Python Django

Python Django

###########################################################################################################################

# Python # Django

###########################################################################################################################
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django

***************************************************************************************************************************
% python3 --version

% pip3 --version

% pip --version

% python3 -m pip install --upgrade pip

% pip list

% pip freeze

% pip show pip

% pip show setuptools

[
% pip install django
]
% python3 -m pip install django

% python3 -m django --version

% django-admin --version

% python3 -c "import django; print(django.__version__)"                                                                                                          3.2.9
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Project

***************************************************************************************************************************
% mkdir -p djangoproject

% django-admin startproject djangosite djangoproject

% cd djangoproject

% tree
[
.
├── djangosite
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── asgi.py
│   ├── settings.py
│   ├── urls.py
│   └── wsgi.py
└── manage.py

2 directories, 6 files
]
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# Django Development Server

***************************************************************************************************************************
% python3 manage.py runserver

# Terminal Window # curl # open
% curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/
% open http://127.0.0.1:8000/
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Polls # App

***************************************************************************************************************************
# Original Terminal Window
<control + c>
% python3 manage.py startapp polls

% tree polls
[
polls
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── apps.py
├── migrations
│   └── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
└── views.py

2 directories, 7 files
]
===========================================================================================================================

# Django # Views

===========================================================================================================================
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# polls/views.py

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Edit
% nano polls/views.py
[
# import sys
# import django
from django.http import HttpResponse

# 'Python: ' + sys.version + ' Django: ' + str(django.VERSION).strip('(').strip(')')
# 'Python: ' + __import__("sys").version + ' Django: ' + str(__import__("django").VERSION).strip('(').strip(')')
def index(request):
    # return HttpResponse('This is polls index. Python: ' + sys.version + ' Django: ' + django.get_version())
    return HttpResponse('This is polls index. Python: ' + __import__("sys").version + ' Django: ' + __import__("django").get_version())
]
% cat polls/views.py
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# polls/urls.py

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Create
% nano polls/urls.py
[
from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path("", views.index, name="index"),
]
]
% cat polls/urls.py

% tree polls
[
polls
├── __init__.py
├── admin.py
├── apps.py
├── migrations
│   └── __init__.py
├── models.py
├── tests.py
├── urls.py
└── views.py

2 directories, 8 files
]
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# djangosite/views.py

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Add
% nano djangosite/views.py
[
# import sys
# import django
from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):
    # return HttpResponse('This is root index. Python: ' + sys.version + ' Django: ' + django.get_version())
    return HttpResponse('This is root index. Python: ' + __import__("sys").version + ' Django: ' + __import__("django").get_version())
]
% cat djangosite/views.py
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# djangosite/urls.py

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Edit
% nano djangosite/urls.py
[
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path("", views.index, name="index"),
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
]
% cat djangosite/urls.py

% python3 manage.py runserver

# Terminal Window # curl # open
% curl http://localhost:8000/
% open http://localhost:8000/
% curl http://localhost:8000/polls/
% open http://localhost:8000/polls/
% curl http://localhost:8000/admin/
[
% curl -L http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
]
% open http://localhost:8000/admin/
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
===========================================================================================================================
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Database # Setup # Migration # migrate

***************************************************************************************************************************
# By default, INSTALLED_APPS contains the following apps, all of which come with Django.
# django.contrib.admin – The admin site.
# django.contrib.auth – An authentication system.
# django.contrib.contenttypes – A framework for content types.
# django.contrib.sessions – A session framework.
# django.contrib.messages – A messaging framework.
# django.contrib.staticfiles – A framework for managing static files.

