP KEY `friend_id`;

# Dropping a table that is referenced by a foreign key constraint
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
DROP TABLE `sample`.`friend`;

# COLLATION
SHOW COLLATION LIKE 'latin%';

SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='apache_order';
ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION;

ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` ADD COLUMN `name` text;

SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='apache_order';
ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION;

ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_general_ci;

SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME 
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample' 
AND `TABLE_NAME`='apache_order';
ORDER BY TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION;

# DATE # TIME
SELECT CURDATE();
SELECT CURRENT_DATE();
SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
SELECT CURRENT_TIME();
SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();
SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
SELECT CURTIME();
SELECT LOCALTIME;
SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP();
SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP;
SELECT NOW();
SELECT SYSDATE();
SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();
SELECT UTC_DATE();
SELECT UTC_TIME();
SELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP();

# @@tmpdir 
SELECT @@tmpdir;


# Export Table Data to CSV # CANNOT Overwrite # Specific Directory
# Note # D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv
# Warning (code 1287): '<select expression> INTO <destination>;' is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use 'SELECT <select list> INTO <destination> FROM...' instead
# SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example` INTO OUTFILE 'D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n';
SELECT id, username, login_date, login_time, created_at, updated_at INTO OUTFILE 'D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' FROM `sample`.`example`;


# MySQL Shell
\exit
# OR
\quit
# OR # XAMPP MySQL Shell
exit;
# OR
quit;


# Export Table Data to Console REPL
$ winpty mysql -u root -p -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example;"
> mysql -u root -p -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example;"

# Export Table Data to CSV # CANNOT Overwrite # Default Directory
$ winpty mysql -u root -p sample -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example INTO OUTFILE 'example_data.csv';"
$ cat "/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/mysql/data/sample/example_data.csv"
> mysql -u root -p sample -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example INTO OUTFILE 'example_data.csv';"
> type "C:\Users\rajanis\Downloads\XAMPP\xampp\mysql\data\sample\example_data.csv"

# Export Table Data to CSV # CANNOT Overwrite # Specific Directory
$ mkdir -p "/D/MySQLExport/CSV"
> mkdir "D:\MySQLExport\CSV"
# Note # D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv
$ winpty mysql -u root -p sample -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example INTO OUTFILE 'D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv';"
$ cat "/D/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv"
# Note # D:\\MySQLExport\\CSV\\example_data.csv
> mysql -u root -p sample -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example INTO OUTFILE 'D:\\MySQLExport\\CSV\\example_data.csv';"
> type "D:\MySQLExport\CSV\example_data.csv"

# Export Table Data to CSV # CANNOT Overwrite # ENCLOSED BY '"'
# Note # D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv
$ winpty mysql -u root -p sample -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example INTO OUTFILE 'D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '\"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n';"
# Note # D:\\MySQLExport\\CSV\\example_data.csv
> mysql -u root -p sample -e "SELECT * FROM sample.example INTO OUTFILE 'D:\\MySQLExport\\CSV\\example_data.csv' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '\"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n';"




# MySQL $ winpty mysqlsh --version $ winpty mysqlsh --sql # \connect --mysql root@localhost
$ export PATH=$PATH:"/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/MySQL/MySQL Shell/mysql-shell-8.0.25-windows-x86-64bit/bin/"

# XAMPP $ xampp-control $ xampp_start $ xampp_stop
# MySQL # MariaDB $ winpty mysqladmin --version $ winpty mysqladmin -u root password $ mysql_start.bat $ winpty mysql --version $ winpty mysql -u root -p $ mysql_stop.bat
$ export PATH=$PATH:"/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/:/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/mysql/bin/"


# MySQL > mysqlsh --version > mysqlsh --sql # \connect --mysql root@localhost
> set path=%path%;C:\Users\rajanis\Downloads\MySQL\MySQL Shell\mysql-shell-8.0.25-windows-x86-64bit\bin\

