25 documents from WikiNER dataset in CONLL format with PoS and NER annotations

wikiner-en-25-docs.conll

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
ranking	NN	O
slipped	VBD	O
when	WRB	O
injuries	NNS	O
forced	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
to	TO	O
withdraw	VB	O
from	IN	O
many	JJ	O
events	NNS	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
did	VBD	O
manage	VB	O
to	TO	O
reach	VB	O
the	DT	O
US	NNP	I-MISC
Open	NNP	I-MISC
semifinals	NNS	O
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
lost	VBD	O
to	TO	O
Juan	NNP	I-PER
Carlos	NNP	I-PER
Ferrero	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
surrendered	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
World	NNP	I-MISC
No.	NN	I-MISC
1	CD	I-MISC
ranking	NN	O
to	TO	O
Ferrero	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2004	CD	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Masters	NNP	I-MISC
series	NN	I-MISC
event	NN	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
Cincinnati	NNP	I-MISC
to	TO	O
bring	VB	O
his	PRP$	O
career	NN	O
total	NN	O
to	TO	O
59	CD	O
top-level	JJ	O
singles	NNS	O
titles	NNS	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
record	NN	O
17	CD	O
ATP	NNP	I-MISC
Masters	NNP	I-MISC
Series	NNP	I-MISC
titles	NNS	O
,	,	O
having	VBG	O
already	RB	O
won	VBN	O
seven	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
nine	CD	O
ATP	NNP	I-MISC
Masters	NNP	I-MISC
tournament	NN	O
--	:	O
all	DT	O
except	IN	O
the	DT	O
tournaments	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Monte	NNP	I-MISC
Carlo	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Hamburg	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

At	IN	O
34	CD	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
second-oldest	JJS	O
singles	NNS	O
champion	VBP	O
in	IN	O
Cincinnati	NNP	I-MISC
tournament	NN	O
history	NN	O
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
tournament	NN	O
began	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1899	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
surpassed	VBD	O
only	RB	O
by	IN	O
Ken	NNP	I-PER
Rosewall	NNP	I-PER
who	WP	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
title	NN	O
in	IN	O
1970	CD	O
at	IN	O
age	NN	O
35	CD	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
became	VBD	O
only	RB	O
the	DT	O
sixth	JJ	O
male	NN	O
player	NN	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
open	JJ	O
era	NN	O
to	TO	O
reach	VB	O
800	CD	O
career	NN	O
wins	NNS	O
with	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
round	NN	O
victory	NN	O
over	IN	O
Alex	NNP	I-PER
Bogomolov	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
Countrywide	NNP	I-MISC
Classic	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
Los	NNP	I-LOC
Angeles	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
2005	CD	O
began	VBD	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
quarterfinal	JJ	O
loss	NN	O
to	TO	O
Federer	VB	I-PER
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Australian	JJ	I-LOC
Open	NN	I-LOC
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
several	JJ	O
other	JJ	O
deep	JJ	O
runs	NNS	O
at	IN	O
tournaments	NNS	O
but	CC	O
had	VBD	O
to	TO	O
withdraw	VB	O
from	IN	O
several	JJ	O
events	NNS	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
injury	NN	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
lost	VBD	O
to	TO	O
Jarkko	NNP	I-PER
Nieminen	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
round	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
French	JJ	I-ORG
Open	NN	I-ORG
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
2005	CD	O
was	VBD	O
defined	VBN	O
by	IN	O
an	DT	O
improbable	JJ	O
run	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
US	NNP	I-MISC
Open	NNP	I-MISC
final	JJ	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
beating	VBG	O
Răzvan	NNP	I-PER
Sabău	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Ivo	NNP	I-PER
Karlović	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
straight	JJ	O
sets	NNS	O
and	CC	O
Tomáš	NNP	I-PER
Berdych	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
four	CD	O
sets	NNS	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
won	VBD	O
three	CD	O
consecutive	JJ	O
five-set	NN	O
matches	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
advance	VB	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
final	JJ	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
most	RBS	O
notable	JJ	O
of	IN	O
these	DT	O
matches	VBZ	O
was	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
quarterfinal	JJ	O
victory	NN	O
over	IN	O
James	NNP	I-PER
Blake	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
rallied	VBD	O
from	IN	O
two	CD	O
sets	NNS	O
down	RB	O
to	TO	O
win	VB	O
3	CD	O
--	:	O
6	CD	O
,	,	O
3	CD	O
--	:	O
6	CD	O
,	,	O
6	CD	O
--	:	O
3	CD	O
,	,	O
6	CD	O
--	:	O
3	CD	O
,	,	O
7	CD	O
--	:	O
6	CD	O
(	LRB	O
6	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

His	PRP$	O
other	JJ	O
five-set	JJ	O
victims	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
Xavier	JJR	I-PER
Malisse	NN	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
fourth	JJ	O
round	NN	O
and	CC	O
Robby	NNP	I-PER
Ginepri	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
semifinals	NNS	O
.	.	O

Federer	NNP	I-PER
defeated	VBD	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
four	CD	O
sets	NNS	O
,	,	O
although	IN	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
gave	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
a	DT	O
scare	NN	O
when	WRB	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
up	IN	O
a	DT	O
break	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
third	JJ	O
set	NN	O
after	IN	O
splitting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
two	CD	O
sets	NNS	O
.	.	O

Before	IN	O
the	DT	O
2005	CD	O
Tennis	NNP	I-MISC
Masters	NNP	I-MISC
Cup	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
Shanghai	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
rolled	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
ankle	NN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
racquetball	NN	O
accident	NN	O
and	CC	O
tore	VBD	O
several	JJ	O
ligaments	NNS	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
nevertheless	RB	O
committed	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
tournament	NN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
seeded	JJ	O
third	JJ	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
played	VBD	O
Nikolay	NNP	I-PER
Davydenko	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
round	NN	O
robin	NN	O
match	NN	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
movement	NN	O
was	VBD	O
noticeably	RB	O
hindered	VBN	O
,	,	O
particularly	RB	O
on	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
backhand	JJ	O
return	NN	O
of	IN	O
serve	VB	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
he	PRP	O
lost	VBD	O
in	IN	O
straight	JJ	O
sets	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2005	CD	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
left	VBD	O
Nike	NNP	I-ORG
after	IN	O
17	CD	O
years	NNS	O
and	CC	O
signed	VBD	O
an	DT	O
endorsement	NN	O
deal	NN	O
with	IN	O
Adidas	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

A	DT	O
major	JJ	O
reason	NN	O
for	IN	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
leaving	VBG	O
Nike	NNP	I-ORG
was	VBD	O
because	IN	O
Nike	NNP	I-ORG
refused	VBD	O
to	TO	O
donate	VB	O
to	TO	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
charities	NNS	O
and	CC	O
Adidas	NNS	I-ORG
was	VBD	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
happy	JJ	O
to	TO	O
do	VB	O
so	RB	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
a	DT	O
poor	JJ	O
start	NN	O
to	TO	O
2006	CD	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
withdrew	VBD	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Australian	JJ	I-LOC
Open	NN	I-LOC
because	IN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
ankle	JJ	O
injury	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
back	JJ	O
injury	NN	O
and	CC	O
other	JJ	O
pains	NNS	O
forced	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
to	TO	O
withdraw	VB	O
from	IN	O
several	JJ	O
other	JJ	O
events	NNS	O
,	,	O
eventually	RB	O
skipping	VBG	O
the	DT	O
entire	JJ	O
clay	NN	O
court	NN	O
season	NN	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
the	DT	O
French	JJ	I-ORG
Open	NN	I-ORG
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
returned	VBD	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
grass	NN	O
court	NN	O
season	NN	O
,	,	O
playing	VBG	O
a	DT	O
tune-up	NN	O
and	CC	O
then	RB	O
Wimbledon	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Against	IN	O
conventions	NNS	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
the	DT	O
losing	NN	O
player	NN	O
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
interviewed	VBN	O
on	IN	O
court	NN	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
match	NN	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
a	DT	O
result	NN	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
unseeded	JJ	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
US	NNP	I-MISC
Open	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
a	DT	O
short	JJ	O
but	CC	O
dramatic	JJ	O
run	NN	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
final	JJ	O
US	NNP	I-MISC
Open	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Because	IN	O
of	IN	O
extreme	JJ	O
back	JJ	O
pain	NN	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
forced	VBN	O
to	TO	O
receive	VB	O
anti-inflammatory	JJ	O
injections	NNS	O
after	IN	O
every	DT	O
match	NN	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
won	VBD	O
6	CD	O
--	:	O
4	CD	O
,	,	O
6	CD	O
--	:	O
4	CD	O
,	,	O
3	CD	O
--	:	O
6	CD	O
,	,	O
5	CD	O
--	IN	O
7	CD	O
,	,	O
7	CD	O
--	:	O
5	CD	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
younger	JJR	O
Baghdatis	NNP	I-PER
succumbed	VBD	O
to	TO	O
muscle	NN	O
cramping	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
final	JJ	O
set	NN	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
received	VBD	O
an	DT	O
eight	CD	O
minute	NN	O
standing	VBG	O
ovation	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
crowd	NN	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
match	NN	O
and	CC	O
delivered	VBD	O
a	DT	O
memorable	JJ	O
retirement	NN	O
speech	NN	O
.	.	O

