SOURCE: Jack Wallen, written August 31, 2017. https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-enable-linux-machines-to-resolve-windows-hostnames/
sudo apt install winbind libnss-winbind
In /etc/nsswitch.conf
change
hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns
... to ...
hosts: files mdns4_minimal [NOTFOUND=return] dns wins mdns4
Now a ping to a Windows hostname should resolve correctly.