Customize fontconfig. CJK, but other Latin fonts are preferred

52-prefer.conf

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
  <!-- Default serif font -->
  <alias binding="strong">
    <family>serif</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>PT Serif</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>

  <!-- Default sans-serif font -->
  <alias binding="strong">
    <family>sans-serif</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Roboto</family>
      <family>Adwaita Sans</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>

  <!-- Default monospace font -->
  <alias binding="strong">
    <family>monospace</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Cascadia Code</family>
      <family>Adwaita Mono</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>

  <!-- Default system-ui font -->
  <alias binding="strong">
    <family>system-ui</family>
    <prefer>
      <family>Roboto</family>
      <family>Adwaita Sans</family>
    </prefer>
  </alias>

  <!-- Replace some fonts by sans-serif -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
      <string>Arial</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="strong">
      <string>Roboto</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <match target="pattern">
    <test qual="any" name="family">
      <string>Cantarell</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="assign" binding="strong">
      <string>Roboto</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
</fontconfig>

53-cjk.conf

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
  <!-- Serif CJK -->

  <!-- Default serif when the "lang" attribute is not given -->
  <!-- You can change this font to the language variant you want -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Chinese -->
  <!-- "lang=zh" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hans" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hans</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- Compatible -->
  <!-- "lang=zh-cn" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-cn</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-tw" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-tw</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Japanese -->
  <!-- "lang=ja" or "lang=ja-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ja</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK JP</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Korean -->
  <!-- "lang=ko" or "lang=ko-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ko</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Serif CJK KR</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Sans CJK -->

  <!-- Default sans-serif when the "lang" attribute is not given -->
  <!-- You can change this font to the language variant you want -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Chinese -->
  <!-- "lang=zh" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hans" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hans</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- Compatible -->
  <!-- "lang=zh-cn" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-cn</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-tw" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-tw</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Japanese -->
  <!-- "lang=ja" or "lang=ja-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ja</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK JP</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Korean -->
  <!-- "lang=ko" or "lang=ko-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ko</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK KR</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Mono CJK -->

  <!-- Default monospace when the "lang" attribute is not given -->
  <!-- You can change this font to the language variant you want -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Chinese -->
  <!-- "lang=zh" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hans" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hans</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- Compatible -->
  <!-- "lang=zh-cn" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-cn</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-tw" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-tw</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Japanese -->
  <!-- "lang=ja" or "lang=ja-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ja</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK JP</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Korean -->
  <!-- "lang=ko" or "lang=ko-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ko</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans Mono CJK KR</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- System UI CJK -->

  <!-- Default system-ui when the "lang" attribute is not given -->
  <!-- You can change this font to the language variant you want -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Chinese -->
  <!-- "lang=zh" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hans" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hans</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hant-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hant-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- Compatible -->
  <!-- "lang=zh-cn" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-cn</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK SC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-tw" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-tw</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK TC</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
  <!-- "lang=zh-hk" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="eq">
      <string>zh-hk</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK HK</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Japanese -->
  <!-- "lang=ja" or "lang=ja-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ja</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK JP</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <!-- Korean -->
  <!-- "lang=ko" or "lang=ko-*" -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="lang" compare="contains">
      <string>ko</string>
    </test>
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Sans CJK KR</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
</fontconfig>

54-emoji.conf

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM "fonts.dtd">
<fontconfig>
  <!-- Append emoji font -->
  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append_last" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Color Emoji</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>sans-serif</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append_last" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Color Emoji</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>monospace</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append_last" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Color Emoji</string>
    </edit>
  </match>

  <match target="pattern">
    <test name="family">
      <string>system-ui</string>
    </test>
    <edit name="family" mode="append_last" binding="strong">
      <string>Noto Color Emoji</string>
    </edit>
  </match>
</fontconfig>

Note.md

Note

Requirement Fonts

• noto-fonts-cjk ^extra
• noto-fonts-emoji ^extra
• ttf-cascadia-code ^extra
• ttf-paratype ^AUR
• ttf-roboto ^extra

Optional

• adwaita-fonts ^extra
• noto-fonts ^extra

Troubleshooting

Chromium

Chromium (and Google Chrome) only use first match font in the list, and always fallback this font missing characters to Chromium Standard fonts.

Google Chrome for Android also have this issues.

Example

Fonts settings in Chromium:

Standard font    : sans-serif
Serif font       : serif
Sans-serif font  : sans-serif
Fixed-width font : monospace

Query order:

1. 你好 (serif)
2. PT Serif (missing)
3. Standard font (sans-serif)
4. Roboto (missing)
5. Search in fontconfig without style mark (like fc-match -a)
6. 你好 (Noto Sans CJK JP)

Now, you lost serif style for these characters.

Not perfect solution

Extension Advanced Font Settings to set per languages fonts to show.

Firefox

Firefox working with fontconfig perfectly, but have a little issues need care.

Not follow fontconfig sometimes?

Firefox limit font query number in fontconfig. in about:config:

gfx.font_rendering.fontconfig.max_generic_substitutions = 3 (Default)

Increase this value, Firefox will query more fonts in fontconfig list.

Emoji not following system

Firefox ships with Twemoji Mozilla font, in about:config

font.name-list.emoji

Change Twemoji Mozilla to your wanna emoji fonts.

User Interface shown wrong fonts?

Firefox User Interface follow GTK 3.0 fonts settings.

View in dconf database:

gsettings get org.gnome.desktop.interface font-name

You can easily set these fonts by gnome-tweaks or gsettings.

But, be careful! When that font not have some character, Firefox will scan fonts in system by itself, and use first match font have these character.

Recommend to set Sans Regular or Serif Regular, let Firefox query follow this fontconfig.

53-cjk.conf 用了之后， fc-match -s | grep 'Noto Sans CJK' 结果正常，但是 fc-match -s | grep 'Noto Serif CJK' 报错，证明前面的 serif 字体设置无效。

You should use fc-match -s sans-serif, fc-match -s serif and fc-match -s monospace

serif 字体的对应关系还是不对，估计使用noto-serif-cjk还是会出现问题。
这是删除fontconfig配置文件之后的typora设置页面的一个截图

这是没任何fontconfig文件 fc-match -s | grep "CJK"的截图

@g1fts

It works fine, please check how you use it.