# Original Terminal Window
<control + c>
% python3 manage.py migrate
[
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
  Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0010_alter_group_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0011_update_proxy_permissions... OK
  Applying auth.0012_alter_user_first_name_max_length... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK
]
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Models # Question # Choice

***************************************************************************************************************************
# Edit 
% nano polls/models.py
[
import datetime

from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
from django.contrib import admin

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text
    @admin.display(
        boolean=True,
        ordering='pub_date',
        description='Published recently?',
    )
    def was_published_recently(self):
        now = timezone.now()
        return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    def __str__(self):
        return self.choice_text
]
% cat polls/models.py
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Activating Models # Migration # makemigrations # sqlmigrate # migrate

***************************************************************************************************************************
===========================================================================================================================
# Edit # Add # 'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
% nano djangosite/settings.py
[
...
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]
...
]
% cat djangosite/settings.py

% python3 manage.py makemigrations polls
[
Migrations for 'polls':
  polls/migrations/0001_initial.py
    - Create model Question
    - Create model Choice
]
===========================================================================================================================
% python3 manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
[
Migrations for 'polls':
  polls/migrations/0001_initial.py
    - Create model Question
    - Create model Choice
rajaniapple@Rajanis-MacBook-Pro djangoproject % python3 manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
BEGIN;
--
-- Create model Question
--
CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL);
--
-- Create model Choice
--
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "question_id" bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");
COMMIT;
]
===========================================================================================================================
% python3 manage.py migrate
[
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
]
===========================================================================================================================
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Shell

***************************************************************************************************************************
% python3 manage.py shell

>>> __import__("sys").version
>>> __import__("django").VERSION
>>> __import__("django").get_version()
>>> from polls.models import Choice, Question
>>> Question.objects.all()
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> q = Question(question_text="What's new?", pub_date=timezone.now())
>>> q.save()
>>> q.id
>>> q.question_text
>>> q.pub_date
>>> q.question_text = "What's up?"
>>> q.save()
>>> Question.objects.all()
>>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
>>> current_year = timezone.now().year
>>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
>>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> q.was_published_recently()
>>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
>>> q.choice_set.all()
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text="Python", votes=0)
>>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text="Django", votes=0)
>>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text="Flask", votes=0)
>>> c.question
>>> q.choice_set.all()
>>> q.choice_set.count()
>>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
>>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith="Flask")
>>> c.delete()
>>> Choice.objects.all()
>>> Question.objects.all()
>>> exit()
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Views 

***************************************************************************************************************************
===========================================================================================================================

# polls/views.py

===========================================================================================================================
% nano polls/views.py
[
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render
from django.urls import reverse
from django.views import generic
from django.utils import timezone

from .models import Choice, Question

class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'polls/index.html'
    context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'

    def get_queryset(self):
        """
        Return the last five published questions (not including those set to be
        published in the future).
        """
        return Question.objects.filter(
            pub_date__lte=timezone.now()
        ).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/detail.html'

    def get_queryset(self):
        """
        Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.
        """
        return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())

class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/results.html'

def vote(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    try:
        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
        # Redisplay the question voting form.
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
            'question': question,
            'error_message': "You didn't select a choice."
        })
    else:
        selected_choice.votes += 1
        selected_choice.save()
        # Always return an HttpResponseRedirect after successfully dealing
        # with POST data. This prevents data from being posted twice if a
        # user hits the Back button.
        return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))
]
% cat polls/views.py
===========================================================================================================================

# polls/urls.py

===========================================================================================================================
% nano polls/urls.py
[
from django.urls import path

from . import views

app_name = 'polls'
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DetailView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    path('<int:pk>/results/', views.ResultsView.as_view(), name='results'),
    path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]
]

% cat polls/urls.py
===========================================================================================================================
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Templates

***************************************************************************************************************************
[
% mkdir -p polls/static/polls/images
]
# --create-dirs --output-dir
% curl --output background.gif "https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/27804?s=200&v=4" --create-dirs --output-dir polls/static/polls/images

% ls polls/static/polls/images/background.gif
% open polls/static/polls/images/background.gif

% nano polls/static/polls/style.css
[
li a {
 color: green;
}

body {
    background: white url("images/background.gif") no-repeat right bottom;
}
]
% cat polls/static/polls/style.css

% mkdir -p polls/templatetags

% nano polls/templatetags/version_tags.py
[
# import sys
# import django

from django import template

register = template.Library()

@register.simple_tag
def version_string():
    # return 'This is polls index. Python: ' + sys.version + ' Django: ' + django.get_version()
    return 'This is polls index. Python: ' + __import__("sys").version + ' Django: ' + __import__("django").get_version()
]
% cat polls/templatetags/version_tags.py

% mkdir -p polls/templates/polls

# NB
# Warning
# The {% static %} template tag is not available for use in static files which aren't generated by Django, like the stylesheet.
# Always use relative paths to link the static files between each other to change STATIC_URL (used by the static template tag to generate its URLs) without having to modify a bunch of paths in the static files as well.