Since	IN	O
retiring	VBG	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
2006	CD	I-MISC
US	NNP	I-MISC
Open	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
participated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
series	NN	O
of	IN	O
charity	NN	O
tournaments	NNS	O
and	CC	O
continues	VBZ	O
his	PRP$	O
work	NN	O
with	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
charity	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
September	NNP	O
5	CD	O
,	,	O
2007	CD	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
surprise	NN	O
guest	NN	O
commentator	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
Andy	NNP	I-PER
Roddick	NNP	I-PER
/	NNP	O
Roger	NNP	I-PER
Federer	NNP	I-PER
US	NNP	I-MISC
Open	NNP	I-MISC
quarter-final	JJ	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
played	VBD	O
World	NNP	I-ORG
Team	NNP	I-ORG
Tennis	NNP	I-ORG
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
Philadelphia	NNP	I-ORG
Freedoms	NNS	I-ORG
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
summer	NN	O
of	IN	O
2009	CD	O
and	CC	O
played	VBD	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Outback	NNP	I-MISC
Champions	NNP	I-MISC
Series	NNP	I-MISC
event	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
time	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
the	DT	O
way	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
final	JJ	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
beat	VBD	O
Mikael	NNP	I-PER
Pernfors	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
quarter-finals	NNS	O
and	CC	O
Wayne	NNP	I-PER
Ferreira	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
semi-finals	NNS	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
also	RB	O
announced	VBD	O
that	IN	O
he	PRP	O
will	MD	O
not	RB	O
be	VB	O
playing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
tour	NN	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
full-time	JJ	O
basis	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
played	VBD	O
the	DT	O
tournament	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
favor	NN	O
to	TO	O
long-time	JJ	O
friend	NN	O
Jim	NNP	I-PER
Courier	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Early	RB	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
career	NN	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
would	MD	O
look	VB	O
to	TO	O
end	VB	O
points	NNS	O
quickly	RB	O
,	,	O
typically	RB	O
by	IN	O
inducing	VBG	O
a	DT	O
weak	JJ	O
return	NN	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
deep	JJ	O
,	,	O
hard	JJ	O
shot	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
then	RB	O
playing	VBG	O
a	DT	O
winner	NN	O
at	IN	O
an	DT	O
extreme	JJ	O
angle	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
the	DT	O
rare	JJ	O
occasion	NN	O
that	IN	O
he	PRP	O
charged	VBD	O
the	DT	O
net	NN	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
liked	VBD	O
to	TO	O
take	VB	O
the	DT	O
ball	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
air	NN	O
and	CC	O
hit	VBD	O
a	DT	O
swinging	VBG	O
volley	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
winner	NN	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
continually	RB	O
put	VBD	O
pressure	NN	O
on	IN	O
opponents	NNS	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
preference	NN	O
to	TO	O
taking	VBG	O
the	DT	O
ball	NN	O
early	JJ	O
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
known	VBN	O
for	IN	O
swinging	VBG	O
deep	JJ	O
angles	NNS	O
like	IN	O
a	DT	O
powerful	JJ	O
backhand	NN	O
up	IN	O
the	DT	O
line	NN	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
growing	VBG	O
up	RP	O
his	PRP$	O
father	NN	O
and	CC	O
Nick	NNP	I-PER
Bollettieri	NNP	I-PER
trained	JJ	O
him	PRP	O
in	IN	O
this	DT	O
way	NN	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
in	IN	O
control	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
point	NN	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
would	MD	O
often	RB	O
pass	VB	O
up	RP	O
an	DT	O
opportunity	NN	O
to	TO	O
attempt	VB	O
a	DT	O
winner	NN	O
and	CC	O
hit	VBD	O
a	DT	O
conservative	JJ	O
shot	NN	O
to	TO	O
minimize	VB	O
his	PRP$	O
errors	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
to	TO	O
make	VB	O
his	PRP$	O
opponent	NN	O
run	VB	O
more	RBR	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
serve	VBP	O
was	VBD	O
never	RB	O
the	DT	O
strength	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
game	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
it	PRP	O
improved	VBD	O
steadily	RB	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
course	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
career	NN	O
to	TO	O
being	VBG	O
above	JJ	O
average	NN	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
service	NN	O
speed	NN	O
when	WRB	O
hitting	VBG	O
a	DT	O
flat	JJ	O
first	NN	O
serve	VBP	O
would	MD	O
range	VB	O
between	IN	O
110	CD	O
mph	NN	O
(	LRB	O
177	CD	O
km/h	NN	O
)	RRB	O
to	TO	O
125	CD	O
mph	NN	O
(	LRB	O
201	CD	O
km/h	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
married	JJ	O
actress	NN	O
Brooke	NNP	I-PER
Shields	NNP	I-PER
on	IN	O
April	NNP	O
19	CD	O
,	,	O
1997	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
February	NNP	O
1998	CD	O
,	,	O
they	PRP	O
filed	VBD	O
suit	NN	O
against	IN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
National	NNP	I-MISC
Enquirer	NNP	I-MISC
claiming	VBG	O
it	PRP	O
printed	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
false	JJ	O
and	CC	O
fabricated	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
statements	NNS	O
about	IN	O
the	DT	O
couple	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
the	DT	O
case	NN	O
was	VBD	O
dismissed	VBN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
couple	NN	O
live	VBP	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Las	NNP	I-LOC
Vegas	NNP	I-LOC
area	NN	O
and	CC	O
own	JJ	O
several	JJ	O
vacation	NN	O
homes	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1995	CD	O
,	,	O
when	WRB	O
Gonzales	NNP	I-PER
died	VBD	O
in	IN	O
Las	NNP	I-LOC
Vegas	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
paid	VBD	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
funeral	NN	O
.	.	O

Long-time	JJ	O
trainer	NN	O
Gil	NNP	I-PER
Reyes	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
called	VBN	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
closest	JJS	O
friends	NNS	O
;	;	O
some	DT	O
have	VBP	O
described	VBN	O
him	PRP	O
as	IN	O
being	VBG	O
a	DT	O
"	LQU	O
father	NN	O
figure	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
it	PRP	O
,	,	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
admitted	VBD	O
that	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
once	RB	O
distinctive	JJ	O
bushy	JJ	O
mane	NN	O
was	VBD	O
actually	RB	O
a	DT	O
wig	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
to	TO	O
using	VBG	O
and	CC	O
testing	VBG	O
positive	JJ	O
for	IN	O
methamphetamine	NN	O
in	IN	O
1997,	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
response	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
latter	NN	O
revelation	NN	O
,	,	O
Roger	NNP	I-PER
Federer	NNP	I-PER
declared	VBD	O
himself	PRP	O
shocked	JJ	O
and	CC	O
disappointed	JJ	O
,	,	O
while	IN	O
Sergej	NNP	I-PER
Bubka	NNP	I-PER
declared	VBD	O
that	IN	O
Agassi	NNP	I-PER
should	MD	O
have	VB	O
been	VBN	O
disqualified	VBN	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
also	RB	O
revealed	VBD	O
he	PRP	O
thought	VBD	O
Pete	NNP	I-PER
Sampras	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
robotic	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
registered	JJ	O
Democrat	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
has	VBZ	O
donated	VBN	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
$	$	O
100,000	CD	O
to	TO	O
Democratic	JJ	I-MISC
candidates	NNS	O
.	.	O

Agassi	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
charities	NNS	O
help	VBP	O
in	IN	O
assisting	VBG	O
children	NNS	O
reach	VBP	O
their	PRP$	O
athletic	JJ	O
potential	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2005	CD	O
,	,	O
Tennis	NNP	I-MISC
magazine	NN	I-MISC
named	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
the	DT	O
7th	CD	O
greatest	JJS	O
male	JJ	O
player	NN	O
--	:	O
and	CC	O
12th	JJ	O
greatest	JJS	O
player	NN	O
overall	NN	O
--	:	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
period	NN	O
1965	CD	O
through	IN	O
2005	CD	O
.	.	O

ATP	NNP	I-MISC
World	NNP	I-MISC
Tour	NNP	I-MISC
Masters	NNP	I-MISC
1000	CD	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
formerly	RB	O
ATP	NNP	I-MISC
Masters	NNP	I-MISC
Series	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
titles	NNS	O
:	IN	O
17	CD	O
(	LRB	O
Second	NNP	O
only	RB	O
to	TO	O
Nadal	NNP	I-PER
:	IN	O
18	CD	O
)	RRB	O





Diffloth	NNP	I-PER
compares	VBZ	O
reconstructions	NNS	O
of	IN	O
various	JJ	O
clades	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
attempts	NNS	O
to	TO	O
classify	VB	O
them	PRP	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
shared	JJ	O
innovations	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
although	IN	O
these	DT	O
claims	NNS	O
must	MD	O
be	VB	O
treated	VBN	O
as	IN	O
doubtful	JJ	O
until	IN	O
the	DT	O
evidence	NN	O
of	IN	O
these	DT	O
clades	NNS	O
is	VBZ	O
published	VBN	O
or	CC	O
otherwise	RB	O
made	VBN	O
available	JJ	O
for	IN	O
scholars	NNS	O
to	TO	O
assess	VB	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O





Nearly	RB	O
all	DT	O
scholars	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
accepted	VBN	O
Greenberg	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
classification	NN	O
.	.	O





Its	PRP$	O
capital	NN	O
,	,	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
la	NNP	I-LOC
Vella	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
capital	NN	O
cities	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
being	VBG	O
at	IN	O
an	DT	O
elevation	NN	O
of	IN	O
1023	CD	O
metres	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
role	NN	O
of	IN	O
monarch	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
exercised	VBN	O
jointly	RB	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
two	CD	O
co-princes	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
President	NNP	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
French	NNP	I-LOC
Republic	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Bishop	NN	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Urgell	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Catalonia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Spain	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

This	DT	O
peculiarity	NN	O
makes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
President	NNP	O
of	IN	O
France	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
capacity	NN	O
as	IN	O
Prince	NNP	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
only	RB	O
reigning	VBG	O
monarch	NN	O
actually	RB	O
elected	VBN	O
in	IN	O
regular	JJ	O
intervals	NNS	O
by	IN	O
vote	NN	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
prosperous	JJ	O
country	NN	O
mainly	RB	O
because	IN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
tourism	NN	O
industry	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
services	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
estimated	JJ	O
10.2	CD	O
million	CD	O
visitors	NNS	O
annually	RB	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
also	RB	O
because	IN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
status	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
tax	NN	O
haven	NN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
a	DT	O
member	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
European	NNP	I-ORG
Union	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
but	CC	O
the	DT	O
euro	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
de	FW	O
facto	FW	O
currency	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
people	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
have	VBP	O
the	DT	O
2nd	JJ	O
highest	JJS	O
human	JJ	O
life	NN	O
expectancy	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
--	IN	O
82	CD	O
years	NNS	O
at	IN	O
birth	NN	O
.	.	O

Since	IN	O
then	RB	O
the	DT	O
Bishop	NN	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Urgell	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
based	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Seu	NNP	I-LOC
d'Urgell	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
has	VBZ	O
owned	VBN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1812	CD	O
--	:	O
13	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
First	NNP	I-MISC
French	NNP	I-MISC
Empire	NNP	I-MISC
annexed	VBD	O
Catalonia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
divided	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
in	IN	O
four	CD	O
départements	NNS	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
being	VBG	O
made	VBN	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
district	NN	O
of	IN	O
Puigcerdà	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
département	NN	O
of	IN	O
Sègre	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
remained	VBD	O
in	IN	O
an	DT	O
official	JJ	O
state	NN	O
of	IN	O
belligerency	NN	O
until	IN	O
1957	CD	O
as	IN	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
included	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Treaty	NNP	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Versailles	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1933	CD	O
,	,	O
France	NNP	I-LOC
occupied	VBD	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
result	NN	O
of	IN	O
social	JJ	O
unrest	NN	O
before	IN	O
elections	NNS	O
.	.	O

Francoist	JJ	I-ORG
troops	NNS	O
reached	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Andorran	JJ	I-LOC
border	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
later	JJ	O
stages	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
war	NN	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
World	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
II	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
remained	VBD	O
neutral	JJ	O
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
an	DT	O
important	JJ	O
smuggling	NN	O
route	NN	O
between	IN	O
Vichy	NNP	I-ORG
France	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
Spain	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Its	PRP$	O
political	JJ	O
system	NN	O
was	VBD	O
modernised	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1993	CD	O
,	,	O
when	WRB	O
it	PRP	O
became	VBD	O
a	DT	O
member	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
Nations	NNPS	I-ORG
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Council	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Europe	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
parliamentary	JJ	O
co-principality	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
President	NNP	O
of	IN	O
France	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Bishop	NN	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Urgell	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
Catalonia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Spain	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
co-princes	NNS	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
duumvirate	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
politics	NNS	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Andorra	NNP	I-ORG
take	VB	O
place	NN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
framework	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
parliamentary	JJ	O
representative	NN	O
democracy	NN	O
,	,	O
whereby	WRB	O
the	DT	O
Prime	NNP	O
Minister	NNP	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
head	NN	O
of	IN	O
government	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
pluriform	NN	O
multi-party	JJ	O
system	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
current	JJ	O
Prime	NNP	O
Minister	NNP	O
is	VBZ	O
Jaume	JJ	I-PER
Bartumeu	NNP	I-PER
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Social	NNP	I-ORG
Democratic	NNP	I-ORG
Party	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
PS	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Eight	CD	O
days	NNS	O
later	RB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Council	NNP	I-ORG
convenes	VBZ	O
once	RB	O
more	JJR	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
General	NNP	O
Council	NNP	I-ORG
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
responsible	JJ	O
for	IN	O
proposing	VBG	O
and	CC	O
passing	VBG	O
laws	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Council	NNP	I-ORG
also	RB	O
approves	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
annual	JJ	O
budget	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
principality	NN	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
member	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
Nations	NNP	I-ORG
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
other	JJ	O
international	JJ	O
organisations	NNS	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
consists	VBZ	O
of	IN	O
seven	CD	O
parishes	NNS	O
:	:	O

