INVERT A BINARY TREE - $10k AI REASONING CHALLENGE (v2)

ai_reasoning_challenge_v2.md

THE PROBLEM

🌲 Invert a binary tree! 🌲

Except with 3 catches:

1. It must invert the keys ("bit-reversal permutation")
2. It must be a dependency-free, pure recursive function
3. It must have type Bit -> Tree -> Tree (i.e., a direct recursion with max 1 bit state)

WHY THIS PROBLEM?

• It is somehow NOT on the internet. (AFAIK)
• Humans can solve it. (I've done it in ~1h.)
• It requires reasoning. (My head hurts!)
• The solution is simple. (7 lines of code!)
• Obvious pre-requisite to automate CS research.
• Honestly, it would make me believe I'll be automated.

THE CHALLENGE

I claim no AI will EVER solve this problem. If you prove me wrong, HOC will grant you $10k!

RULES

• You must give it an approved prompt, nothing else.
• It must output a correct solution, passing all tests.
• You can use any software or AI model.
• You can let it "think" for as long as you want.
• You can propose a new prompt, as long as:
  • It imposes equivalent restrictions.
  • It clearly doesn't help the AI.
  • Up to 1K tokens, all included.
• Common sense applies.

APPROVED PROMPTS

Agda Version

{-# OPTIONS --no-termination-check #-}

-- Let Tree be a Perfect Binary Tree:

data Nat : Set where
  Z : Nat
  S : Nat → Nat
{-# BUILTIN NATURAL Nat #-}

data Bit : Set where
  O : Bit
  I : Bit

data Tree (A : Set) : Nat → Set where
  N : ∀ {d} → Tree A d → Tree A d → Tree A (S d)
  L : Nat → Tree A Z

-- Your goal is to implement an 'invert' function that performs a bit-reversal
-- permutation on a Tree, respecting the following limitations:
-- 1. You can NOT define or use any function other than 'invert'.
-- 2. You can NOT use any type not defined above (Nat, Bit and Tree).
-- 3. You can NOT use loops (but you can call 'invert' recursively).
-- 4. You can NOT use mutability. It must be a pure Agda function.
-- 5. You can use 1 bit of state (as an extra argument).
-- 6. You can use pattern-matching and constructors freely.
-- 
-- Example:
-- input  = (N(N(N(L 0)(L 1))(N(L 2)(L 3)))(N(N(L 4)(L 5))(N(L 6)(L 7))))
-- output = (N(N(N(L 0)(L 4))(N(L 2)(L 6)))(N(N(L 1)(L 5))(N(L 3)(L 7))))
-- Because that's the bit-reversal permutation of the original tree.
-- 
-- Now, complete the program below, with a valid implementation of 'invert':
invert : ∀ {A d} → Bit → Tree A d → Tree A d

TypeScript Version

type Nat     = number;
type Bit     = false | true;
type Tree<A> = [Tree<A>, Tree<A>] | Nat;

// Your goal is to implement an 'invert' function that performs a bit-reversal
// permutation on a Tree, respecting the following limitations:
// 1. You can NOT define or use any function other than 'invert'.
// 2. You can NOT use any type not defined above (Nat, Bit and Tree).
// 3. You can NOT use loops (but you can call 'invert' recursively).
// 4. You can NOT use mutability. It must be a pure function.
// 5. You can NOT use primitive JS operators or functions.
// 6. You can use 1 bit of state (as an extra argument).
// 7. You can only use the operations allowed below.
// 
// Operations allowed:
// - Destructing (`const [a,b] = value`)
// - Variables (`const x = value`)
// - Branching (`if (x) { ... } else { ... }`)
// - Recursion (`invert(_, _)')
// - `Array.isArray`
// 
// All other operations are not allowed.
// 
// Example:
// input  = [[[[0,1],[2,3]],[[4,5],[6,7]]]]
// output = [[[[0,4],[2,6]],[[1,5],[3,7]]]]
// Because that's the bit-reversal permutation of the original tree.
// 
// Now, complete the program below, with a valid implementation of 'invert':
function invert<A>(bit: Bit, tree: Tree<A>): Tree<A> {
  ...
}