% nano polls/templates/polls/index.html
[
{% load static %}
{% load version_tags %}

{% version_string %}

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="{% static 'polls/style.css' %}">

{% if latest_question_list %}
    <ul>
    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
        <li><a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
    {% endfor %}
    </ul>
{% else %}
    <p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}
]
% cat polls/templates/polls/index.html

% nano polls/templates/polls/detail.html
[
<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<fieldset>
    <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>
    {% if error_message %}<p><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></p>{% endif %}
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
        <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
        <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br>
    {% endfor %}
</fieldset>
<input type="submit" value="Vote">
</form>
]
% cat polls/templates/polls/detail.html

% nano polls/templates/polls/results.html
[
<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>
]
% cat polls/templates/polls/results.html
***************************************************************************************************************************
===========================================================================================================================

# djangosite/views.py

===========================================================================================================================
% nano djangosite/views.py
[
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect

def index(request):
    return HttpResponseRedirect('polls')
]
% cat djangosite/views.py
===========================================================================================================================

# djangosite/urls.py

===========================================================================================================================
% cat djangosite/urls.py
[
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path("", views.index, name="index"),
    path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
]
]

% python3 manage.py runserver

# Terminal Window # curl # open
[
% curl http://localhost:8000/
]
% curl -L http://localhost:8000/
% open http://localhost:8000/ 
% curl http://localhost:8000/polls/
% open http://localhost:8000/polls/
===========================================================================================================================
***************************************************************************************************************************
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Admin # createsuperuser

***************************************************************************************************************************
# Original Terminal Window
<control + c>
% python3 manage.py createsuperuser
[
Enter your desired username and press enter.
Username: admin

You will then be prompted for your desired email address:
Email address: [email protected]

The final step is to enter your password. You will be asked to enter your password twice, the second time as a confirmation of the first.
Password: ***********
Password (again): ***********
Superuser created successfully.
]

% python3 manage.py runserver

# Terminal Window # curl # open
[
% curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
]
% curl -L http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
% open http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Shell # Admin

***************************************************************************************************************************
===========================================================================================================================
# Original Terminal Window
<control + c>
% python3 manage.py shell

>>> __import__("sys").version
>>> __import__("django").VERSION
>>> __import__("django").get_version()
>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
>>> users = User.objects.all()
>>> users
<QuerySet [<User: admin>]>
>>> user = users[0]
>>> user.set_password('***********')
>>> user.save()
>>> exit()
===========================================================================================================================
% python3 manage.py shell

>>> __import__("sys").version
>>> __import__("django").VERSION
>>> __import__("django").get_version()
>>> from django.contrib.auth.models import User
>>> users = User.objects.all()
>>> users
>>> user = User.objects.create_user('superguest', password='************');
>>> user.is_superuser=True
>>> user.save()
>>> users
>>> user = users[1]
>>> user
>>> user.delete()
>>> users
>>> exit()
===========================================================================================================================
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Admin # Polls

***************************************************************************************************************************
# Make the poll app modifiable in the admin
% nano polls/admin.py
[
from django.contrib import admin

from .models import Choice, Question

class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3

class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fieldsets = [
        (None,               {'fields': ['question_text']}),
        ('Date information', {'fields': ['pub_date'], 'classes': ['collapse']}),
    ]
    inlines = [ChoiceInline]
    list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')
    list_filter = ['pub_date']
    search_fields = ['question_text']

admin.site.register(Question, QuestionAdmin)
]
% cat polls/admin.py
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Admin # Polls # base_site.html

***************************************************************************************************************************
% mkdir -p polls/templates/admin