# XAMPP > xampp-control > xampp_start > xampp_stop
# MySQL # MariaDB > mysqladmin --version > mysqladmin -u root password > mysql_start.bat > mysql --version > mysql -u root -p > mysql_stop.bat
> set path=%path%;C:\Users\rajanis\Downloads\XAMPP\xampp\;C:\Users\rajanis\Downloads\XAMPP\xampp\mysql\bin\


# Data: C:\Users\rajanis\Downloads\XAMPP\xampp\mysql\data


[
$ winpty mysqladmin -u root proc stat
$ winpty mysqladmin -u root password
New password: **********
Confirm new password: **********

> mysqladmin -u root password
> New password: **********
> Confirm new password: **********

# Azure # <Azure domain name> # OR # <Azure domain IP address> 
$ winpty mysqlsh --sql # \connect --mysql <user>@<Azure domain name>
> mysqlsh --sql # \connect --mysql <user>@<Azure domain name>
# OR
$ winpty mysql -h <Azure domain name> -u sample --ssl -p
> mysql -h <Azure domain name> -u sample --ssl -p
]




$ export PATH=$PATH:"/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/:/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/mysql/bin/"

$ winpty mysqladmin --version
C:/Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/mysql/bin/mysqladmin.exe  Ver 9.1 Distrib 10.4.14-MariaDB, for Win64 on AMD64

$ export PATH=$PATH:"/C/Users/rajanis/Downloads/MySQL/MySQL Shell/mysql-shell-8.0.25-windows-x86-64bit/bin/"

$ winpty mysqlsh --sql
MySQL Shell 8.0.25

Copyright (c) 2016, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates.
Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners.

