Created
January 5, 2024 10:07
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The output traces the process of resolving the IP address for "google.com" through multiple DNS servers. It demonstrates how DNS queries are delegated to different servers within the DNS hierarchy until the authoritative answer is found.
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| # https://www.iana.org/domains/root/servers | |
| # https://blog.bytebytego.com/p/why-the-internet-is-both-robust-and | |
| # Query sent to a root nameserver (198.41.0.4). | |
| # Root server doesn't have the answer for "google.com", but provides a referral to the .com TLD nameservers. | |
| # Response includes a list of .com TLD nameservers (e.g., e.gtld-servers.net, b.gtld-servers.net). | |
| ➜ ~ dig @198.41.0.4 google.com | |
| ; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> @198.41.0.4 google.com | |
| ; (1 server found) | |
| ;; global options: +cmd | |
| ;; Got answer: | |
| ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 47143 | |
| ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 13, ADDITIONAL: 27 | |
| ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available | |
| ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: | |
| ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096 | |
| ;; QUESTION SECTION: | |
| ;google.com. IN A | |
| ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: | |
| com. 172800 IN NS e.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS b.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS j.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS m.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS i.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS f.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS a.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS g.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS h.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS l.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS k.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS c.gtld-servers.net. | |
| com. 172800 IN NS d.gtld-servers.net. | |
| ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: | |
| e.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.12.94.30 | |
| e.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:1ca1::30 | |
| b.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.33.14.30 | |
| b.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:231d::2:30 | |
| j.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.48.79.30 | |
| j.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:7094::30 | |
| m.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.55.83.30 | |
| m.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:501:b1f9::30 | |
| i.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.43.172.30 | |
| i.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:39c1::30 | |
| f.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.35.51.30 | |
| f.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d414::30 | |
| a.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.5.6.30 | |
| a.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:a83e::2:30 | |
| g.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.42.93.30 | |
| g.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:eea3::30 | |
| h.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.54.112.30 | |
| h.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:502:8cc::30 | |
| l.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.41.162.30 | |
| l.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:d937::30 | |
| k.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.52.178.30 | |
| k.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:d2d::30 | |
| c.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.26.92.30 | |
| c.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:503:83eb::30 | |
| d.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN A 192.31.80.30 | |
| d.gtld-servers.net. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:500:856e::30 | |
| ;; Query time: 80 msec | |
| ;; SERVER: 198.41.0.4#53(198.41.0.4) | |
| ;; WHEN: Fri Jan 05 15:32:07 IST 2024 | |
| ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 835 | |
| # Query sent to one of the .com TLD nameservers (192.12.94.30). | |
| # TLD server directs the query further to the authoritative nameservers for "google.com". | |
| # Response provides a list of 4 authoritative nameservers for "google.com" (ns1.google.com, ns2.google.com, ns3.google.com, ns4.google.com). | |
| ➜ ~ dig @192.12.94.30 google.com | |
| ; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> @192.12.94.30 google.com | |
| ; (1 server found) | |
| ;; global options: +cmd | |
| ;; Got answer: | |
| ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 36351 | |
| ;; flags: qr rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 9 | |
| ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available | |
| ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: | |
| ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096 | |
| ;; QUESTION SECTION: | |
| ;google.com. IN A | |
| ;; AUTHORITY SECTION: | |
| google.com. 172800 IN NS ns2.google.com. | |
| google.com. 172800 IN NS ns1.google.com. | |
| google.com. 172800 IN NS ns3.google.com. | |
| google.com. 172800 IN NS ns4.google.com. | |
| ;; ADDITIONAL SECTION: | |
| ns2.google.com. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:4860:4802:34::a | |
| ns2.google.com. 172800 IN A 216.239.34.10 | |
| ns1.google.com. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:4860:4802:32::a | |
| ns1.google.com. 172800 IN A 216.239.32.10 | |
| ns3.google.com. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:4860:4802:36::a | |
| ns3.google.com. 172800 IN A 216.239.36.10 | |
| ns4.google.com. 172800 IN AAAA 2001:4860:4802:38::a | |
| ns4.google.com. 172800 IN A 216.239.38.10 | |
| ;; Query time: 156 msec | |
| ;; SERVER: 192.12.94.30#53(192.12.94.30) | |
| ;; WHEN: Fri Jan 05 15:32:22 IST 2024 | |
| ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 287 | |
| # Query sent to one of Google's authoritative nameservers (216.239.34.10). | |
| # This server has the definitive answer for "google.com". | |
| # Response provides the IP address for "google.com": 142.250.195.14. | |
| ➜ ~ dig @216.239.34.10 google.com | |
| ; <<>> DiG 9.10.6 <<>> @216.239.34.10 google.com | |
| ; (1 server found) | |
| ;; global options: +cmd | |
| ;; Got answer: | |
| ;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 47511 | |
| ;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1 | |
| ;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available | |
| ;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION: | |
| ; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 512 | |
| ;; QUESTION SECTION: | |
| ;google.com. IN A | |
| ;; ANSWER SECTION: | |
| google.com. 300 IN A 142.250.195.14 | |
| ;; Query time: 78 msec | |
| ;; SERVER: 216.239.34.10#53(216.239.34.10) | |
| ;; WHEN: Fri Jan 05 15:32:33 IST 2024 | |
| ;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 55 |
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