Kohana/Koseven/KO7 CRUD controller

Controller_CRUD.php

<?php
/**
 * CRUD controller.
 * 
 * @link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete CRUD
 * @link https://koseven.dev/documentation/kohana/tutorials/basic-controller Controller_Base
 */
class Controller_CRUD extends Controller_Base
{
    /**
     * @var string|ORM model name or ORM instance
     */
    protected $model;

    /**
     * Short-hand for create HTTP exception.
     * 
     * @param int $code HTTP error code
     * @param string|array $message Error or `[error, variables]`
     * @param Throwable|null $previous Previous exception
     * @return HTTP_Exception
     */
    protected function http_exception(int $code, $message, Throwable $previous = null): HTTP_Exception
    {
        $variables = null;
        if (is_array($message)) {
            [$message, $variables] = $message;
        }
        return HTTP_Exception::factory($code, $message, $variables, $previous)->request($this->request);
    }

    /**
     * Short-hand for create URI by route of current request.
     * 
     * @param array $params Route parameters
     * @return string
     */
    protected function uri(array $params = []): string
    {
        $params += [
            'directory'  => $this->request->directory(),
            'controller' => $this->request->controller(),
            'action'     => $this->request->action(),
        ];
        return $this->request->route()->uri($params);
    }

    /**
     * Create and optional load model by route `id` parameter.
     */
    protected function init_model()
    {
        if ($this->model === null) {
            // model name is controller name without prefix `Controller_`
            $this->model = substr(get_class($this), 11);
        }
        if (is_string($this->model)) {
            $id = $this->request->param('id');
            try {
                $this->model = ORM::factory($this->model, $id);
            } catch (Exception $e) {
                if ($id) {
                    throw $this->http_exception(
                        404,
                        ['Model :model: record :id not found', [':model' => $model->object_name(), ':id' => $id]],
                        $e
                    );
                } else {
                    throw $this->http_exception(
                        400,
                        ['Cannot create model :model' [':model' => $model->object_name()]],
                        $e
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Auto create/load model and bind to action template.
     */
    public function before()
    {
        // check auth
        parent::before();
        // init model
        $this->init_model();
    }

    /**
     * Common method for create and update actions.
     */
    protected function save_model()
    {
        $errors = [];
        
        if ($this->request->method() == Request::POST) {
            $data = $this->request->post($this->model->object_name());
            // external validation for prevent CSRF attacks
            $validation = new Validation($this->request->post());
            $validation->rule('csrf', ['Security', 'check'], [':value']);
            try {
                $this->model->values($data)->save($validation);
            } catch (ORM_Validation_Exception $e) {
                // Display validation errors in form
                $errors = $e->errors('models');
            } catch (Exception $e) {
                throw $this->http_exception(
                    400, 
                    ['Error at :action item', [':action' => $this->request->action()]]
                );
            }
            if (! $errors) {
                // redirect to `update` action, set 303 code to send as GET.
                static::redirect($this->uri(['action' => 'update', 'id' => $this->model->pk()]), 303);
            }
        }
        
        $this->action_template->set([
            'csrf' => Security::token(),
            'errors' => $errors
        ]);
    }
    
    /**
     * Add new item.
     */
    public function action_create()
    {
        $this->save_model();
    }

    /**
     * Update item.
     */
    public function action_update()
    {
        $this->save_model();
    }

    /**
     * Delete item.
     */
    public function action_delete()
    {
        try {
            $this->model->delete();
        } catch (Exception $e) {
            throw $this->http_exception(400, ['Error at delete item', [':model' =>]], $e);
        }
        // redirect to `index` action
        static::redirect($this->uri(['action' => 'index']));
    }

    /**
     * Read and display items per page and pagination.
     */
    public function action_index()
    {
        // create pagination instance
        $pagination = new Pagination(
            ['total_items' => $this->model->count_all(), 'page' => $this->request->param('page')],
            $this->request
        );
        // attach pagination to page template
        $this->action_template->pagination = $pagination;
        // set items per page
        $this->model->offset($pagination->offset)
                    ->limit($pagination->items_per_page);
        // sort items
        if ($this->request->param('sort_column')) {
            $this->model->order_by(
                $this->request->param('sort_column'),
                $this->request->param('sort_direction') == 'desc' ? 'DESC' : 'ASC'
            );
        }
        // attach items to page template
        $this->action_template->items = $this->model->find_all();
    }
}