Type '\help' or '\?' for help; '\quit' to exit.
 MySQL  SQL > \connect --mysql root@localhost
Creating a Classic session to 'root@localhost'
Please provide the password for 'root@localhost': **********
Save password for 'root@localhost'? [Y]es/[N]o/Ne[v]er (default No): v
Fetching schema names for autocompletion... Press ^C to stop.
Your MySQL connection id is 23
Server version: 10.4.14-MariaDB mariadb.org binary distribution
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > \pager less -SFX
Pager has been set to 'less -SFX'.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT * FROM mysql.user;
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+>
| Host      | User | Password                                  | Select_priv | Insert_priv | Update_priv | Delete_priv | Create_priv | Drop_priv | Reload_priv | Shutdown_priv | Process_priv |>
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+>
| localhost | root | *0ADE5E4AE3CAE7F748EF2B8975D5817D4D10CE3D | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y         | Y           | Y             | Y            |>
| 127.0.0.1 | root |                                           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y         | Y           | Y             | Y            |>
| ::1       | root |                                           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y           | Y         | Y           | Y             | Y            |>
| localhost | pma  |                                           | N           | N           | N           | N           | N           | N         | N           | N             | N            |>
+-----------+------+-------------------------------------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+---------------+--------------+>
4 rows in set (0.0010 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > CREATE USER 'rajani'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '*************************';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0019 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON * . * TO 'rajani'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0027 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SHOW GRANTS FOR 'rajani'@'localhost';
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for rajani@localhost                                                                                            |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO `rajani`@`localhost` IDENTIFIED BY PASSWORD '*4CFFA2B915CAB4F8FE78D18F411F88666F2B924F' |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;
+-----------+--------+
| Host      | User   |
+-----------+--------+
| 127.0.0.1 | root   |
| ::1       | root   |
| localhost | pma    |
| localhost | rajani |
| localhost | root   |
+-----------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.0015 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > \connect --mysql rajani@localhost
Creating a Classic session to 'rajani@localhost'
Please provide the password for 'rajani@localhost': *************************
Save password for 'rajani@localhost'? [Y]es/[N]o/Ne[v]er (default No): v
Fetching schema names for autocompletion... Press ^C to stop.
Closing old connection...
Your MySQL connection id is 24
Server version: 10.4.14-MariaDB mariadb.org binary distribution
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_USER();
+------------------+
| CURRENT_USER()   |
+------------------+
| rajani@localhost |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > \connect --mysql root@localhost
Creating a Classic session to 'root@localhost'
Please provide the password for 'root@localhost': **********
Fetching schema names for autocompletion... Press ^C to stop.
Closing old connection...
Your MySQL connection id is 27
Server version: 10.4.14-MariaDB mariadb.org binary distribution
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_USER();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_USER() |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > ALTER USER 'rajani'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '*****************';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0022 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > \connect --mysql rajani@localhost
Creating a Classic session to 'rajani@localhost'
Please provide the password for 'rajani@localhost': *****************
Fetching schema names for autocompletion... Press ^C to stop.
Closing old connection...
Your MySQL connection id is 28
Server version: 10.4.14-MariaDB mariadb.org binary distribution
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_USER();
+------------------+
| CURRENT_USER()   |
+------------------+
| rajani@localhost |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > \connect --mysql root@localhost
Creating a Classic session to 'root@localhost'
Please provide the password for 'root@localhost': **********
Fetching schema names for autocompletion... Press ^C to stop.
Closing old connection...
Your MySQL connection id is 29
Server version: 10.4.14-MariaDB mariadb.org binary distribution
No default schema selected; type \use <schema> to set one.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_USER();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_USER() |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > DROP USER 'rajani'@'localhost';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0032 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT Host, User FROM mysql.user;
+-----------+------+
| Host      | User |
+-----------+------+
| 127.0.0.1 | root |
| ::1       | root |
| localhost | pma  |
| localhost | root |
+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.0009 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT VERSION();
+-----------------+
| VERSION()       |
+-----------------+
| 10.4.14-MariaDB |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SELECT @@version;
+-----------------+
| @@version       |
+-----------------+
| 10.4.14-MariaDB |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%version%";
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                     | Value                                    |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| in_predicate_conversion_threshold | 1000                                     |
| innodb_version                    | 10.4.14                                  |
| protocol_version                  | 10                                       |
| slave_type_conversions            |                                          |
| system_versioning_alter_history   | ERROR                                    |
| system_versioning_asof            | DEFAULT                                  |
| tls_version                       | TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3                  |
| version                           | 10.4.14-MariaDB                          |
| version_comment                   | mariadb.org binary distribution          |
| version_compile_machine           | x64                                      |
| version_compile_os                | Win64                                    |
| version_malloc_library            | system                                   |
| version_source_revision           | ddffcad64c9ff3299037eed9df1bc92d51f8d07e |
| version_ssl_library               | WolfSSL 4.4.0                            |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
14 rows in set (0.0020 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SHOW GLOBAL VARIABLES LIKE '%version%';
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Variable_name                     | Value                                    |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
| in_predicate_conversion_threshold | 1000                                     |
| innodb_version                    | 10.4.14                                  |
| protocol_version                  | 10                                       |
| slave_type_conversions            |                                          |
| system_versioning_alter_history   | ERROR                                    |
| system_versioning_asof            | DEFAULT                                  |
| tls_version                       | TLSv1.1,TLSv1.2,TLSv1.3                  |
| version                           | 10.4.14-MariaDB                          |
| version_comment                   | mariadb.org binary distribution          |
| version_compile_machine           | x64                                      |
| version_compile_os                | Win64                                    |
| version_malloc_library            | system                                   |
| version_source_revision           | ddffcad64c9ff3299037eed9df1bc92d51f8d07e |
| version_ssl_library               | WolfSSL 4.4.0                            |
+-----------------------------------+------------------------------------------+
14 rows in set (0.0007 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| phpmyadmin         |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.0011 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  SQL > USE `mysql`;