% nano polls/templates/admin/base_site.html
[
{% extends "admin/base.html" %}

{% block title %}{% if subtitle %}{{ subtitle }} | {% endif %}{{ title }} | {{ site_title|default:_('Django site admin') }}{% endblock %}

{% block branding %}
<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">Polls Administration</a></h1>
{% endblock %}

{% block nav-global %}{% endblock %}
]
% cat polls/templates/admin/base_site.html

# Templates can live anywhere on your filesystem that Django can access. 
# (Django runs as whatever user your server runs.)
# However, keeping your templates within the project is a good convention.
% nano djangosite/settings.py
[
...
TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]
...
]
% cat djangosite/settings.py

% python3 manage.py runserver

# Terminal Window # curl # open
[
% curl http://localhost:8000/admin/
]
% curl -L http://localhost:8000/admin/
% open http://localhost:8000/admin/
% curl http://localhost:8000/
[
% curl -L http://localhost:8000/
]
% curl http://localhost:8000/polls/
% open http://localhost:8000/polls/
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Test

***************************************************************************************************************************
# Original Terminal Window
<control + c>
% nano polls/tests.py
[
import datetime

from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone
from django.urls import reverse

from .models import Question

class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):

    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
        """
        was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
        is in the future.
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

    def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
        """
        was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
        is older than 1 day.
        """
        time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
        old_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(old_question.was_published_recently(), False)

    def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
        """
        was_published_recently() returns True for questions whose pub_date
        is within the last day.
        """
        time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
        recent_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(recent_question.was_published_recently(), True)

def create_question(question_text, days):
    """
    Create a question with the given `question_text` and published the
    given number of `days` offset to now (negative for questions published
    in the past, positive for questions that have yet to be published).
    """
    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
    return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)

class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_no_questions(self):
        """
        If no questions exist, an appropriate message is displayed.
        """
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        Questions with a pub_date in the past are displayed on the
        index page.
        """
        question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question],
        )

    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        Questions with a pub_date in the future aren't displayed on
        the index page.
        """
        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertContains(response, "No polls are available.")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(response.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
        """
        Even if both past and future questions exist, only past questions
        are displayed.
        """
        question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        create_question(question_text="Future question.", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question],
        )

    def test_two_past_questions(self):
        """
        The questions index page may display multiple questions.
        """
        question1 = create_question(question_text="Past question 1.", days=-30)
        question2 = create_question(question_text="Past question 2.", days=-5)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question2, question1],
        )

class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
        returns a 404 not found.
        """
        future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
        displays the question's text.
        """
        past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)
]
% cat polls/tests.py

% touch polls/__init__.py
% ls polls/__init__.py
% cat polls/__init__.py

# Run the tests
% python3 manage.py test polls
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Shell # Tests # Confirm

***************************************************************************************************************************
# Three tests that confirm that Question.was_published_recently() returns sensible values for past, recent, and future questions.
% python3 manage.py shell

>>> import datetime

>>> from django.utils import timezone

>>> from polls.models import Question

>>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))

>>> future_question.was_published_recently()

>>> old_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=360))

>>> old_question.was_published_recently()

>>> recent_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=0))

>>> recent_question.was_published_recently()

>>> exit()
***************************************************************************************************************************

# Django # Shell # Test # client

***************************************************************************************************************************
% python3 manage.py shell

>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment

>>> setup_test_environment()

>>> from django.test import Client

>>> client = Client()

>>> response = client.get('/')

>>> response.status_code

>>> response = client.get('/index')

>>> response.status_code

>>> response = client.get('/polls')

>>> response.status_code

>>> response = client.get('/admin')

>>> response.status_code

>>> response = client.get('')

>>> response.status_code

>>> from django.urls import reverse

>>> response = client.get(reverse('polls:index'))

>>> response.status_code

>>> response.content

>>> response.context['latest_question_list']

>>> exit()
***************************************************************************************************************************
###########################################################################################################################


// Credits
/*
https://djangoproject.com/
https://python.org/
https://pypi.org/
*/