Due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
location	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
eastern	JJ	O
Pyrenees	NNS	I-LOC
mountain	NN	O
range	NN	O
,	,	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
consists	VBZ	O
predominantly	RB	O
of	IN	O
rugged	JJ	O
mountains	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
being	VBG	O
the	DT	O
Coma	NNP	I-LOC
Pedrosa	NNP	I-LOC
at	IN	O
2942	CD	O
metres	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
9652	CD	O
ft	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
average	JJ	O
elevation	NN	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
1996	CD	O
metres	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
6549	CD	O
ft	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
surface	NN	O
area	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
468	CD	O
square	JJ	O
kilometres	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
181	CD	O
sq	NN	O
mi	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
temperate	JJ	O
climate	NN	O
similar	JJ	O
to	TO	O
that	DT	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
neighbours	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
higher	JJR	O
elevation	NN	O
means	VBZ	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
,	,	O
on	IN	O
average	NN	O
,	,	O
more	JJR	O
snow	NN	O
in	IN	O
winter	NN	O
,	,	O
lower	JJR	O
humidity	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
slightly	RB	O
cooler	NN	O
in	IN	O
summer	NN	O
.	.	O

Tourism	NNP	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
mainstay	NN	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
tiny	JJ	O
,	,	O
well-to-do	JJ	O
economy	NN	O
,	,	O
accounts	NNS	O
for	IN	O
roughly	RB	O
80	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
GDP	NNP	O
.	.	O

An	DT	O
estimated	VBN	O
10.2	CD	O
million	CD	O
tourists	NNS	O
visit	NN	O
annually	RB	O
,	,	O
attracted	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
duty-free	JJ	O
status	NN	O
and	CC	O
by	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
summer	NN	O
and	CC	O
winter	NN	O
resorts	NNS	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
comparative	JJ	O
advantage	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
recently	RB	O
eroded	VBN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
economies	NNS	O
of	IN	O
adjoining	VBG	O
France	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Spain	NNP	I-LOC
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
opened	VBN	O
up	RP	O
,	,	O
providing	VBG	O
broader	JJR	O
availability	NN	O
of	IN	O
goods	NNS	O
and	CC	O
lower	JJR	O
tariffs	NNS	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
natural	JJ	O
resources	NNS	O
include	VBP	O
hydroelectric	JJ	O
power	NN	O
,	,	O
mineral	NN	O
water	NN	O
,	,	O
timber	NN	O
,	,	O
iron	NN	O
ore	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
lead	NN	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
lacks	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
currency	NN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
and	CC	O
uses	VBZ	O
that	IN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
two	CD	O
surrounding	VBG	O
nations	NNS	O
.	.	O

Coins	NNS	O
and	CC	O
notes	NNS	O
of	IN	O
both	DT	O
the	DT	O
franc	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
peseta	NN	O
,	,	O
however	RB	O
,	,	O
remained	VBD	O
legal	JJ	O
tender	NN	O
in	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
until	IN	O
2002	CD	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
negotiating	VBG	O
to	TO	O
issue	VB	O
its	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
euro	NN	O
coins	NNS	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
lowest	JJS	O
unemployment	NN	O
rates	NNS	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
statistics	NNS	O
on	IN	O
June	NNP	O
2009	CD	O
showing	VBG	O
almost	RB	O
100	CD	O
%	NN	O
employment	NN	O
within	IN	O
the	DT	O
country	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
population	NN	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
estimated	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
87,888	CD	O
(	LRB	O
July	NNP	O
2009	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Andorran	NNP	I-LOC
government	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
keen	JJ	O
to	TO	O
encourage	VB	O
the	DT	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
Catalan	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
funds	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
commission	NN	O
for	IN	O
Catalan	NNP	I-MISC
toponymy	NN	O
in	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
provides	VBZ	O
free	JJ	O
Catalan	NN	I-MISC
classes	NNS	O
to	TO	O
assist	VB	O
immigrants	NNS	O
.	.	O

Andorran	NNP	I-LOC
television	NN	O
and	CC	O
radio	NN	O
stations	NNS	O
use	VBP	O
Catalan	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
only	RB	O
four	CD	O
European	JJ	I-LOC
countries	NNS	I-LOC
that	WDT	O
have	VBP	O
never	RB	O
signed	VBN	O
the	DT	O
Council	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Europe	NNP	I-ORG
Framework	NNP	I-ORG
Convention	NNP	I-ORG
on	IN	I-ORG
National	NNP	I-ORG
Minorities	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
University	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Andorra	NNP	I-ORG
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
public	JJ	O
university	NN	O
and	CC	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
only	JJ	O
university	NN	O
in	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
road	NN	O
network	NN	O
of	IN	O
279	CD	O
km	NN	O
(	LRB	O
173	CD	O
mi	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
of	IN	O
which	WDT	O
76	CD	O
km	NN	O
(	LRB	O
47	CD	O
mi	NN	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
unpaved	JJ	O
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
frequent	JJ	O
long-distance	JJ	O
bus	NN	O
services	NNS	O
from	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
Barcelona	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Barcelona	NNP	I-LOC
Airport	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
also	RB	O
to	TO	O
Toulouse	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Toulouse	NNP	I-LOC
Airport	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
in	IN	O
each	DT	O
case	NN	O
taking	VBG	O
approximately	RB	O
3	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
no	DT	O
railways	NNS	O
,	,	O
ports	NNS	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
airports	NNS	O
for	IN	O
fixed-wing	JJ	O
aircraft	NN	O
in	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
,	,	O
however	RB	O
,	,	O
heliports	NNS	O
in	IN	O
La	NNP	I-LOC
Massana	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Arinsal	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Escaldes-Engordany	NNP	I-LOC
with	IN	O
commercial	JJ	O
helicopter	NN	O
services	NNS	O
.	.	O

La	NNP	I-LOC
Seu	NNP	I-LOC
d'Urgell	NNP	I-LOC
Airport	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
small	JJ	O
airfield	NN	O
12	CD	O
km	NN	O
(	LRB	O
7	CD	O
mi	NN	O
)	RRB	O
south	NN	O
of	IN	O
Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
currently	RB	O
used	VBD	O
only	RB	O
by	IN	O
private	JJ	O
aeroplanes	NNS	O
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
being	VBG	O
studied	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Catalan	NNP	I-MISC
government	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
possible	JJ	O
future	JJ	O
airport	NN	O
for	IN	O
public	JJ	O
aviation	NN	O
services	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
line	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
operated	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
SNCF	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

There	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
only	RB	O
one	CD	O
Andorran	JJ	I-LOC
television	NN	O
station	NN	O
,	,	O
Ràdio	NNP	I-ORG
i	NNP	I-ORG
Televisió	NNP	I-ORG
d'Andorra	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
RTVA	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
official	NN	O
and	CC	O
historic	JJ	O
language	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Catalan	JJ	I-MISC
.	.	O

Thus	RB	O
,	,	O
its	PRP$	O
culture	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Catalan	VBN	I-MISC
with	IN	O
some	DT	O
own	JJ	O
specificity	NN	O
.	.	O

Andorra	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
home	NN	O
to	TO	O
folk	NN	O
dances	NNS	O
like	IN	O
the	DT	O
contrapàs	NNS	O
and	CC	O
marratxa	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
survive	VBP	O
in	IN	O
Sant	NNP	I-LOC
Julià	NNP	I-LOC
de	IN	I-LOC
Lòria	NNP	I-LOC
especially	RB	O
.	.	O





Ben	NNP	I-PER
Bernanke	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
has	VBZ	O
speculated	VBN	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
difference	NN	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
accounted	VBN	O
for	IN	O
through	IN	O
technology	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
less	RBR	O
so	RB	O
via	IN	O
the	DT	O
decline	NN	O
in	IN	O
labour	NN	O
unions	NNS	O
and	CC	O
other	JJ	O
factors	NNS	O
.	.	O





The	DT	O
American	NNP	I-ORG
Football	NNP	I-ORG
Conference	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
two	CD	O
conferences	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
National	NNP	I-ORG
Football	NNP	I-ORG
League	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
NFL	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
conference	NN	O
and	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
counterpart	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
National	NNP	I-ORG
Football	NNP	I-ORG
Conference	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
NFC	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
currently	RB	O
contain	VBP	O
16	CD	O
teams	NNS	O
each	DT	O
,	,	O
making	VBG	O
up	RP	O
the	DT	O
32	CD	O
teams	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
NFL	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Since	IN	O
2002	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
has	VBZ	O
comprised	VBN	O
16	CD	O
teams	NNS	O
,	,	O
organized	VBN	O
into	IN	O
four	CD	O
divisions	NNS	O
each	DT	O
containing	VBG	O
four	CD	O
teams	NNS	O
:	IN	O
East	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
North	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
South	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
West	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
remaining	VBG	O
8	CD	O
games	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
split	VBN	O
between	IN	O
the	DT	O
roster	NN	O
of	IN	O
two	CD	O
other	JJ	O
NFL	NNP	I-ORG
divisions	NNS	O
.	.	O

At	IN	O
the	DT	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
each	DT	O
football	NN	O
season	NN	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
are	VBP	O
playoff	NN	O
games	NNS	O
involving	VBG	O
the	DT	O
top	JJ	O
six	CD	O
teams	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
four	CD	O
division	NN	O
champions	NNS	O
by	IN	O
place	NN	O
standing	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
top	JJ	O
two	CD	O
remaining	VBG	O
non-division-champion	JJ	O
teams	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
"	LQU	O
wild	JJ	O
cards	NNS	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
by	IN	O
record	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
champion	NN	O
plays	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
NFC	NNP	I-ORG
champion	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Super	NNP	I-ORG
Bowl	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

After	IN	O
Super	NNP	I-MISC
Bowl	NNP	I-MISC
XLIII	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
has	VBZ	O
won	VBN	O
19	CD	O
Super	NNP	I-ORG
Bowls	NNP	I-ORG
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
21	CD	O
won	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
NFC	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Since	IN	O
losing	VBG	O
13	CD	O
consecutive	JJ	O
Super	NNP	I-ORG
Bowls	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
1980s	NNS	O
and	CC	O
1990s	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
XIX	NNP	I-MISC
--	:	O
XXXI	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
has	VBZ	O
won	VBN	O
nine	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
last	JJ	O
twelve	NN	O
.	.	O

All	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
10	CD	O
former	JJ	O
AFL	NNP	I-ORG
teams	NNS	O
along	IN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
NFL	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	O
Cleveland	NNP	I-ORG
Browns	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
Pittsburgh	NNP	I-ORG
Steelers	NNPS	I-ORG
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
then-Baltimore	JJ	I-ORG
Colts	NNS	I-ORG
joined	VBD	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Since	IN	O
the	DT	O
merger	NN	O
,	,	O
five	CD	O
expansion	NN	O
teams	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
joined	VBN	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
two	CD	O
have	VBP	O
left	VBN	O
,	,	O
thus	RB	O
making	VBG	O
the	DT	O
current	JJ	O
total	NN	O
16	CD	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
the	DT	O
Seattle	NNP	I-ORG
Seahawks	NNPS	I-ORG
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Tampa	NNP	I-ORG
Bay	NNP	I-ORG
Buccaneers	NNP	I-ORG
joined	VBD	O
the	DT	O
league	NN	O
in	IN	O
1976	CD	O
,	,	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
temporarily	RB	O
placed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
NFC	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
respectively	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Seahawks	NNS	I-ORG
eventually	RB	O
returned	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
NFC	NNP	I-ORG
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
result	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
2002	CD	O
realignment	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
expansion	NN	O
Jacksonville	NNP	I-ORG
Jaguars	NNP	I-ORG
joined	VBD	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
1995	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Houston	NNP	I-ORG
Texans	NNPS	I-ORG
were	VBD	O
then	RB	O
added	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
league	NN	O
in	IN	O
2002	CD	O
,	,	O
joining	VBG	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
merged	JJ	O
league	NN	O
created	VBD	O
a	DT	O
new	JJ	O
logo	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
that	WDT	O
took	VBD	O
elements	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
old	JJ	O
AFL	NNP	I-ORG
logo	NN	O
,	,	O
specifically	RB	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
A	DT	O
"	RQU	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
six	CD	O
stars	NNS	O
surrounding	VBG	O
it	PRP	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
logo	NN	O
basically	RB	O
remained	VBD	O
unchanged	JJ	O
from	IN	O
1970	CD	O
to	TO	O
2009	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
2010	CD	I-MISC
NFL	NNP	I-MISC
season	NN	I-MISC
introduced	VBD	O
an	DT	O
updated	VBN	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
logo	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
notable	JJ	O
revision	NN	O
being	VBG	O
the	DT	O
removal	NN	O
of	IN	O
two	CD	O
stars	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
leaving	VBG	O
four	CD	O
representing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
four	CD	O
divisions	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
AFC	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
moving	VBG	O
the	DT	O
stars	NNS	O
inside	IN	O
the	DT	O
letter	NN	O
,	,	O
similar	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
NFC	NNP	I-ORG
logo	NN	O
.	.	O





