Animate thousands of points with canvas and D3

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license: mit
height: 620
border: no

README.md

Animate thousands of points with canvas and D3

Using D3 and d3-transition works great when animating hundreds of points with SVG, but performance breaks down when you need to animate more than a thousand. This block demonstrates a simple approach to animating thousands of points between different layouts using canvas, d3-timer, and d3-ease.

See the blog post for more details.

common.js

/**
 * Given a set of points, lay them out in a phyllotaxis layout.
 * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.
 *
 * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.
 * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.
 * @param {Number} xOffset The x offset to apply to all points
 * @param {Number} yOffset The y offset to apply to all points
 *
 * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y
 */
function phyllotaxisLayout(points, pointWidth, xOffset = 0, yOffset = 0, iOffset = 0) {
  // theta determines the spiral of the layout
  const theta = Math.PI * (3 - Math.sqrt(5));

  const pointRadius = pointWidth / 2;

  points.forEach((point, i) => {
    const index = (i + iOffset) % points.length;
    const phylloX = pointRadius * Math.sqrt(index) * Math.cos(index * theta);
    const phylloY = pointRadius * Math.sqrt(index) * Math.sin(index * theta);

    point.x = xOffset + phylloX - pointRadius;
    point.y = yOffset + phylloY - pointRadius;
  });

  return points;
}

/**
 * Given a set of points, lay them out in a grid.
 * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.
 *
 * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.
 * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.
 * @param {Number} gridWidth The width of the grid of points
 *
 * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y
 */
function gridLayout(points, pointWidth, gridWidth) {
  const pointHeight = pointWidth;
  const pointsPerRow = Math.floor(gridWidth / pointWidth);
  const numRows = points.length / pointsPerRow;

  points.forEach((point, i) => {
    point.x = pointWidth * (i % pointsPerRow);
    point.y = pointHeight * Math.floor(i / pointsPerRow);
  });

  return points;
}

/**
 * Given a set of points, lay them out randomly.
 * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.
 *
 * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.
 * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.
 * @param {Number} width The width of the area to place them in
 * @param {Number} height The height of the area to place them in
 *
 * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y
 */
function randomLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height) {
  points.forEach((point, i) => {
    point.x = Math.random() * (width - pointWidth);
    point.y = Math.random() * (height - pointWidth);
  });

  return points;
}

/**
 * Given a set of points, lay them out in a sine wave.
 * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.
 *
 * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.
 * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.
 * @param {Number} width The width of the area to place them in
 * @param {Number} height The height of the area to place them in
 *
 * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y
 */
function sineLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height) {
  const amplitude = 0.3 * (height / 2);
  const yOffset = height / 2;
  const periods = 3;
  const yScale = d3.scaleLinear()
    .domain([0, points.length - 1])
    .range([0, periods * 2 * Math.PI]);

  points.forEach((point, i) => {
    point.x = (i / points.length) * (width - pointWidth);
    point.y = amplitude * Math.sin(yScale(i)) + yOffset;
  });

  return points;
}

/**
 * Given a set of points, lay them out in a spiral.
 * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.
 *
 * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.
 * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.
 * @param {Number} width The width of the area to place them in
 * @param {Number} height The height of the area to place them in
 *
 * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y
 */
function spiralLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height) {
  const amplitude = 0.3 * (height / 2);
  const xOffset = width / 2;
  const yOffset = height / 2;
  const periods = 20;

  const rScale = d3.scaleLinear()
    .domain([0, points.length -1])
    .range([0, Math.min(width / 2, height / 2) - pointWidth]);

  const thetaScale = d3.scaleLinear()
    .domain([0, points.length - 1])
    .range([0, periods * 2 * Math.PI]);

  points.forEach((point, i) => {
    point.x = rScale(i) * Math.cos(thetaScale(i)) + xOffset
    point.y = rScale(i) * Math.sin(thetaScale(i)) + yOffset;
  });

  return points;
}




/**
 * Generate an object array of `numPoints` length with unique IDs
 * and assigned colors
 */
function createPoints(numPoints, pointWidth, width, height) {
  const colorScale = d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateViridis)
    .domain([numPoints - 1, 0]);

  const points = d3.range(numPoints).map(id => ({
    id,
    color: colorScale(id),
  }));