Default schema set to `mysql`.
Fetching table and column names from `mysql` for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
Error during auto-completion cache update: Table 'mysql.gtid_slave_pos' doesn't exist in engine
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| mysql      |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SELECT DATABASE() FROM DUAL;
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| mysql      |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SHOW TABLES;
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql           |
+---------------------------+
| column_stats              |
| columns_priv              |
| db                        |
| event                     |
| func                      |
| general_log               |
| global_priv               |
| gtid_slave_pos            |
| help_category             |
| help_keyword              |
| help_relation             |
| help_topic                |
| index_stats               |
| innodb_index_stats        |
| innodb_table_stats        |
| plugin                    |
| proc                      |
| procs_priv                |
| proxies_priv              |
| roles_mapping             |
| servers                   |
| slow_log                  |
| table_stats               |
| tables_priv               |
| time_zone                 |
| time_zone_leap_second     |
| time_zone_name            |
| time_zone_transition      |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| transaction_registry      |
| user                      |
+---------------------------+
31 rows in set (0.0007 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SELECT `COLUMN_NAME`
                                  -> FROM `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`.`COLUMNS`
                                  -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='mysql'
                                  -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='db';
+-----------------------+
| COLUMN_NAME           |
+-----------------------+
| Host                  |
| Db                    |
| User                  |
| Select_priv           |
| Insert_priv           |
| Update_priv           |
| Delete_priv           |
| Create_priv           |
| Drop_priv             |
| Grant_priv            |
| References_priv       |
| Index_priv            |
| Alter_priv            |
| Create_tmp_table_priv |
| Lock_tables_priv      |
| Create_view_priv      |
| Show_view_priv        |
| Create_routine_priv   |
| Alter_routine_priv    |
| Execute_priv          |
| Event_priv            |
| Trigger_priv          |
| Delete_history_priv   |
+-----------------------+
23 rows in set (0.0007 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SHOW PROCEDURE STATUS;
Empty set (0.0043 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SHOW FUNCTION STATUS;
Empty set (0.0034 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS `sample`;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.0013 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| phpmyadmin         |
| sample             |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.0006 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  mysql  SQL > USE `sample`;
Default schema set to `sample`.
Fetching table and column names from `sample` for auto-completion... Press ^C to stop.
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT DATABASE();
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| sample     |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT DATABASE() FROM DUAL;
+------------+
| DATABASE() |
+------------+
| sample     |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `example`
                                   -> (
                                   ->     `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
                                   ->     `username` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
                                   ->     `login_date` DATE NOT NULL,
                                   ->     `login_time` TIME NOT NULL,
                                   ->     `created_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                                   ->     `updated_at` TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
                                   ->     PRIMARY KEY(`id`),
                                   ->     CONSTRAINT `idx_username` UNIQUE(`username`)
                                   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0143 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;
Empty set (0.0025 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SHOW TABLES;
+------------------+
| Tables_in_sample |
+------------------+
| example          |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.0008 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
                                   -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';
+--------------+------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
| TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME | COLUMN_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | COLLATION_NAME    |
+--------------+------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
| sample       | example    | id          | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | example    | username    | latin1             | latin1_swedish_ci |
| sample       | example    | login_date  | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | example    | login_time  | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | example    | created_at  | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | example    | updated_at  | NULL               | NULL              |
+--------------+------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
6 rows in set (0.0006 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM
                                   -> information_schema.TABLES
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';
+----------------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT |
+----------------+
|              1 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0006 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`
                                   -> (`username`, `login_date`, `login_time`, `created_at`, `updated_at`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> ('Foo', '2014-02-28', '23:59:59', '2014-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2014-02-28 23:59:59.0'),
                                   -> ('Bar', '2015-02-28', '23:59:59', '2015-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2015-02-28 23:59:59.0');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0016 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| id | username | login_date | login_time | created_at          | updated_at          |
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|  1 | Foo      | 2014-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2014-01-01 00:00:00 | 2014-02-28 23:59:59 |
|  2 | Bar      | 2015-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2015-01-01 00:00:00 | 2015-02-28 23:59:59 |
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.0005 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT `UPDATE_TIME`
                                   -> FROM `INFORMATION_SCHEMA`.`TABLES`
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';
+---------------------+
| UPDATE_TIME         |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:22:28 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0006 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM
                                   -> information_schema.TABLES
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';
+----------------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT |
+----------------+
|              3 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0006 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SET SQL_MODE='NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0001 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`
                                   -> (`id`, `username`, `login_date`, `login_time`, `created_at`, `updated_at`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (3, 'Baz', '2016-02-29', '23:59:59', '2016-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2016-02-29 23:59:59.0'),
                                   -> (4, 'Qux', '2017-02-28', '23:59:59', '2017-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2017-02-28 23:59:59.0');
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0022 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| id | username | login_date | login_time | created_at          | updated_at          |
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|  1 | Foo      | 2014-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2014-01-01 00:00:00 | 2014-02-28 23:59:59 |
|  2 | Bar      | 2015-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2015-01-01 00:00:00 | 2015-02-28 23:59:59 |
|  3 | Baz      | 2016-02-29 | 23:59:59   | 2016-01-01 00:00:00 | 2016-02-29 23:59:59 |