Animal	NNP	I-MISC
Farm	NNP	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
dystopian	JJ	O
allegorical	JJ	O
novella	NN	O
by	IN	O
George	NNP	I-PER
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Published	VBN	O
in	IN	O
England	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
17	CD	O
August	NNP	O
1945	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
book	NN	O
reflects	VBZ	O
events	NNS	O
leading	VBG	O
up	RP	O
to	TO	O
and	CC	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
Stalin	NNP	I-MISC
era	NN	I-MISC
before	IN	O
World	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
II	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Of	IN	O
all	PDT	O
the	DT	O
translations	NNS	O
during	IN	O
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
lifetime	NN	O
,	,	O
only	RB	O
Telugu	NNP	I-MISC
kept	VBD	O
the	DT	O
original	JJ	O
title	NN	O
.	.	O

Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
attempts	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
teach	VB	O
the	DT	O
animals	NNS	O
reading	NN	O
and	CC	O
writing	NN	O
;	;	O
food	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
plentiful	JJ	O
;	;	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
farm	NN	O
runs	VBZ	O
smoothly	RB	O
.	.	O

Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
takes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
pups	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
farm	NN	O
dogs	NNS	O
and	CC	O
trains	NNS	O
them	PRP	O
privately	RB	O
.	.	O

Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
struggle	NN	O
for	IN	O
leadership	NN	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
announces	VBZ	O
his	PRP$	O
idea	NN	O
for	IN	O
a	DT	O
windmill	NN	O
,	,	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
opposes	VBZ	O
it	PRP	O
.	.	O

Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
makes	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
speech	NN	O
in	IN	O
favour	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
windmill	NN	O
,	,	O
whereupon	NN	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
his	PRP$	O
dogs	NNS	O
chase	VB	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
away	RB	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
absence	NN	O
,	,	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
declares	VBZ	O
himself	PRP	O
leader	NN	O
and	CC	O
makes	VBZ	O
changes	NNS	O
.	.	O

Once	RB	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
becomes	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
scapegoat	NN	O
,	,	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
begins	VBZ	O
purging	VBG	O
the	DT	O
farm	NN	O
,	,	O
killing	VBG	O
animals	NNS	O
he	PRP	O
accuses	VBZ	O
of	IN	O
consorting	VBG	O
with	IN	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
abuses	NNS	O
his	PRP$	O
powers	NNS	O
,	,	O
making	VBG	O
life	NN	O
harder	RBR	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
animals	NNS	O
;	;	O
the	DT	O
pigs	NNS	O
impose	VB	O
more	JJR	O
control	NN	O
while	IN	O
reserving	VBG	O
privileges	NNS	O
for	IN	O
themselves	PRP	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
pigs	NNS	O
rewrite	VBP	O
history	NN	O
,	,	O
villainizing	VBG	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
glorifying	VBG	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

"	LQU	O
Beasts	NNS	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
England	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
is	VBZ	O
banned	VBN	O
as	IN	O
inappropriate	JJ	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
according	VBG	O
to	TO	O
Napoleon	VB	I-PER
the	DT	O
dream	NN	O
of	IN	O
Animal	NNP	I-MISC
Farm	NNP	I-MISC
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
realized	VBN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
replaced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
an	DT	O
anthem	NN	O
glorifying	VBG	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
appears	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
adopting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
lifestyle	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
man	NN	O
.	.	O

Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
holds	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
dinner	NN	O
party	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
pigs	NNS	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
humans	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
area	NN	O
,	,	O
who	WP	O
congratulate	VBP	O
Napoleon	NN	I-PER
on	IN	O
having	VBG	O
the	DT	O
hardest-working	JJ	O
animals	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
country	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
least	JJS	O
feed	NN	O
.	.	O

Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
announces	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
alliance	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
humans	NNS	O
,	,	O
against	IN	O
the	DT	O
labouring	VBG	O
classes	NNS	O
of	IN	O
both	DT	O
"	LQU	O
worlds	NNS	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
invented	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
highly	RB	O
respected	JJ	O
pig	NN	O
Old	NNP	I-MISC
Major	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

(	LRB	O
with	IN	O
wings	NNS	O
counting	VBG	O
as	IN	O
legs	NNS	O
for	IN	O
this	DT	O
purpose	NN	O
,	,	O
Snowball	NNP	I-MISC
arguing	VBG	O
that	IN	O
wings	NNS	O
count	VBP	O
as	RB	O
legs	NNS	O
as	IN	O
they	PRP	O
are	VBP	O
objects	NNS	O
of	IN	O
propulsion	NN	O
rather	RB	O
than	IN	O
manipulation	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
the	DT	O
sheep	NN	O
constantly	RB	O
repeat	NN	O
,	,	O
distracting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
crowd	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
lies	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
pigs	NNS	O
.	.	O

Later	RB	O
,	,	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
pigs	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
corrupted	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
absolute	JJ	O
power	NN	O
they	PRP	O
hold	VBP	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
farm	NN	O
.	.	O

George	NNP	I-PER
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
wrote	VBD	O
the	DT	O
manuscript	NN	O
in	IN	O
1943	CD	O
and	CC	O
1944	CD	O
following	VBG	O
his	PRP$	O
experiences	NNS	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
Spanish	JJ	I-MISC
Civil	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
he	PRP	O
described	VBD	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
1938	CD	O
Homage	NN	I-MISC
to	TO	I-MISC
Catalonia	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Eventually	RB	O
Secker	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	I-ORG
Warburg	NNP	I-ORG
published	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
edition	NN	O
in	IN	O
1945	CD	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
the	DT	O
battle	NN	O
,	,	O
Fredrick	NNP	I-MISC
drills	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
hole	NN	O
and	CC	O
places	VBZ	O
explosives	NNS	O
inside	RB	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
followed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
"	LQU	O
All	PDT	O
the	DT	O
animals	NNS	O
,	,	O
except	IN	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
"	RQU	O
took	VBD	O
cover	NN	O
;	;	O
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
the	DT	O
publisher	NN	O
alter	VB	O
this	DT	O
from	IN	O
"	LQU	O
All	PDT	O
the	DT	O
animals	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
"	RQU	O
in	IN	O
recognition	NN	O
of	IN	O
Joseph	NNP	I-PER
Stalin	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
decision	NN	O
to	TO	O
remain	VB	O
in	IN	O
Moscow	NNP	I-LOC
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
German	JJ	I-MISC
advance	NN	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Battle	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Cowshed	VBN	I-MISC
represents	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
allied	JJ	O
invasion	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
1918	CD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
defeat	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
White	NNP	I-MISC
Russians	NNPS	I-MISC
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Russian	NNP	I-MISC
Civil	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

During	IN	O
World	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
II	NNP	I-MISC
it	PRP	O
became	VBD	O
apparent	JJ	O
to	TO	O
Orwell	VB	I-PER
that	DT	O
anti-Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
literature	NN	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
something	DT	O
which	WDT	O
most	RBS	O
major	JJ	O
publishing	NN	O
houses	NNS	O
would	MD	O
touch	VB	O
--	:	O
including	VBG	O
his	PRP$	O
regular	JJ	O
publisher	NN	O
Gollancz	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
also	RB	O
submitted	VBD	O
the	DT	O
manuscript	NN	O
to	TO	O
Faber	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	I-ORG
Faber	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
the	DT	O
poet	NN	O
T.	NNP	I-PER
S.	NNP	I-PER
Eliot	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
who	WP	O
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
director	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
firm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
also	RB	O
rejected	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
;	;	O
Eliot	NNP	I-PER
wrote	VBD	O
back	RB	O
to	TO	O
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
praising	VBG	O
its	PRP$	O
"	LQU	O
good	JJ	O
writing	NN	O
"	RQU	O
and	CC	O
"	LQU	O
fundamental	JJ	O
integrity	NN	O
"	RQU	O
but	CC	O
declaring	VBG	O
that	IN	O
they	PRP	O
would	MD	O
only	RB	O
accept	VB	O
it	PRP	O
for	IN	O
publication	NN	O
if	IN	O
they	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
some	DT	O
sympathy	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
viewpoint	NN	O
"	LQU	O
which	WDT	O
I	PRP	O
take	VBP	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
generally	RB	O
Trotskyite	JJ	I-PER
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Eliot	NNP	I-PER
said	VBD	O
he	PRP	O
found	VBD	O
the	DT	O
view	NN	O
"	LQU	O
not	RB	O
convincing	VBG	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
contended	VBD	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
pigs	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
made	VBN	O
out	RP	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
the	DT	O
best	JJS	O
to	TO	O
run	VB	O
the	DT	O
farm	NN	O
;	;	O
he	PRP	O
posited	VBD	O
that	IN	O
someone	DT	O
might	MD	O
argue	VB	O
"	LQU	O
what	WP	O
was	VBD	O
needed	VBN	O
..	NN	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
more	JJR	O
communism	NN	O
but	CC	O
more	JJR	O
public-spirited	JJ	O
pigs	NNS	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
publisher	NN	O
then	RB	O
wrote	VBD	O
to	TO	O
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
saying	VBG	O
:	:	O

"	LQU	O
The	DT	O
sinister	NN	O
fact	NN	O
about	IN	O
literary	JJ	O
censorship	NN	O
in	IN	O
England	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
that	IN	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
largely	RB	O
voluntary	JJ	O
.	.	O

Secker	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	I-ORG
Warburg	NNP	I-ORG
published	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
edition	NN	O
of	IN	O
Animal	NNP	I-MISC
Farm	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1945	CD	O
without	IN	O
any	DT	O
introduction	NN	O
.	.	O

Animal	NNP	I-MISC
Farm	NNP	I-MISC
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
adapted	VBN	O
to	TO	O
film	NN	O
twice	RB	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
1954	CD	O
film	NN	O
Napoleon	NN	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
overthrown	VBN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
second	JJ	O
revolution	NN	O
while	IN	O
the	DT	O
1999	CD	O
film	NN	O
shows	VBZ	O
Napoleon	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
regime	NN	O
collapsing	VBG	O
in	IN	O
on	IN	O
itself	PRP	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
happened	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

On	IN	O
17	CD	O
July	NNP	O
2009	CD	O
,	,	O
Amazon.com	NNP	I-ORG
withdrew	VBD	O
certain	JJ	O
Amazon	NNP	I-MISC
Kindle	NNP	I-MISC
titles	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
Animal	NNP	I-MISC
Farm	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Nineteen	NNP	I-MISC
Eighty-Four	NNP	I-MISC
by	IN	O
George	NNP	I-PER
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
from	IN	O
sale	NN	O
,	,	O
refunded	VBD	O
buyers	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
remotely	RB	O
deleted	JJ	O
items	NNS	O
from	IN	O
purchasers	NNS	O
'	POS	O
devices	NNS	O
after	IN	O
discovering	VBG	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
publisher	NN	O
lacked	VBD	O
rights	NNS	O
to	TO	O
publish	VB	O
the	DT	O
titles	NNS	O
in	IN	O
question	NN	O
.	.	O







Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
i	NNP	O
i	NNP	O
i	NNP	O
/	NNP	O
l	NN	O
æ	NN	O
s	VBZ	O
k	NN	O
ə	NN	O
/	NN	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
state	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
by	IN	O
area	NN	O
;	;	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
situated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
northwest	JJS	O
extremity	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
North	NNP	I-MISC
American	NNP	I-MISC
continent	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
Canada	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
east	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Arctic	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
north	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
west	NN	O
and	CC	O
south	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
further	JJ	O
west	NN	O
across	IN	O
the	DT	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Strait	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Approximately	RB	O
half	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
698,473	CD	O
residents	NNS	O
live	VBP	O
within	IN	O
the	DT	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
metropolitan	JJ	O
area	NN	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
of	IN	O
2009	CD	O
,	,	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
remains	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
least	JJS	O
densely	RB	O
populated	JJ	O
state	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	I-MISC
purchased	VBN	I-MISC
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-LOC
Empire	NN	I-LOC
on	IN	O
March	NNP	O
30	CD	O
,	,	O
1867	CD	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
$	$	O
7.2	CD	O
million	CD	O
at	IN	O
about	RB	O
two	CD	O
cents	NNS	O
per	IN	O
acre	NN	O
(	LRB	O
$	$	O
4.74/km²	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
land	NN	O
went	VBD	O
through	IN	O
several	JJ	O
administrative	JJ	O
changes	NNS	O
before	IN	O
becoming	VBG	O
an	DT	O
organized	JJ	O
territory	NN	O
on	IN	O
May	NNP	O
11	CD	O
,	,	O
1912	CD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
49th	JJ	O
state	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
January	NNP	O
3	CD	O
,	,	O
1959	CD	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
known	VBN	O
as	IN	O
Alyeska	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
great	JJ	O
land	NN	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
an	DT	O
Aleut	NNP	I-MISC
word	NN	O
derived	VBD	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
root	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
capital	NN	O
city	NN	O
,	,	O
Juneau	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
situated	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
mainland	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
North	NNP	I-MISC
American	NNP	I-MISC
continent	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
is	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
connected	VBN	O
by	IN	O
road	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
rest	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
North	JJ	I-MISC
American	JJ	I-MISC
highway	NN	O
system	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
state	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
bordered	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Yukon	NNP	I-LOC
Territory	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
British	NNP	I-LOC
Columbia	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
Canada	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
east	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Gulf	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
south	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Strait	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Chukchi	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
west	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Arctic	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
north	NN	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
territorial	JJ	O
waters	NNS	O
touch	VB	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
territorial	JJ	O
waters	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Strait	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Russian	NNP	I-MISC
Big	NNP	I-LOC
Diomede	NNP	I-LOC
Island	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
Little	NNP	I-LOC
Diomede	NNP	I-LOC
Island	NNP	I-LOC
are	VBP	O
only	RB	O
3	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
4.8	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
apart	RB	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
it	PRP	O
extends	VBZ	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
eastern	JJ	O
hemisphere	NN	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
technically	RB	O
both	DT	O
the	DT	O
westernmost	NN	O
and	CC	O
easternmost	JJ	O
state	NN	O
in	IN	I-ORG
the	DT	I-ORG
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
,	,	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
also	RB	O
being	VBG	O
the	DT	O
northernmost	NN	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
state	NN	O
in	IN	I-ORG
the	DT	I-ORG
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
in	IN	O
land	NN	O
area	NN	O
at	IN	O
586412	CD	O
square	JJ	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
1518800	CD	O
km	NN	O
2	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
over	IN	O
twice	RB	O
the	DT	O
size	NN	O
of	IN	O
Texas	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
next	JJ	O
largest	JJS	O
state	NN	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
larger	JJR	O
than	IN	O
all	DT	O
but	CC	O
18	CD	O
sovereign	JJ	O
countries	NNS	O
.	.	O

Without	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Brazil	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Australia	NNP	I-LOC
are	VBP	O
larger	JJR	O
than	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
International	NNP	I-LOC
Date	NNP	I-LOC
Line	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
drawn	VBN	O
west	NN	O
of	IN	O
180°	CD	O
to	TO	O
keep	VB	O
the	DT	O
whole	JJ	O
state	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
thus	RB	O
the	DT	O
entire	JJ	O
North	JJ	I-MISC
American	JJ	I-MISC
continent	NN	O
,	,	O
within	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
legal	JJ	O
day	NN	O
.	.	O

With	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
myriad	JJ	O
islands	NNS	O
,	,	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
nearly	RB	O
34000	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
54720	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
tidal	JJ	O
shoreline	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Aleutian	NNP	I-LOC
Islands	NNP	I-LOC
chain	NN	O
extends	VBZ	O
west	RB	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
southern	JJ	O
tip	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
Peninsula	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Many	JJ	O
active	JJ	O
volcanoes	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
found	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Aleutians	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

Unimak	NNP	I-LOC
Island	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
for	IN	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
home	NN	O
to	TO	O
Mount	NNP	I-LOC
Shishaldin	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
occasionally	RB	O
smoldering	VBG	O
volcano	NN	O
that	WDT	O
rises	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
10000	CD	O
feet	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
3000	CD	O
m	NN	O
)	RRB	O
above	IN	O
the	DT	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
chain	NN	O
of	IN	O
volcanoes	NNS	O
extends	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
Mount	NNP	I-LOC
Spurr	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
west	NN	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NN	I-LOC
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
mainland	NN	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
more	JJR	O
volcanoes	NNS	O
than	IN	O
any	DT	O
other	JJ	O
state	NN	O
.	.	O

One	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
largest	JJS	O
tides	NNS	O
occurs	VBZ	O
in	IN	O
Turnagain	NN	I-LOC
Arm	NN	I-LOC
,	,	O
just	RB	O
south	RB	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
--	:	O
tidal	JJ	O
differences	NNS	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
35	CD	O
feet	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
10.7	CD	O
m	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
three	CD	O
million	CD	O
lakes	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Glacier	NNP	I-LOC
complex	NN	O
near	IN	O
the	DT	O
southeastern	JJ	O
border	NN	O
with	IN	O
Yukon	NNP	I-LOC
covers	VBZ	O
2250	CD	O
square	JJ	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
5827	CD	O
km	NN	O
2	CD	O
)	RRB	O
alone	RB	O
.	.	O

With	IN	O
over	IN	O
100,000	CD	O
of	IN	O
them	PRP	O
,	,	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
half	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
glaciers	NNS	O
.	.	O

Of	IN	O
these	DT	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Bureau	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Land	NNP	I-ORG
Management	NNP	I-ORG
manages	VBZ	O
87	CD	O
million	CD	O
acres	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
350,000	CD	O
km²	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
23.8	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Arctic	NNP	I-LOC
National	NNP	I-LOC
Wildlife	NNP	I-LOC
Refuge	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
managed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
Fish	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	I-ORG
Wildlife	NNP	I-ORG
Service	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
climate	NN	O
in	IN	O
Juneau	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
southeast	NN	O
panhandle	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
mid-latitude	JJ	O
oceanic	JJ	O
climate	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
southern	JJ	O
sections	NNS	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
subarctic	JJ	O
oceanic	JJ	O
climate	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
northern	JJ	O
parts	NNS	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
an	DT	O
annual	JJ	O
basis	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
panhandle	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
both	DT	O
the	DT	O
wettest	JJS	O
and	CC	O
warmest	JJS	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
with	IN	O
milder	NN	O
temperatures	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
winter	NN	O
and	CC	O
high	JJ	O
precipitation	NN	O
throughout	IN	O
the	DT	O
year	NN	O
.	.	O

Juneau	NNP	I-LOC
averages	NNS	O
over	IN	O
50	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
1270	CD	O
mm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
precipitation	NN	O
a	DT	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
while	IN	O
other	JJ	O
areas	NNS	O
receive	VBP	O
over	IN	O
275	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
6980	CD	O
mm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
the	DT	O
only	JJ	O
region	NN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
the	DT	O
average	JJ	O
daytime	JJ	O
high	JJ	O
temperature	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
above	IN	O
freezing	VBG	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
winter	NN	O
months	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
climate	NN	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
south	RB	O
central	JJ	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
mild	JJ	O
by	IN	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
standards	NNS	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
region	NN	O
's	POS	O
proximity	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
seacoast	NN	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
the	DT	O
area	NN	O
gets	VBZ	O
less	JJR	O
rain	NN	O
than	IN	O
southeast	JJ	I-LOC
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
gets	VBZ	O
more	JJR	O
snow	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
days	NNS	O
tend	VBP	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
clearer	JJR	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
average	NN	O
,	,	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
receives	VBZ	O
16	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
406	CD	O
mm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
precipitation	NN	O
a	DT	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
around	IN	O
75	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
1905	CD	O
mm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
snow	NN	O
,	,	O
although	IN	O
there	EX	O
are	VBP	O
areas	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
south	JJ	O
central	JJ	O
which	WDT	O
receive	VBP	O
far	RB	O
more	JJR	O
snow	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
climate	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
interior	NN	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
subarctic	JJ	O
.	.	O

Some	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
and	CC	O
lowest	JJS	O
temperatures	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
occur	VBP	O
around	IN	O
the	DT	O
area	NN	O
near	IN	O
Fairbanks	NNS	I-LOC
.	.	O

Precipitation	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
sparse	JJ	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Interior	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
often	RB	O
less	JJR	O
than	IN	O
10	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
250	CD	O
mm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
a	DT	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
what	WP	O
precipitation	NN	O
falls	VBZ	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
winter	NN	O
tends	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
stay	VB	O
the	DT	O
entire	JJ	O
winter	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
and	CC	O
lowest	JJS	O
recorded	VBN	O
temperatures	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
are	VBP	O
both	DT	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Interior	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Precipitation	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
light	JJ	O
in	IN	O
this	DT	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
with	IN	O
many	JJ	O
places	NNS	O
averaging	VBG	O
less	JJR	O
than	IN	O
10	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
250	CD	O
mm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
per	IN	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
mostly	RB	O
as	IN	O
snow	NN	O
which	WDT	O
stays	VBZ	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
ground	NN	O
almost	RB	O
the	DT	O
entire	JJ	O
year	NN	O
.	.	O

New	NNP	I-LOC
Archangel	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
Kodiak	NNP	I-LOC
Island	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
first	JJ	O
capital	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
for	IN	O
a	DT	O
century	NN	O
under	IN	O
both	DT	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
Sitka	NNP	B-LOC
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
capital	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
1890s	CD	O
,	,	O
gold	JJ	O
rushes	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
nearby	JJ	O
Yukon	NNP	I-LOC
Territory	NNP	I-LOC
brought	VBD	O
thousands	NNS	O
of	IN	O
miners	NNS	O
and	CC	O
settlers	NNS	O
to	TO	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
granted	VBN	O
official	JJ	O
territorial	JJ	O
status	NN	O
in	IN	O
1912	CD	O
.	.	O

At	IN	O
this	DT	O
time	NN	O
the	DT	O
capital	NN	O
was	VBD	O
moved	VBN	O
to	TO	O
Juneau	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

During	IN	O
World	NNP	I-ORG
War	NNP	I-ORG
II	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Aleutian	NNP	I-MISC
Islands	NNP	I-MISC
Campaign	NNP	I-MISC
focused	VBD	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
three	CD	O
outer	JJ	O
Aleutian	NNP	I-LOC
Islands	NNP	I-LOC
--	:	O
Attu	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Agattu	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Kiska	NNP	I-LOC
--	:	O
that	WDT	O
were	VBD	O
invaded	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Japanese	JJ	I-MISC
troops	NNS	O
and	CC	O
occupied	VBN	O
between	IN	O
June	NNP	O
1942	CD	O
and	CC	O
August	NNP	O
1943	CD	O
.	.	O