  return randomLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height);
}

dist.js

function draw(){var t=canvas.node().getContext("2d");t.save(),t.clearRect(0,0,width,height);for(var i=0;i<points.length;++i){var n=points[i];t.fillStyle=n.color,t.fillRect(n.x,n.y,pointWidth,pointWidth)}t.restore()}function animate(t){points.forEach(function(t){t.sx=t.x,t.sy=t.y}),t(points),points.forEach(function(t){t.tx=t.x,t.ty=t.y}),timer=d3.timer(function(t){var i=Math.min(1,ease(t/duration));points.forEach(function(t){t.x=t.sx*(1-i)+t.tx*i,t.y=t.sy*(1-i)+t.ty*i}),draw(),1===i&&(timer.stop(),currLayout=(currLayout+1)%layouts.length,animate(layouts[currLayout]))})}var width=600,height=600,numPoints=7e3,pointWidth=4,pointMargin=3,duration=1500,ease=d3.easeCubic,timer,currLayout=0,points=createPoints(numPoints,pointWidth,width,height),toGrid=function(t){return gridLayout(t,pointWidth+pointMargin,width)},toSine=function(t){return sineLayout(t,pointWidth+pointMargin,width,height)},toSpiral=function(t){return spiralLayout(t,pointWidth+pointMargin,width,height)},toPhyllotaxis=function(t){return phyllotaxisLayout(t,pointWidth+pointMargin,width/2,height/2)},layouts=[toSine,toPhyllotaxis,toSpiral,toPhyllotaxis,toGrid],screenScale=window.devicePixelRatio||1,canvas=d3.select("body").append("canvas").attr("width",width*screenScale).attr("height",height*screenScale).style("width",width+"px").style("height",height+"px").on("click",function(){d3.select(".play-control").style("display",""),timer.stop()});canvas.node().getContext("2d").scale(screenScale,screenScale),toGrid(points),draw(),d3.select("body").append("div").attr("class","play-control").text("PLAY").on("click",function(){animate(layouts[currLayout]),d3.select(this).style("display","none")});
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

