The Torque CartoCSS compiler (not sure that is the right terminology, maybe interpreter) can do anything for points that Mapnik could do on the server. But really really responsive since the data is already on the client. It does it by turning CartoCSS into html canvas rendering instructions.
http://bl.ocks.org/andrewxhill/94688372b76060f7a6e8
http://bl.ocks.org/andrewxhill/c86225894313e4184829
http://bl.ocks.org/andrewxhill/020636499dde84b90f0a
Animated bubble maps http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/129838/show-change-in-size-over-time/130114#130114
Not a map http://bl.ocks.org/andrewxhill/8544392
CartoCSS that responds to input http://bl.ocks.org/andrewxhill/adb44dcdcf30ee449e87
The CartoCSS reference, https://github.com/CartoDB/torque/blob/master/lib/torque/cartocss_reference.js
The Shader, https://github.com/CartoDB/torque/blob/master/lib/torque/renderer/point.js#L95
CartoCSS uses Sprites to render the same marker many times on canvas really efficiently. A really neat trick it does is that it generates a Sprite at runtime!!! Then uses that sprite to keep re-rendering the same things. It is pretty damn clever.