|  4 | Qux      | 2017-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2017-01-01 00:00:00 | 2017-02-28 23:59:59 |
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
4 rows in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > ALTER TABLE `sample`.`example` AUTO_INCREMENT = 10;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0060 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT AUTO_INCREMENT FROM
                                   -> information_schema.TABLES
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='example';
+----------------+
| AUTO_INCREMENT |
+----------------+
|             10 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`example`
                                   -> SELECT 10, 'QUUX', '2018-02-28', '23:59:59', '2018-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2018-02-28 23:59:59.0'
                                   -> UNION ALL
                                   -> SELECT 11, 'QUUZ', '2019-02-28', '23:59:59', '2019-01-01 00:00:00.0', '2019-02-28 23:59:59.0';
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0020 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`example`;
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| id | username | login_date | login_time | created_at          | updated_at          |
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
|  1 | Foo      | 2014-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2014-01-01 00:00:00 | 2014-02-28 23:59:59 |
|  2 | Bar      | 2015-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2015-01-01 00:00:00 | 2015-02-28 23:59:59 |
|  3 | Baz      | 2016-02-29 | 23:59:59   | 2016-01-01 00:00:00 | 2016-02-29 23:59:59 |
|  4 | Qux      | 2017-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2017-01-01 00:00:00 | 2017-02-28 23:59:59 |
| 10 | QUUX     | 2018-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2018-01-01 00:00:00 | 2018-02-28 23:59:59 |
| 11 | QUUZ     | 2019-02-28 | 23:59:59   | 2019-01-01 00:00:00 | 2019-02-28 23:59:59 |
+----+----------+------------+------------+---------------------+---------------------+
6 rows in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > CREATE TABLE alpha
                                   -> (
                                   ->     id INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     PRIMARY KEY (id)
                                   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0086 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > CREATE TABLE beta
                                   -> (
                                   ->     id INT,
                                   ->     alpha_id INT,
                                   ->     INDEX alp_ind (alpha_id),
                                   ->     FOREIGN KEY (alpha_id)
                                   ->     REFERENCES alpha(id)
                                   ->     ON DELETE CASCADE
                                   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0101 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`alpha`
                                   -> (`id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (1),
                                   -> (2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0031 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`alpha`;
+----+
| id |
+----+
|  1 |
|  2 |
+----+
2 rows in set (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`beta`
                                   -> (`alpha_id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (1),
                                   -> (2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0018 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`beta`;
+------+----------+
| id   | alpha_id |
+------+----------+
| NULL |        1 |
| NULL |        2 |
+------+----------+
2 rows in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > CREATE TABLE apache
                                   -> (
                                   ->     type INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     id INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     stock DECIMAL,
                                   ->     PRIMARY KEY(type, id)
                                   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0084 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > CREATE TABLE friend
                                   -> (
                                   ->     id INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     PRIMARY KEY (id)
                                   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0081 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > CREATE TABLE apache_order
                                   -> (
                                   ->     no INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
                                   ->     apache_type INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     apache_id INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     friend_id INT NOT NULL,
                                   ->     PRIMARY KEY(no),
                                   ->     INDEX (apache_type, apache_id),
                                   ->     INDEX (friend_id),
                                   ->     FOREIGN KEY (apache_type, apache_id)
                                   ->     REFERENCES apache(type, id)
                                   ->     ON UPDATE CASCADE
                                   ->     ON DELETE RESTRICT
                                   -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0105 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`apache`
                                   -> (`type`, `id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (100, 1),
                                   -> (200, 2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0045 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache`;
+------+----+-------+
| type | id | stock |
+------+----+-------+
|  100 |  1 |  NULL |
|  200 |  2 |  NULL |
+------+----+-------+
2 rows in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > (`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend_id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (55, 100, 1, 777),
                                   -> (66, 200, 2, 888);
ERROR: 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near '`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`,
`friend_id`)
VALUES
(55, 100, 1, 777),
(66,...' at line 1
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
Empty set (0.0022 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > NSERT INTO `sample`.`apache_order`
                                   -> (`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend_id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (55, 100, 1, 1),
                                   -> (66, 200, 2, 2);
ERROR: 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near 'NSERT INTO `sample`.`apache_order`
(`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend...' at line 1
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
Empty set (0.0005 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`friend`
                                   -> (`id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (1),
                                   -> (2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0047 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`friend`;
+----+
| id |
+----+
|  1 |
|  2 |
+----+
2 rows in set (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > (66, 200, 2, 888);
ERROR: 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MariaDB server version for the right syntax to use near '66, 200, 2, 888)' at line 1
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
Empty set (0.0005 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`apache_order`
                                   -> (`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend_id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (55, 100, 1, 777),
                                   -> (66, 200, 2, 888);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0028 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
+----+-------------+-----------+-----------+
| no | apache_type | apache_id | friend_id |
+----+-------------+-----------+-----------+
| 55 |         100 |         1 |       777 |
| 66 |         200 |         2 |       888 |
+----+-------------+-----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.0006 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > DELETE FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.0043 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` ADD FOREIGN KEY (friend_id) REFERENCES friend(id) ON UPDATE CASCADE ON DELETE CASCADE;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0235 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > INSERT INTO `sample`.`apache_order`
                                   -> (`no`, `apache_type`, `apache_id`, `friend_id`)
                                   -> VALUES
                                   -> (111, 100, 1, 1),
                                   -> (222, 200, 2, 2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.0040 sec)

Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT * FROM `sample`.`apache_order`;
+-----+-------------+-----------+-----------+
| no  | apache_type | apache_id | friend_id |
+-----+-------------+-----------+-----------+
| 111 |         100 |         1 |         1 |
| 222 |         200 |         2 |         2 |
+-----+-------------+-----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` DROP KEY `friend_id`;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0114 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > DROP TABLE `sample`.`friend`;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0039 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SHOW COLLATION LIKE 'latin%';
+-------------------------+---------+------+---------+----------+---------+
| Collation               | Charset | Id   | Default | Compiled | Sortlen |
+-------------------------+---------+------+---------+----------+---------+
| latin1_german1_ci       | latin1  |    5 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_swedish_ci       | latin1  |    8 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_danish_ci        | latin1  |   15 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_german2_ci       | latin1  |   31 |         | Yes      |       2 |
| latin1_bin              | latin1  |   47 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_general_ci       | latin1  |   48 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_general_cs       | latin1  |   49 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_spanish_ci       | latin1  |   94 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_swedish_nopad_ci | latin1  | 1032 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin1_nopad_bin        | latin1  | 1071 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin2_czech_cs         | latin2  |    2 |         | Yes      |       4 |
| latin2_general_ci       | latin2  |    9 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| latin2_hungarian_ci     | latin2  |   21 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin2_croatian_ci      | latin2  |   27 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin2_bin              | latin2  |   77 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin2_general_nopad_ci | latin2  | 1033 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin2_nopad_bin        | latin2  | 1101 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin5_turkish_ci       | latin5  |   30 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| latin5_bin              | latin5  |   78 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin5_turkish_nopad_ci | latin5  | 1054 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin5_nopad_bin        | latin5  | 1102 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin7_estonian_cs      | latin7  |   20 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin7_general_ci       | latin7  |   41 | Yes     | Yes      |       1 |
| latin7_general_cs       | latin7  |   42 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin7_bin              | latin7  |   79 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin7_general_nopad_ci | latin7  | 1065 |         | Yes      |       1 |
| latin7_nopad_bin        | latin7  | 1103 |         | Yes      |       1 |
+-------------------------+---------+------+---------+----------+---------+
27 rows in set (0.0005 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
                                   -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='apache_order';
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+----------------+
| TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME   | COLUMN_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | COLLATION_NAME |
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+----------------+
| sample       | apache_order | no          | NULL               | NULL           |
| sample       | apache_order | apache_type | NULL               | NULL           |
| sample       | apache_order | apache_id   | NULL               | NULL           |
| sample       | apache_order | friend_id   | NULL               | NULL           |
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+----------------+
4 rows in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` ADD COLUMN `name` text;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0100 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
                                   -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='apache_order';
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
| TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME   | COLUMN_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | COLLATION_NAME    |
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
| sample       | apache_order | no          | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | apache_type | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | apache_id   | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | friend_id   | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | name        | latin1             | latin1_swedish_ci |
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
5 rows in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > ALTER TABLE `sample`.`apache_order` CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET latin1 COLLATE latin1_general_ci;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0109 sec)