dist_common.js

function phyllotaxisLayout(points,pointWidth,xOffset,yOffset,iOffset){if(xOffset===void 0)xOffset=0;if(yOffset===void 0)yOffset=0;if(iOffset===void 0)iOffset=0;var theta=Math.PI*(3-Math.sqrt(5));var pointRadius=pointWidth/2;points.forEach(function(point,i){var index=(i+iOffset)%points.length;var phylloX=pointRadius*Math.sqrt(index)*Math.cos(index*theta);var phylloY=pointRadius*Math.sqrt(index)*Math.sin(index*theta);point.x=xOffset+phylloX-pointRadius;point.y=yOffset+phylloY-pointRadius});return points}function gridLayout(points,pointWidth,gridWidth){var pointHeight=pointWidth;var pointsPerRow=Math.floor(gridWidth/pointWidth);var numRows=points.length/pointsPerRow;points.forEach(function(point,i){point.x=pointWidth*(i%pointsPerRow);point.y=pointHeight*Math.floor(i/pointsPerRow)});return points}function randomLayout(points,pointWidth,width,height){points.forEach(function(point,i){point.x=Math.random()*(width-pointWidth);point.y=Math.random()*(height-pointWidth)});return points}function sineLayout(points,pointWidth,width,height){var amplitude=.3*(height/2);var yOffset=height/2;var periods=3;var yScale=d3.scaleLinear().domain([0,points.length-1]).range([0,periods*2*Math.PI]);points.forEach(function(point,i){point.x=i/points.length*(width-pointWidth);point.y=amplitude*Math.sin(yScale(i))+yOffset});return points}function spiralLayout(points,pointWidth,width,height){var amplitude=.3*(height/2);var xOffset=width/2;var yOffset=height/2;var periods=20;var rScale=d3.scaleLinear().domain([0,points.length-1]).range([0,Math.min(width/2,height/2)-pointWidth]);var thetaScale=d3.scaleLinear().domain([0,points.length-1]).range([0,periods*2*Math.PI]);points.forEach(function(point,i){point.x=rScale(i)*Math.cos(thetaScale(i))+xOffset;point.y=rScale(i)*Math.sin(thetaScale(i))+yOffset});return points}function createPoints(numPoints,pointWidth,width,height){var colorScale=d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateViridis).domain([numPoints-1,0]);var points=d3.range(numPoints).map(function(id){return{id:id,color:colorScale(id)}});return randomLayout(points,pointWidth,width,height)}
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Will get `x` and `y` set.\n * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.\n * @param {Number} xOffset The x offset to apply to all points\n * @param {Number} yOffset The y offset to apply to all points\n *\n * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y\n */\nfunction phyllotaxisLayout(points, pointWidth, xOffset = 0, yOffset = 0, iOffset = 0) {\n  // theta determines the spiral of the layout\n  const theta = Math.PI * (3 - Math.sqrt(5));\n\n  const pointRadius = pointWidth / 2;\n\n  points.forEach((point, i) => {\n    const index = (i + iOffset) % points.length;\n    const phylloX = pointRadius * Math.sqrt(index) * Math.cos(index * theta);\n    const phylloY = pointRadius * Math.sqrt(index) * Math.sin(index * theta);\n\n    point.x = xOffset + phylloX - pointRadius;\n    point.y = yOffset + phylloY - pointRadius;\n  });\n\n  return points;\n}\n\n/**\n * Given a set of points, lay them out in a grid.\n * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.\n *\n * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.\n * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.\n * @param {Number} gridWidth The width of the grid of points\n *\n * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y\n */\nfunction gridLayout(points, pointWidth, gridWidth) {\n  const pointHeight = pointWidth;\n  const pointsPerRow = Math.floor(gridWidth / pointWidth);\n  const numRows = points.length / pointsPerRow;\n\n  points.forEach((point, i) => {\n    point.x = pointWidth * (i % pointsPerRow);\n    point.y = pointHeight * Math.floor(i / pointsPerRow);\n  });\n\n  return points;\n}\n\n/**\n * Given a set of points, lay them out randomly.\n * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.\n *\n * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.\n * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.\n * @param {Number} width The width of the area to place them in\n * @param {Number} height The height of the area to place them in\n *\n * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y\n */\nfunction randomLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height) {\n  points.forEach((point, i) => {\n    point.x = Math.random() * (width - pointWidth);\n    point.y = Math.random() * (height - pointWidth);\n  });\n\n  return points;\n}\n\n/**\n * Given a set of points, lay them out in a sine wave.\n * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.\n *\n * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.\n * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.\n * @param {Number} width The width of the area to place them in\n * @param {Number} height The height of the area to place them in\n *\n * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y\n */\nfunction sineLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height) {\n  const amplitude = 0.3 * (height / 2);\n  const yOffset = height / 2;\n  const periods = 3;\n  const yScale = d3.scaleLinear()\n    .domain([0, points.length - 1])\n    .range([0, periods * 2 * Math.PI]);\n\n  points.forEach((point, i) => {\n    point.x = (i / points.length) * (width - pointWidth);\n    point.y = amplitude * Math.sin(yScale(i)) + yOffset;\n  });\n\n  return points;\n}\n\n/**\n * Given a set of points, lay them out in a spiral.\n * Mutates the `points` passed in by updating the x and y values.\n *\n * @param {Object[]} points The array of points to update. Will get `x` and `y` set.\n * @param {Number} pointWidth The size in pixels of the point's width. Should also include margin.\n * @param {Number} width The width of the area to place them in\n * @param {Number} height The height of the area to place them in\n *\n * @return {Object[]} points with modified x and y\n */\nfunction spiralLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height) {\n  const amplitude = 0.3 * (height / 2);\n  const xOffset = width / 2;\n  const yOffset = height / 2;\n  const periods = 20;\n\n  const rScale = d3.scaleLinear()\n    .domain([0, points.length -1])\n    .range([0, Math.min(width / 2, height / 2) - pointWidth]);\n\n  const thetaScale = d3.scaleLinear()\n    .domain([0, points.length - 1])\n    .range([0, periods * 2 * Math.PI]);\n\n  points.forEach((point, i) => {\n    point.x = rScale(i) * Math.cos(thetaScale(i)) + xOffset\n    point.y = rScale(i) * Math.sin(thetaScale(i)) + yOffset;\n  });\n\n  return points;\n}\n\n\n\n\n/**\n * Generate an object array of `numPoints` length with unique IDs\n * and assigned colors\n */\nfunction createPoints(numPoints, pointWidth, width, height) {\n  const colorScale = d3.scaleSequential(d3.interpolateViridis)\n    .domain([numPoints - 1, 0]);\n\n  const points = d3.range(numPoints).map(id => ({\n    id,\n    color: colorScale(id),\n  }));\n\n  return randomLayout(points, pointWidth, width, height);\n}\n"]}

