If you only changed files (no staged changes yet):
git diff > my-changes.patch
If you also staged some changes (git add):
git diff --cached > my-changes.patch
If you want both staged + unstaged:
git diff HEAD > my-changes.patch
To create a path with committed changes:
git format-patch -1 HEAD
The -1 flag indicates how many commits should be included:
-<n>
Prepare patches from the topmost <n> commits.