Records: 0  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
                                   -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='friend';
Empty set (0.0005 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME
                                   -> FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS
                                   -> WHERE `TABLE_SCHEMA`='sample'
                                   -> AND `TABLE_NAME`='apache_order';
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
| TABLE_SCHEMA | TABLE_NAME   | COLUMN_NAME | CHARACTER_SET_NAME | COLLATION_NAME    |
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
| sample       | apache_order | no          | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | apache_type | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | apache_id   | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | friend_id   | NULL               | NULL              |
| sample       | apache_order | name        | latin1             | latin1_general_ci |
+--------------+--------------+-------------+--------------------+-------------------+
5 rows in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURDATE();
+------------+
| CURDATE()  |
+------------+
| 2021-08-26 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_DATE();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_DATE() |
+----------------+
| 2021-08-26     |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0002 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_DATE;
+--------------+
| CURRENT_DATE |
+--------------+
| 2021-08-26   |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_TIME();
+----------------+
| CURRENT_TIME() |
+----------------+
| 06:42:05       |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.0011 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_TIME;
+--------------+
| CURRENT_TIME |
+--------------+
| 06:42:13     |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP();
+---------------------+
| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:42:19 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP;
+---------------------+
| CURRENT_TIMESTAMP   |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:42:26 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT CURTIME();
+-----------+
| CURTIME() |
+-----------+
| 06:42:33  |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT LOCALTIME;
+---------------------+
| LOCALTIME           |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:42:40 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP();
+---------------------+
| LOCALTIMESTAMP()    |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:42:46 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT LOCALTIMESTAMP;
+---------------------+
| LOCALTIMESTAMP      |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:42:52 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT NOW();
+---------------------+
| NOW()               |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:42:58 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT SYSDATE();
+---------------------+
| SYSDATE()           |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 06:43:04 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();
+------------------+
| UNIX_TIMESTAMP() |
+------------------+
|       1629940390 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT UTC_DATE();
+------------+
| UTC_DATE() |
+------------+
| 2021-08-26 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0003 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT UTC_TIME();
+------------+
| UTC_TIME() |
+------------+
| 01:13:22   |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT UTC_TIMESTAMP();
+---------------------+
| UTC_TIMESTAMP()     |
+---------------------+
| 2021-08-26 01:13:28 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT @@tmpdir;
+------------------------------------------+
| @@tmpdir                                 |
+------------------------------------------+
| /Users/rajanis/Downloads/XAMPP/xampp/tmp |
+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.0010 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > SELECT id, username, login_date, login_time, created_at, updated_at INTO OUTFILE 'D:/MySQLExport/CSV/example_data.csv' FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED B
Y '"' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' FROM `sample`.`example`;
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.0028 sec)
 MySQL  localhost:3306  sample  SQL > \exit
Bye!

$

/*
Courtesies:
https://dev.mysql.com
https://www.apachefriends.org
*/