Emulating ARM on Debian/Ubuntu

You might want to read this to get an introduction to armel vs armhf.

If the below is too much, you can try Ubuntu-ARMv7-Qemu but note it contains non-free blobs.

Running ARM programs under linux (without starting QEMU VM!)

First, cross-compile user programs with GCC-ARM toolchain. Then install qemu-arm-static so that you can run ARM executables directly on linux

# armel packages also exist
sudo apt-get install gcc-arm-linux-gnueabihf libc6-dev-armhf-cross qemu-arm-static

Then compile your programs in amd64 directly:

cat > hello.c << EOF

#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) { return printf("Hello ARM!\n"); }
EOF

arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -static  -ohello hello.c

file hello
hello: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, ARM, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked,

./hello
Hello ARM!

If you want a dynamically-linked executable, you've to pass the linker path too:

arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc -ohello hello.c
qemu-arm -L /usr/arm-linux-gnueabihf/ ./hello   # or qemu-arm-static

Debugging using GDB

Install QEMU

sudo apt-get install qemu

Create a hard disk

Create a hard disk for your virtual machine with required capacity.

qemu-img create -f raw armdisk.img 8G

You can then install Debian using an ISO CD or directly from vmlinuz

Netboot from vmlinuz

First, you should decide what CPU and machine type you want to emulate.

You can get a list of all supported CPUs (to be passed with -cpu option, see later below):

qemu-system-arm -cpu help

You can get a list of all supported machines (to be passed with -M option, see later below):

qemu-system-arm -machine help

In this example, I chose the cortex-a9 CPU and vexpress-a9 machine. This is an ARMv7 CPU which Debian calls as armhf (ARM hard float). You must download vmlinuz and initrd files for, say Wheezy armhf netboot. Cortex-A8, A9, A15 are all ARMv7 CPUs.

You can emulate ARMv6 which Debian calls as armel by downloading the corresponding files for Wheezy armel netboot. Note that you need armel for ARMv5, v6. Raspberry Pi uses ARMv6. In this case, the cpu is arm1176 and machine is versatilepb.

Create a virtual machine with 1024 MB RAM and a Cortex-A9 CPU. Note that we must -sd instead of -sda because vexpress kernel doesn't support PCI SCSI hard disks. You'll install Debian on on MMC/SD card, that's all it means.

qemu-system-arm -m 1024M -sd armdisk.img \
                -M vexpress-a9 -cpu cortex-a9 \
                -kernel vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-vexpress -initrd initrd.gz \
                -append "root=/dev/ram"  -no-reboot

Specifying -cpu is optional. It defaults to -cpu=any. However, -M is mandatory.

This will start a new QEMU window and the Debian installer will kick-in. Just proceed with the installation (takes maybe 3 hours or so). Make sure you install "ssh-server" in tasksel screen.

NOTE: For creating ARMv6, just pass versatilepb:

qemu-system-arm -m 1024M -M versatilepb \
                -kernel vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-versatile -initrd initrd.gz \
                -append "root=/dev/ram" -hda armdisk.img -no-reboot

Netboot from ISO / install from Debian ISO

Download netboot ISO for armhf or armel as needed.

WAIT! Apparently, these Debian CD images are not bootable! But Ubuntu's ARM CD image works [2]. this option can be considerably faster than a netboot install as CD images can be downloaded via bittorrent.

advanced note: apparently recent Debian CDs (e.g. around 2017 and after) are based on UEFI loaders and partition formats To boot UEFI iso images, you need to get a bios that can boot UEFI on QEMU Arm.
UEFI bios boot loaders can be found from linario (http://releases.linaro.org/components/kernel/uefi-linaro/latest/), you need to navigate to release > Qemu or Qemu64 and retrieve the files

QEMU_EFI.fd - this is the UEFI bios itself or
QEMU_EFI.img.gz - this is a flash image that can also be used if in case the first option doesn't work

an install script is as follows, you need to replace the shell parameters ISO with your iso file and HDA with your qcow2 image file

ISO=debian-10.0.0-armhf-netinst.iso 
HDA=hda.qcow2
qemu-system-arm -M virt -m 1024 \
  -bios QEMU_EFI.fd \
# if using -bios option above does't work you can try to extract the img file and use the -pflash option
#  -pflash QEMU_EFI.img 
  -drive file=$ISO,id=cdrom,if=none,media=cdrom \
  -device virtio-scsi-device -device scsi-cd,drive=cdrom \
  -drive if=none,file=$HDA,format=qcow2,id=hd \
  -device virtio-blk-device,drive=hd \
  -netdev user,id=mynet \
  -device virtio-net-device,netdev=mynet 
#  -serial vc:80Cx24C
#  -serial telnet::5555,server