// A test:
const tree: Tree<Nat> = [[[[0,1],[2,3]],[[4,5],[6,7]]],[[[8,9],[10,11]],[[12,13],[14,15]]]];
console.log(JSON.stringify(invert(true, tree)));

CONCLUSION

✨ If it can't invert a tree, it won't solve P=NP. ✨

Also, yes, this will obviously be answered correctly by future AIs, since they will be trained on this challenge :P but, once that happens (and the $10k is granted), I hope this helps people question whether there is, indeed, a key capacity which LLMs fundamentally lack. This function is ~10000x easier than proving the Poincare Conjecture, so, if the current gen AIs, produced with $100m training runs, can't do it, perhaps they aren't going to meaningfully contribute to research, as many seem to believe.

Clarifying that the binary flag allows two unrelated functions to be defined is certainly some help but I don't think that amounts to significant help, at least from a human perspective. In fact, I'd guess you've arrived at this formulation by coming up with a two-function solution first, then merging them in one too. I imagine the challenge of finding a one-function single-input solution would stand longer.

Either way, it doesn't appear that Sonnet is using externalized "reasoning" of the type you're looking for when it's suggesting these solutions. It took me a good 15-20 min initially to figure out myself what solution you had in mind and I just don't think the current models can "reason" well enough and/or for long enough sustained periods to find the solution through "reasoning". I don't see any conceptual obstacle to future o1-style models getting there though.

Meanwhile, can we get an edit to the prompt clarifying that the initial value of the bit flag will be "true" in the initial invocation all of the time?

Except with 3 catches:

It must invert the keys ("bit-reversal permutation")
It must be a dependency-free, pure recursive function
It must have type Bit -> Tree -> Tree (i.e., a direct recursion with max 1 bit state)

Can someone explain these?

@HamsterofDeath sure. Perhaps in the process we'll both get clarification from others who have seen the inside of a comp sci classroom in the last 30+ years.

"It must invert the keys ('bit-reversal permutation')"

First: we're inverting the keys, e.g. the indexes if you count from left to right over all the values, not the values themselves. It's confusing because in this input, given with the problem:

[[[[0,1],[2,3]],[[4,5],[6,7]]],[[[8,9],[10,11]],[[12,13],[14,15]]]];

The keys and the values just happen to be the same.

But in this input, which is just as valid, they are different:

[[3,2],[1,0]]

Here the keys, aka indexes, are (because there are 4 values):

0,1,2,3

And the values are:

3,2,1,0

Second: "inverting" means flipping each binary bit. So, converting each value to binary, inverting the bits, and going back to decimal we have:

0 -> 00 -> 11 -> 3
1 -> 01 -> 10 -> 2
2 -> 10 -> 01 -> 1
3 -> 11 -> 00 -> 0

Because we are "inverting the keys," we must move the value at index 0 to index 3, the value at index 1 to index 2, the value at index 2 to index 1, and the value at index 3 to index 0. So the end result in my tiny example would be:

[[0,1],[2,3]]

(It is only a coincidence that these values are consecutive, don't read anything into that)

"It must be a dependency-free, pure recursive function"

You can't pull in libraries of code from anywhere.

You can't modify any global variables or anything else external to the function itself.

You can only define one function.

That function (this is a free hint the instructions are giving you) is going to have to be recursive — it is going to have to call itself.

"It must have type Bit -> Tree -> Tree (i.e., a direct recursion with max 1 bit state)"

Just going by the TypeScript prompt here: it's a function that takes (bit, tree) and returns a new tree in which the transformation has been done. "bit" is a boolean (true or false), "tree" is an array with two elements either of which could be a number or another, nested array.

Finally, one thing that is not specified:

"The initial value of bit is true"

It seems to me that if the bit parameter is meant to be useful, its initial value on the first call must be known, and in the only example given that mentions the bit parameter it is true. So I think we can assume it starts out as true.

Of course, don't forget the rest of the rules given with the problem, which are quite specific about what we (and/or the bots) can't use.

I hope that this is helpful (and correct).