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1'>
    <meta charset='UTF-8'>
    <script src="https://d3js.org/d3.v4.min.js"></script>
    <title>Animate thousands of points with canvas and D3</title>
    <style>
    html, body {
      padding: 0;
      margin: 0;
    }
    canvas {
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    .play-control {
      position: absolute;
      top: 0px;
      left: 0px;
      width: 600px;
      height: 600px;
      line-height: 600px;
      text-align: center;
      background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
      color: #f4f4f4;
      text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7) 3px 3px 0px;
      font-size: 100px;
      font-family: 'helvetica neue', calibri, sans-serif;
      font-weight: 100;
      cursor: pointer;
    }

    .play-control:hover {
      color: #fff;
      text-shadow: #000 3px 3px 0px;
      background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.04);
    }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <script src="dist_common.js"></script>
    <script src="dist.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>

preview.png

script.js

// canvas settings
const width = 600;
const height = 600;

// point settings
const numPoints = 7000;
const pointWidth = 4;
const pointMargin = 3;

// animation settings
const duration = 1500;
const ease = d3.easeCubic;
let timer;
let currLayout = 0;

// create set of points
const points = createPoints(numPoints, pointWidth, width, height);

// wrap layout helpers so they only take points as an argument
const toGrid = (points) => gridLayout(points,
  pointWidth + pointMargin, width);
const toSine = (points) => sineLayout(points,
  pointWidth + pointMargin, width, height);
const toSpiral = (points) => spiralLayout(points,
  pointWidth + pointMargin, width, height);
const toPhyllotaxis = (points) => phyllotaxisLayout(points,
  pointWidth + pointMargin, width / 2, height / 2);

// store the layouts in an array to sequence through
const layouts = [toSine, toPhyllotaxis, toSpiral, toPhyllotaxis, toGrid];

// draw the points based on their current layout
function draw() {
  const ctx = canvas.node().getContext('2d');
  ctx.save();

  // erase what is on the canvas currently
  ctx.clearRect(0, 0, width, height);

  // draw each point as a rectangle
  for (let i = 0; i < points.length; ++i) {
    const point = points[i];
    ctx.fillStyle = point.color;
    ctx.fillRect(point.x, point.y, pointWidth, pointWidth);
  }

  ctx.restore();
}

// animate the points to a given layout
function animate(layout) {
  // store the source position
  points.forEach(point => {
    point.sx = point.x;
    point.sy = point.y;
  });

  // get destination x and y position on each point
  layout(points);

  // store the destination position
  points.forEach(point => {
    point.tx = point.x;
    point.ty = point.y;
  });

  timer = d3.timer((elapsed) => {
    // compute how far through the animation we are (0 to 1)
    const t = Math.min(1, ease(elapsed / duration));

    // update point positions (interpolate between source and target)
    points.forEach(point => {
      point.x = point.sx * (1 - t) + point.tx * t;
      point.y = point.sy * (1 - t) + point.ty * t;
    });

    // update what is drawn on screen
    draw();

    // if this animation is over
    if (t === 1) {
      // stop this timer for this layout and start a new one
      timer.stop();

      // update to use next layout
      currLayout = (currLayout + 1) % layouts.length;

      // start animation for next layout
      animate(layouts[currLayout]);
    }
  });
}

// create the canvas
const screenScale = window.devicePixelRatio || 1;
const canvas = d3.select('body').append('canvas')
  .attr('width', width * screenScale)
  .attr('height', height * screenScale)
  .style('width', `${width}px`)
  .style('height', `${height}px`)
  .on('click', function () {
    d3.select('.play-control').style('display', '');
    timer.stop();
  });
canvas.node().getContext('2d').scale(screenScale, screenScale);

// start off as a grid
toGrid(points);
draw();

d3.select('body').append('div')
  .attr('class', 'play-control')
  .text('PLAY')
  .on('click', function () {
    // start the animation
    animate(layouts[currLayout]);

    // remove the play control
    d3.select(this).style('display', 'none');
  });

thumbnail.png