In case you are looking for a gui on the QEMU console, it is not a Gui. Instead you need to navigate on the QEMU console menu to View > Serial , the install is happening on the serial console!

in linux i found that the qemu serial console isn't handling the arrow nevigation keys appropriately. Hence, i use the -serial telnet::5555,server option and use a terminal program e.g. putty to connect to it. That provides functional arrow key navigation

references:

First boot from newly installed system

You need to copy vmlinuz from the installed disk image and pass it again to qemu-system-img [Qemu wiki] (http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/QEMU/Images#Mounting_an_image_on_the_host").

For armel

sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
sudo qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 armel.img
mkdir ~/qemu-mounted
sudo mount /dev/nbd0p1 ~/qemu-mounted
mkdir after-copy

cp ~/qemu-mounted/boot/* after-copy/

sudo umount ~/qemu-mounted
sudo qemu-nbd -d /dev/nbd0
sudo killall qemu-nbd

Then pass the copied kernel and initrd to qemu-system-img. Also note that we are now booting from /dev/sda1 because that is where Linux was installed

qemu-system-arm -M versatilepb -m 1024M  \
                -kernel after-copy/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-versatile \
                -initrd after-copy/initrd.img-3.2.0-4-versatile \
                -hda armel.img -append "root=/dev/sda1"

And there you go, play with ARM to your heart's extent!

For armhf

Extract & copy the boot files exactly as before (but for armhf.img) and pass while invoking:

qemu-system-arm -m 1024M -M vexpress-a9  \
                -kernel armhf-extracted/vmlinuz-3.2.0-4-vexpress \
                -initrd armhf-extracted/initrd.img-3.2.0-4-vexpress \
                -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0p1" -sd armhf.img

Once again, note the device (mmcblk0p1) and partition (armhf.img) reflect SD-card usage.

Connecting to the SSH server

On the host, just redirect some random port from the host to guest's port 22 (or whichever port the SSH server is running on, see /etc/ssh/sshd_config)

qemu-system-arm ....  -redir tcp:5555::22 &

Then you can connect to SSH just like ssh -p 5555 localhost.

Chroot Voodoo your ARM VM (architectural chroot with QEMU)

After the install of your ARM, you will probably see that it is really slow. To speed up your arm, you can chroot it natively and let qemu-user-static interpret the ARM instruction. [5]

sudo apt-get install qemu-user-static kpartx

We mount the image using loopback

sudo kpartx -a -v armdisk.img
sudo mkdir /mnt/arm-vm
sudo mount /dev/mapper/loop0p2 /mnt/arm-vm

Copy the static binary

sudo cp /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static /mnt/arm-vm/usr/bin
sudo mount -o bind /proc /mnt/arm-vm/proc
sudo mount -o bind /dev /mnt/temp/dev
sudo mount -o bind /sys /mnt/temp/sys

We register qemu-arm-static as ARM interpreter to the kernel linux. [6]

#This can only be run as root (sudo don't work)
sudo su
echo ':arm:M::\x7fELF\x01\x01\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x28\x00:\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\x00\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xff\xff\xff:/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static:' > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register
exit

Now we chroot to our VM.

sudo chroot /mnt/arm-vm

Let see if it work:

$ uname -a
Linux cis-linux-arm 2.6.32 #19-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 9 16:20:46 UTC 2013 armv7l GNU/Linux

N.B: After test, qemu 1.1 (Debian wheezy) had some strange behaviour but the 1.5 (Ubuntu saucy) was working perfectly !

When you finished your work you should unmount everything to avert bad behaviour. Do not forget to not start your VM with Qemu before unmount everything !

sudo umount /mnt/arm-vm/proc
sudo umount /mnt/arm-vm/dev
sudo umount /mnt/arm-vm/sys
sudo umount /mnt/arm-vm
sudo kpartx -d -v armdisk.img

References

[1] http://www.linuxforu.com/2011/05/quick-quide-to-qemu-setup/ [2] http://blog.troyastle.com/2010/07/building-arm-powered-debian-vm-with.html [3] Differences between ARM926, ARM1136, A8 and A9 [4] http://www.makestuff.eu/wordpress/running-debian-for-arm-powerpc-on-qemu/ [5] http://www.darrinhodges.com/chroot-voodoo/ [6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binfmt_misc

ag88/ARMDebianUbuntu.md