Unalaska/Dutch	NNP	I-LOC
Harbor	NNP	I-LOC
became	VBD	O
a	DT	O
significant	JJ	O
base	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-ORG
Army	NNP	I-ORG
Air	NNP	I-ORG
Corps	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
Navy	NNP	I-ORG
submariners	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
construction	NN	O
of	IN	O
military	JJ	O
bases	NNS	O
contributed	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
population	NN	O
growth	NN	O
of	IN	O
some	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
cities	NNS	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
officially	RB	O
proclaimed	JJ	O
a	DT	O
state	NN	O
on	IN	O
January	NNP	O
3	CD	O
,	,	O
1959	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1964	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
massive	JJ	O
"	LQU	O
Good	JJ	I-LOC
Friday	NNP	I-LOC
Earthquake	NN	I-LOC
"	RQU	O
killed	VBN	O
131	CD	O
people	NNS	O
and	CC	O
destroyed	VBD	O
several	JJ	O
villages	NNS	O
,	,	O
mainly	RB	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
resultant	JJ	O
tsunamis	NNS	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
over	IN	O
one	CD	O
thousand	CD	O
times	NNS	O
more	RBR	O
powerful	JJ	O
than	IN	O
the	DT	O
1989	CD	I-LOC
San	NNP	I-LOC
Francisco	NNP	I-LOC
earthquake	NN	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
1968	CD	O
discovery	NN	O
of	IN	O
oil	NN	O
at	IN	O
Prudhoe	NNP	I-LOC
Bay	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
1977	CD	O
completion	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Trans-Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
Pipeline	NNP	I-LOC
led	VBD	O
to	TO	O
an	DT	O
oil	NN	O
boom	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1989	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Exxon	NNP	I-MISC
Valdez	NNP	I-MISC
hit	VBD	O
a	DT	O
reef	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Prince	NNP	I-LOC
William	NNP	I-LOC
Sound	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
spilling	VBG	O
over	IN	O
11	CD	O
million	CD	O
gallons	NNS	O
of	IN	O
crude	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
over	IN	O
1,100	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
1,600	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
coastline	NN	O
.	.	O

Today	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
battle	NN	O
between	IN	O
philosophies	NNS	O
of	IN	O
development	NN	O
and	CC	O
conservation	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
seen	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
contentious	JJ	O
debate	NN	O
over	IN	O
oil	NN	O
drilling	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Arctic	NNP	I-LOC
National	NNP	I-LOC
Wildlife	NNP	I-LOC
Refuge	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
Census	NNP	I-ORG
Bureau	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
as	IN	O
of	IN	O
July	NNP	O
1	CD	O
,	,	O
2008	CD	O
,	,	O
estimated	VBN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
at	IN	O
686,293	CD	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
represents	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
increase	NN	O
of	IN	O
59,361	CD	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
9.5	CD	O
%	NN	O
,	,	O
since	IN	O
the	DT	O
last	JJ	O
census	NN	O
in	IN	O
2000	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2000	CD	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
ranked	VBD	O
the	DT	O
48th	JJ	O
state	NN	O
by	IN	O
population	NN	O
,	,	O
ahead	RB	O
of	IN	O
Vermont	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Wyoming	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
and	CC	O
Washington	NNP	I-LOC
D.C.	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
least	JJS	O
densely	RB	O
populated	JJ	O
state	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
sparsely	RB	O
populated	VBN	O
areas	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
,	,	O
at	IN	O
1.0	CD	O
person	NN	O
per	IN	O
square	NN	O
mile	NN	O
(	LRB	O
0.42/km²	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
next	JJ	O
state	NN	O
,	,	O
Wyo.	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
at	IN	O
5.1	CD	O
per	IN	O
square	NN	O
mile	NN	O
(	LRB	O
1.97/km²	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Asian	JJ	I-PER
Americans	NNPS	I-PER
made	VBD	O
up	RP	O
4.0	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
.	.	O

Asian	JJ	I-PER
Americans	NNPS	I-PER
made	VBD	O
up	RP	O
4.5	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
.	.	O

Individuals	NNS	O
from	IN	O
some	DT	O
other	JJ	O
race	NN	O
made	VBD	O
up	RP	O
1.7	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
while	IN	O
individuals	NNS	O
from	IN	O
two	CD	O
or	CC	O
more	JJR	O
races	NNS	O
made	VBD	O
up	RP	O
7.8	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
total	NN	O
of	IN	O
5.2	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaskans	NNPS	I-MISC
speak	VBP	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
22	CD	O
indigenous	JJ	O
languages	NNS	O
,	,	O
known	VBN	O
locally	RB	O
as	IN	O
"	LQU	O
native	JJ	O
languages	NNS	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
a	DT	O
result	NN	O
,	,	O
an	DT	O
increasing	VBG	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
Russian	JJ	I-ORG
Orthodox	NNP	I-ORG
churches	NNS	O
gradually	RB	O
became	VBD	O
established	VBN	O
within	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
oil	NN	O
and	CC	O
gas	NN	O
industry	NN	O
dominates	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
economy	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
80	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
revenues	NNS	O
derived	VBD	O
from	IN	O
petroleum	NN	O
extraction	NN	O
.	.	O

Agriculture	NNP	O
represents	VBZ	O
only	RB	O
a	DT	O
fraction	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
economy	NN	O
.	.	O

Military	JJ	I-MISC
bases	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
a	DT	O
significant	JJ	O
component	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
economy	NN	O
in	IN	O
both	DT	O
Fairbanks	NNS	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Anchorage	NN	I-LOC
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
vast	JJ	O
energy	NN	O
resources	NNS	O
.	.	O

Major	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
and	CC	O
gas	NN	O
reserves	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
found	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
North	NNP	I-LOC
Slope	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
ANS	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
Cook	NNP	I-LOC
Inlet	NNP	I-LOC
basins	NNS	O
.	.	O

According	VBG	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Energy	NNP	I-ORG
Information	NNP	I-ORG
Administration	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
ranks	VBZ	O
second	JJ	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
nation	NN	O
in	IN	O
crude	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
production	NN	O
.	.	O

Prudhoe	NNP	I-LOC
Bay	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
Slope	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
yielding	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
field	NN	O
in	IN	I-ORG
the	DT	I-ORG
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
and	CC	O
on	IN	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
typically	RB	O
producing	VBG	O
about	IN	O
400000	CD	O
barrels	NNS	O
per	IN	O
day	NN	O
(	LRB	O
64000	CD	O
m	NN	O
3	CD	O
/d	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Trans-Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
Pipeline	NNP	I-LOC
can	MD	O
pump	VB	O
up	RP	O
to	TO	O
2.1	CD	O
million	CD	O
barrels	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
330000	CD	O
m	NN	O
3	CD	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
crude	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
per	IN	O
day	NN	O
,	,	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
any	DT	O
other	JJ	O
crude	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
pipeline	NN	O
in	IN	I-ORG
the	DT	I-ORG
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
.	.	O

Additionally	RB	O
,	,	O
substantial	JJ	O
coal	NN	O
deposits	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
found	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
bituminous	JJ	O
,	,	O
sub-bituminous	JJ	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
lignite	JJ	O
coal	NN	O
basins	NNS	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
also	RB	O
offers	VBZ	O
some	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
hydroelectric	JJ	O
power	NN	O
potential	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
country	NN	O
from	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
numerous	JJ	O
rivers	NNS	O
.	.	O

Large	JJ	O
swaths	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
coastline	NN	O
offer	NN	O
wind	NN	O
and	CC	O
geothermal	JJ	O
energy	NN	O
potential	NN	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
economy	NN	O
depends	VBZ	O
heavily	RB	O
on	IN	O
increasingly	RB	O
expensive	JJ	O
diesel	NN	O
fuel	NN	O
for	IN	O
heating	NN	O
,	,	O
transportation	NN	O
,	,	O
electric	JJ	O
power	NN	O
and	CC	O
light	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
cost	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
gallon	NN	O
of	IN	O
gas	NN	O
in	IN	O
urban	JJ	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
today	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
usually	RB	O
$	$	O
0.30	CD	O
--	IN	O
$	$	O
0.60	CD	O
higher	JJR	O
than	IN	O
the	DT	O
national	JJ	O
average	NN	O
;	;	O
prices	NNS	O
in	IN	O
rural	JJ	O
areas	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
generally	RB	O
significantly	RB	O
higher	JJR	O
but	CC	O
vary	VBP	O
widely	RB	O
depending	VBG	O
on	IN	O
transportation	NN	O
costs	NNS	O
,	,	O
seasonal	JJ	O
usage	NN	O
peaks	NNS	O
,	,	O
nearby	JJ	O
petroleum	NN	O
development	NN	O
infrastructure	NN	O
and	CC	O
many	JJ	O
other	JJ	O
factors	NNS	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
accounts	NNS	O
for	IN	O
one-fifth	NN	O
(	LRB	O
20	CD	O
percent	NN	O
)	RRB	O
of	IN	O
domestically	RB	O
produced	VBN	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
oil	NN	O
production	NN	O
.	.	O

Prudhoe	NNP	I-LOC
Bay	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
largest	JJS	O
oil	NN	O
field	NN	O
)	RRB	O
alone	RB	O
accounts	VBZ	O
for	IN	O
8	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
domestic	JJ	O
oil	NN	O
production	NN	O
.	.	O

Starting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
1982	CD	O
,	,	O
dividends	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
fund	NN	O
's	POS	O
annual	JJ	O
growth	NN	O
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
paid	VBN	O
out	RP	O
each	DT	O
year	NN	O
to	TO	O
eligible	JJ	O
Alaskans	NNS	I-MISC
,	,	O
ranging	VBG	O
from	IN	O
$	$	O
331.29	CD	O
in	IN	O
1984	CD	O
to	TO	O
$	$	O
3,269.00	CD	O
in	IN	O
2008	CD	O
.	.	O

Every	DT	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
legislature	NN	O
takes	VBZ	O
out	RP	O
8	CD	O
percent	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
earnings	NNS	O
,	,	O
puts	VBZ	O
3	CD	O
percent	NN	O
back	RB	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
principal	NN	O
for	IN	O
inflation	NN	O
proofing	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
remaining	VBG	O
5	CD	O
percent	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
distributed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
all	DT	O
qualifying	VBG	O
Alaskans	NNS	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
cost	NN	O
of	IN	O
goods	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
long	RB	O
been	VBN	O
higher	JJR	O
than	IN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
contiguous	JJ	O
48	CD	O
states	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
has	VBZ	O
changed	VBN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	JJS	O
part	NN	O
in	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
lesser	JJR	O
extent	NN	O
in	IN	O
Fairbanks	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
the	DT	O
cost	NN	O
of	IN	O
living	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
dropped	VBN	O
somewhat	RB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
past	JJ	O
five	CD	O
years	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
introduction	NN	O
of	IN	O
big-box	JJ	O
stores	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Fairbanks	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Juneau	NNP	I-LOC
also	RB	O
did	VBD	O
much	RB	O
to	TO	O
lower	JJR	O
prices	NNS	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
rural	JJ	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
suffers	NNS	O
from	IN	O
extremely	RB	O
high	JJ	O
prices	NNS	O
for	IN	O
food	NN	O
and	CC	O
consumer	NN	O
goods	NNS	O
,	,	O
compared	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
rest	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
country	NN	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
relatively	RB	O
limited	JJ	O
transportation	NN	O
infrastructure	NN	O
.	.	O

Many	JJ	O
rural	JJ	O
residents	NNS	O
come	VBP	O
into	IN	O
these	DT	O
cities	NNS	O
and	CC	O
purchase	NN	O
food	NN	O
and	CC	O
goods	NNS	O
in	IN	O
bulk	NN	O
from	IN	O
warehouse	NN	O
clubs	NNS	O
like	IN	O
Costco	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
Sam	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	I-ORG
Club	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
northern	JJ	O
climate	NN	O
and	CC	O
steep	JJ	O
terrain	NN	O
,	,	O
relatively	RB	O
little	JJ	O
farming	NN	O
occurs	VBZ	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Most	JJS	O
farms	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
in	IN	O
either	CC	O
the	DT	O
Matanuska	NNP	I-LOC
Valley	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
about	IN	O
40	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
64	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
northeast	NN	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
or	CC	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
Kenai	NNP	I-LOC
Peninsula	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
about	IN	O
60	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
97	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
southwest	JJS	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
abundance	NN	O
of	IN	O
seafood	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
primary	JJ	O
fisheries	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
seafood	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
few	JJ	O
food	NN	O
items	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
often	RB	O
cheaper	JJR	O
within	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
than	IN	O
outside	IN	O
it	PRP	O
.	.	O

Many	JJ	O
Alaskans	NNPS	I-MISC
fish	VB	O
the	DT	O
rivers	NNS	O
during	IN	O
salmon	NN	O
season	NN	O
to	TO	O
gather	VB	O
significant	JJ	O
quantities	NNS	O
of	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
household	NN	O
diet	NN	O
while	IN	O
fishing	NN	O
for	IN	O
subsistence	NN	O
,	,	O
sport	NN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
both	DT	O
.	.	O

Most	JJS	O
food	NN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
transported	VBN	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
from	IN	O
"	LQU	O
outside	IN	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
shipping	NN	O
costs	NNS	O
make	VBP	O
food	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
cities	NNS	O
relatively	RB	O
expensive	JJ	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
few	JJ	O
road	NN	O
connections	NNS	O
compared	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
rest	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
road	NN	O
system	NN	O
covers	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
relatively	RB	O
small	JJ	O
area	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
,	,	O
linking	VBG	O
the	DT	O
central	JJ	O
population	NN	O
centers	NNS	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
Highway	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
principal	JJ	O
route	NN	O
out	IN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
through	IN	O
Canada	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
state	NN	O
capital	NN	O
,	,	O
Juneau	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
accessible	JJ	O
by	IN	O
road	NN	O
,	,	O
only	RB	O
a	DT	O
car	NN	O
ferry	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
spurred	VBN	O
several	JJ	O
debates	NNS	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
decades	NNS	O
about	IN	O
moving	VBG	O
the	DT	O
capital	NN	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
city	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
road	NN	O
system	NN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
building	VBG	O
a	DT	O
road	NN	O
connection	NN	O
from	IN	O
Haines	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
western	JJ	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
road	NN	O
system	NN	O
connecting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
communities	NNS	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
rest	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

One	CD	O
unique	JJ	O
feature	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
Highway	NNP	I-LOC
system	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
Anton	NNP	I-LOC
Anderson	NNP	I-LOC
Memorial	NNP	I-LOC
Tunnel	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
an	DT	O
active	JJ	O
Alaska	NNP	I-ORG
Railroad	NNP	I-ORG
tunnel	NN	O
recently	RB	O
upgraded	VBD	O
to	TO	O
provide	VB	O
a	DT	O
paved	JJ	O
roadway	NN	O
link	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
isolated	JJ	O
community	NN	O
of	IN	O
Whittier	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
Prince	NNP	I-LOC
William	NNP	I-LOC
Sound	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Seward	NNP	I-LOC
Highway	NN	I-LOC
about	IN	O
50	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
80	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
southeast	NN	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

At	IN	O
2.5	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
4.0	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
the	DT	O
tunnel	NN	O
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
longest	JJS	O
road	NN	O
tunnel	NN	O
in	IN	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
until	IN	O
2007	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
tunnel	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
longest	JJS	O
combination	NN	O
road	NN	O
and	CC	O
rail	NN	O
tunnel	NN	O
in	IN	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Built	VBN	O
around	IN	O
1915	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-ORG
Railroad	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
ARR	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
played	VBD	O
a	DT	O
key	JJ	O
role	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
development	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
through	IN	O
the	DT	O
20th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
links	VBZ	O
north	RB	I-LOC
Pacific	JJ	I-LOC
shipping	NN	O
through	IN	O
providing	VBG	O
critical	JJ	O
infrastructure	NN	O
with	IN	O
tracks	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
run	VBP	O
from	IN	O
Seward	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
Interior	NNP	I-LOC
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
by	IN	O
way	NN	O
of	IN	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
Central	NNP	I-LOC
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
passing	VBG	O
through	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Eklutna	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Wasilla	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Talkeetna	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Denali	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Fairbanks	NNS	I-LOC
,	,	O
with	IN	O
spurs	NNS	O
to	TO	O
Whittier	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Palmer	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
Pole	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
cities	NNS	O
,	,	O
towns	NNS	O
,	,	O
villages	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
region	NN	O
served	VBN	O
by	IN	O
ARR	NNP	I-ORG
tracks	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
known	VBN	O
statewide	RB	O
as	IN	O
"	LQU	O
The	DT	O
Railbelt	NN	I-LOC
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
recent	JJ	O
years	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
ever-improving	JJ	O
paved	JJ	O
highway	NN	O
system	NN	O
began	VBD	O
to	TO	O
eclipse	VB	O
the	DT	O
railroad	NN	O
's	POS	O
importance	NN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
economy	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
railroad	NN	O
,	,	O
though	IN	O
famed	VBN	O
for	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
summertime	JJ	O
tour	NN	O
passenger	NN	O
service	NN	O
,	,	O
played	VBD	O
a	DT	O
vital	JJ	O
role	NN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
development	NN	O
,	,	O
moving	VBG	O
freight	NN	O
into	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
while	IN	O
transporting	VBG	O
natural	JJ	O
resources	NNS	O
southward	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-ORG
Railroad	NNP	I-ORG
was	VBD	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
last	JJ	O
railroads	NNS	O
in	IN	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
use	VB	O
cabooses	NNS	O
in	IN	O
regular	JJ	O
service	NN	O
and	CC	O
still	RB	O
uses	VBZ	O
them	PRP	O
on	IN	O
some	DT	O
gravel	NN	O
trains	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
line	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
now	RB	O
mainly	RB	O
used	VBN	O
by	IN	O
tourists	NNS	O
,	,	O
often	RB	O
arriving	VBG	O
by	IN	O
cruise	NN	O
liner	NN	O
at	IN	O
Skagway	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
system	NN	O
also	RB	O
operates	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
ferry	NN	O
service	NN	O
from	IN	O
Bellingham	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Washington	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Prince	NNP	I-LOC
Rupert	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
British	NNP	I-LOC
Columbia	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
Canada	NNP	I-LOC
through	IN	O
the	DT	O
Inside	NNP	I-LOC
Passage	NN	I-LOC
to	TO	O
Skagway	VB	I-LOC
.	.	O

Several	JJ	O
times	NNS	O
each	DT	O
summer	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
population	NN	O
of	IN	O
Ketchikan	NNP	I-LOC
sharply	RB	O
rises	VBZ	O
for	IN	O
a	DT	O
few	JJ	O
hours	NNS	O
when	WRB	O
two	CD	O
ships	NNS	O
dock	NN	O
to	TO	O
debark	VB	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
a	DT	O
thousand	CD	O
passengers	NNS	O
each	DT	O
while	IN	O
four	CD	O
other	JJ	O
ships	NNS	O
lie	VBP	O
at	IN	O
anchor	NN	O
nearby	RB	O
,	,	O
waiting	VBG	O
their	PRP$	O
turn	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
dock	NN	O
.	.	O

Cities	NNPS	O
not	RB	O
served	VBN	O
by	IN	O
road	NN	O
,	,	O
sea	NN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
river	NN	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
reached	VBN	O
only	RB	O
by	IN	O
air	NN	O
,	,	O
foot	NN	O
,	,	O
dogsled	VBN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
snowmachine	JJ	O
accounting	NN	O
for	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
extremely	RB	O
well-developed	JJ	O
bush	JJ	O
air	NN	O
services	NNS	O
--	:	O
an	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
novelty	NN	O
.	.	O

Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
itself	PRP	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
lesser	JJR	O
extent	NN	O
Fairbanks	NNS	I-LOC
,	,	O
are	VBP	O
served	VBN	O
by	IN	O
many	JJ	O
major	JJ	O
airlines	NNS	O
.	.	O

Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
recently	RB	O
completed	VBD	O
extensive	JJ	O
remodeling	NN	O
and	CC	O
construction	NN	O
at	IN	O
Ted	NNP	I-LOC
Stevens	NNP	I-LOC
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
International	NNP	I-LOC
Airport	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
help	VB	O
accommodate	VB	O
the	DT	O
upsurge	NN	O
in	IN	O
tourism	NN	O
(	LRB	O
in	IN	O
2000	CD	O
--	IN	O
2001	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
latest	JJS	O
year	NN	O
for	IN	O
which	WDT	O
data	NNS	O
is	VBZ	O
available	JJ	O
,	,	O
2.4	CD	O
million	CD	O
total	JJ	O
arrivals	NNS	O
to	TO	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
were	VBD	O
counted	VBN	O
,	,	O
1.7	CD	O
million	CD	O
by	IN	O
air	NN	O
travel	NN	O
;	;	O
1.4	CD	O
million	CD	O
were	VBD	O
visitors	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
bulk	NN	O
of	IN	O
remaining	VBG	O
commercial	JJ	O
flight	NN	O
offerings	NNS	O
come	VBP	O
from	IN	O
small	JJ	O
regional	JJ	O
commuter	NN	O
airlines	NNS	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
Era	NNP	I-ORG
Aviation	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
PenAir	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Frontier	NNP	I-ORG
Flying	NNP	I-ORG
Service	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
smallest	JJS	O
towns	NNS	O
and	CC	O
villages	NNS	O
must	MD	O
rely	VB	O
on	IN	O
scheduled	JJ	O
or	CC	O
chartered	JJ	O
bush	NN	O
flying	VBG	O
services	NNS	O
using	VBG	O
general	JJ	O
aviation	NN	O
aircraft	NN	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cessna	NNP	I-MISC
Caravan	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
popular	JJ	O
aircraft	NN	O
in	IN	O
use	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
.	.	O

Much	NN	O
of	IN	O
this	DT	O
service	NN	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
attributed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
bypass	NN	O
mail	NN	O
program	NN	O
which	WDT	O
subsidizes	VBZ	O
bulk	JJ	O
mail	NN	O
delivery	NN	O
to	TO	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
rural	JJ	O
communities	NNS	O
.	.	O

Perhaps	RB	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
quintessentially	RB	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
plane	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
bush	JJ	O
seaplane	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
busiest	JJS	O
seaplane	NN	O
base	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Lake	NNP	I-LOC
Hood	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
located	VBN	O
next	IN	O
to	TO	O
Ted	NNP	I-LOC
Stevens	NNP	I-LOC
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
International	NNP	I-LOC
Airport	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
flights	NNS	O
bound	VBN	O
for	IN	O
remote	JJ	O
villages	NNS	O
without	IN	O
an	DT	O
airstrip	NN	O
carry	NN	O
passengers	NNS	O
,	,	O
cargo	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
many	JJ	O
items	NNS	O
from	IN	O
stores	NNS	O
and	CC	O
warehouse	NN	O
clubs	NNS	O
.	.	O

Another	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
transportation	NN	O
method	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
dogsled	JJ	O
.	.	O

Various	JJ	O
races	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
held	VBN	O
around	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
the	DT	O
best	JJS	O
known	VBN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
Iditarod	NNP	I-LOC
Trail	NNP	I-LOC
Sled	VBD	I-LOC
Dog	NNP	I-LOC
Race	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
1150-mile	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
1850	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
trail	NN	O
from	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
Nome	VB	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
although	IN	O
the	DT	O
mileage	NN	O
varies	NNS	O
from	IN	O
year	NN	O
to	TO	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
official	JJ	O
distance	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
set	VBN	O
at	IN	O
1049	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
race	NN	O
commemorates	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
famous	JJ	O
1925	CD	I-MISC
serum	NN	I-MISC
run	NN	I-MISC
to	TO	I-MISC
Nome	VB	I-MISC
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
mushers	NNS	O
and	CC	O
dogs	NNS	O
like	IN	O
Togo	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Balto	NNP	I-PER
took	VBD	O
much-needed	JJ	O
medicine	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
diphtheria-stricken	JJ	O
community	NN	O
of	IN	O
Nome	NN	I-LOC
when	WRB	O
all	DT	O
other	JJ	O
means	NNS	O
of	IN	O
transportation	NN	O
had	VBD	O
failed	VBN	O
.	.	O

Mushers	NNS	O
from	IN	O
all	DT	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
come	VBD	O
to	TO	O
Anchorage	VB	I-LOC
each	DT	O
March	NNP	O
to	TO	O
compete	VB	O
for	IN	O
cash	NN	O
,	,	O
prizes	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
prestige	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
areas	NNS	O
not	RB	O
served	VBN	O
by	IN	O
road	NN	O
or	CC	O
rail	NN	O
,	,	O
primary	JJ	O
transportation	NN	O
in	IN	O
summer	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
by	IN	O
all-terrain	JJ	O
vehicle	NN	O
and	CC	O
in	IN	O
winter	NN	O
by	IN	O
snowmobile	NN	O
or	CC	O
"	LQU	O
snow	NN	O
machine,	NN	O
"	RQU	O
as	IN	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
commonly	RB	O
referred	VBN	O
to	TO	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
state	NN	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
employs	VBZ	O
approximately	RB	O
15,000	CD	O
employees	NNS	O
statewide	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Governor	NNP	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
serves	VBZ	O
four-year	JJ	O
terms	NNS	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
court	NN	O
system	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
four	CD	O
levels	NNS	O
:	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-ORG
Supreme	NNP	I-ORG
Court	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
the	DT	O
court	NN	O
of	IN	O
appeals	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
superior	JJ	O
courts	NNS	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
district	NN	O
courts	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Supreme	NNP	I-ORG
Court	NNP	I-ORG
hears	VBZ	O
civil	JJ	O
appeals	NNS	O
and	CC	O
may	MD	O
in	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
discretion	NN	O
hear	VB	O
criminal	JJ	O
appeals	NNS	O
.	.	O

Although	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
entered	VBD	O
the	DT	O
union	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
Democratic	JJ	I-MISC
state	NN	O
,	,	O
since	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
1970s	CD	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
characterized	VBN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
Republican-leaning	JJ	I-MISC
state	NN	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
only	JJ	O
state	NN	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
possession	NN	O
of	IN	O
one	CD	O
ounce	NN	O
or	CC	O
less	JJR	O
of	IN	O
marijuana	NN	O
in	IN	O
one	CD	O
's	POS	O
home	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
completely	RB	O
legal	JJ	O
under	IN	O
state	NN	O
law	NN	O
,	,	O
though	IN	O
the	DT	O
federal	JJ	O
law	NN	O
remains	VBZ	O
in	IN	O
force	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
state	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
independence	NN	O
movement	NN	O
favoring	VBG	O
a	DT	O
vote	NN	O
on	IN	O
secession	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-ORG
Independence	NNP	I-ORG
Party	NNP	I-ORG
labeled	VBD	O
as	IN	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
"	LQU	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
significant	JJ	O
state-level	JJ	O
third	JJ	O
parties	NNS	O
operating	VBG	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
20th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
addition	NN	O
,	,	O
Republican	NNP	I-MISC
Governor	NNP	O
Wally	NNP	I-PER
Hickel	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
elected	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
office	NN	O
for	IN	O
a	DT	O
second	JJ	O
term	NN	O
in	IN	O
1990	CD	O
after	IN	O
leaving	VBG	O
the	DT	O
Republican	JJ	I-MISC
party	NN	O
and	CC	O
briefly	NN	O
joining	VBG	O
the	DT	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-ORG
Independence	NNP	I-ORG
Party	NNP	I-ORG
ticket	NN	O
just	RB	O
long	RB	O
enough	RB	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
reelected	VBN	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
subsequently	RB	O
officially	RB	O
rejoined	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Republican	JJ	I-MISC
party	NN	O
in	IN	O
1994	CD	O
.	.	O

To	TO	O
finance	VB	O
state	NN	O
government	NN	O
operations	NNS	O
,	,	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
depends	VBZ	O
primarily	RB	O
on	IN	O
petroleum	NN	O
revenues	NNS	O
and	CC	O
federal	JJ	O
subsidies	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
allows	VBZ	O
it	PRP	O
to	TO	O
have	VB	O
the	DT	O
lowest	JJS	O
individual	JJ	O
tax	NN	O
burden	NN	O
in	IN	I-ORG
the	DT	I-ORG
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
,	,	O
and	CC	O
be	VB	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
only	RB	O
five	CD	O
states	NNS	O
with	IN	O
no	DT	O
state	NN	O
sales	NNS	O
tax	NN	O
,	,	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
seven	CD	O
states	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
do	VBP	O
not	RB	O
levy	VB	O
an	DT	O
individual	JJ	O
income	NN	O
tax	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
two	CD	O
states	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
neither	RB	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
state	NN	O
sales	NNS	O
tax	NN	O
,	,	O
89	CD	O
municipalities	NNS	O
collect	VBP	O
a	DT	O
local	JJ	O
sales	NNS	O
tax	NN	O
,	,	O
from	IN	O
1	CD	O
--	:	O
7.5	CD	O
%	NN	O
,	,	O
typically	RB	O
3	CD	O
--	:	O
5	CD	O
%	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
revenue	NN	O
collected	VBD	O
from	IN	O
certain	JJ	O
state	NN	O
taxes	NNS	O
and	CC	O
license	NN	O
fees	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
petroleum	NN	O
,	,	O
aviation	NN	O
motor	NN	O
fuel	NN	O
,	,	O
telephone	NN	O
cooperative	NN	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
shared	VBN	O
with	IN	O
municipalities	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Fairbanks	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
property	NN	O
taxes	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
as	IN	O
no	DT	O
sales	NNS	O
or	CC	O
income	NN	O
taxes	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
assessed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Fairbanks	NNP	I-LOC
North	NNP	I-LOC
Star	NNP	I-LOC
Borough	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2008	CD	O
the	DT	O
Tax	NNP	I-ORG
Foundation	NNP	I-ORG
ranked	VBD	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
as	IN	O
having	VBG	O
the	DT	O
4th	JJ	O
most	RBS	O
"	LQU	O
business	NN	O
friendly	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
tax	NN	O
policy	NN	O
.	.	O

More	RBR	O
"	LQU	O
friendly	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
states	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
Wyoming	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Nev.	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
Dakota	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
presidential	JJ	O
elections	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
electoral	JJ	O
college	NN	O
votes	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
won	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Republican	JJ	I-MISC
nominee	NN	O
in	IN	O
every	DT	O
election	NN	O
since	IN	O
statehood	NN	O
,	,	O
except	IN	O
for	IN	O
1964	CD	O
.	.	O

No	DT	O
state	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
voted	VBN	O
for	IN	O
a	DT	O
Democratic	JJ	I-MISC
presidential	JJ	O
candidate	NN	O
fewer	JJR	O
times	NNS	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
supported	VBD	O
Democratic	JJ	I-MISC
nominee	NN	O
Lyndon	NNP	I-PER
B.	NNP	I-PER
Johnson	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
landslide	NN	O
year	NN	O
of	IN	O
1964	CD	O
,	,	O
although	IN	O
the	DT	O
1960	CD	O
and	CC	O
1968	CD	O
elections	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
close	RB	O
.	.	O

Republican	NNP	I-MISC
John	NNP	I-PER
McCain	NNP	I-PER
defeated	VBD	O
Democrat	NNP	I-ORG
Barack	NNP	I-PER
Obama	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
59.49	CD	O
%	NN	O
to	TO	O
37.83	CD	O
%	NN	O
.	.	O

McCain	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
running	VBG	O
mate	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Sarah	NNP	I-PER
Palin	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
governor	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
Alaskan	JJ	I-MISC
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
major	JJ	O
party	NN	O
ticket	NN	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
seat	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
currently	RB	O
being	VBG	O
held	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Republican	NNP	I-MISC
Don	NNP	I-PER
Young	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
was	VBD	O
re-elected	VBN	O
to	TO	O
his	PRP$	O
19th	JJ	O
consecutive	JJ	O
term	NN	O
in	IN	O
2008	CD	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	I-LOC
At-large	JJ	I-LOC
congressional	JJ	I-LOC
district	NN	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
currently	RB	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
second-largest	JJ	O
parliamentary	JJ	O
constituency	NN	O
by	IN	O
area	NN	O
,	,	O
behind	IN	O
only	RB	O
the	DT	O
Canadian	JJ	I-MISC
territory	NN	O
of	IN	O
Nunavut	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

On	IN	O
November	NNP	O
19	CD	O
,	,	O
2008	CD	O
,	,	O
Democrat	NNP	I-ORG
Mark	NNP	I-PER
Begich	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
mayor	NN	O
of	IN	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
defeated	VBD	O
long-time	JJ	O
Republican	JJ	I-MISC
senator	NN	O
Ted	NNP	I-PER
Stevens	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Republican	NNP	I-MISC
Frank	NNP	I-PER
Murkowski	NNP	I-PER
held	VBD	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
other	JJ	O
senatorial	JJ	O
position	NN	O
.	.	O

Many	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
more	JJR	O
densely	RB	O
populated	JJ	O
parts	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
are	VBP	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
sixteen	JJ	O
boroughs	NNS	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
function	VBP	O
somewhat	RB	O
similarly	RB	O
to	TO	O
counties	NNS	O
in	IN	O
other	JJ	O
states	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
area	NN	O
not	RB	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
any	DT	O
borough	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
referred	VBN	O
to	TO	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Unorganized	JJ	I-LOC
Borough	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Unorganized	JJ	I-LOC
Borough	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
government	NN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-ORG
Census	NNP	I-ORG
Bureau	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
cooperation	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
divided	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Unorganized	JJ	I-LOC
Borough	NNP	I-LOC
into	IN	O
11	CD	O
census	NN	O
areas	NNS	O
solely	RB	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
purposes	NNS	O
of	IN	O
statistical	JJ	O
analysis	NN	O
and	CC	O
presentation	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
recording	NN	O
district	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
mechanism	NN	O
for	IN	O
administration	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
public	JJ	O
record	NN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Owing	VBG	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
low	JJ	O
population	NN	O
density	NN	O
,	,	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
land	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
located	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Unorganized	NNP	I-LOC
Borough	NNP	I-LOC
which	WDT	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
name	NN	O
implies	VBZ	O
,	,	O
has	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
intermediate	JJ	O
borough	NN	O
government	NN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
is	VBZ	O
administered	VBN	O
directly	RB	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
government	NN	O
.	.	O

Currently	RB	O
(	LRB	O
2000	CD	O
census	NN	O
)	RRB	O
57.71	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
area	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
this	DT	O
status	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
13.05	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
population	NN	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
statistical	JJ	O
purposes	NNS	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
Census	NNP	I-ORG
Bureau	NNP	I-ORG
divides	VBZ	O
this	DT	O
territory	NN	O
into	IN	O
census	NN	O
areas	NNS	O
.	.	O

Fairbanks	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
separate	JJ	O
borough	NN	O
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
Fairbanks	NNP	I-LOC
North	NNP	I-LOC
Star	NNP	I-LOC
Borough	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
municipality	NN	O
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
City	NN	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Fairbanks	NNS	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
most	RBS	O
populous	JJ	O
city	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
home	NN	O
to	TO	O
278,700	CD	O
people	NNS	O
in	IN	O
2006	CD	O
,	,	O
225,744	CD	O
of	IN	O
whom	WP	O
live	VBP	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
urbanized	JJ	O
area	NN	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
had	VBN	O
a	DT	O
problem	NN	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
"	LQU	O
brain	NN	O
drain	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
residents	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
long	RB	O
had	VBN	O
a	DT	O
problem	NN	O
with	IN	O
alcohol	NN	O
use	NN	O
and	CC	O
abuse	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
Native	NNP	I-LOC
Heritage	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
celebrates	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
rich	JJ	O
heritage	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
11	CD	O
cultural	JJ	O
groups	NNS	O
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
three	CD	O
states	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
others	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
Delaware	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Rhode	NNP	I-LOC
Island	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
that	WDT	O
does	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
have	VB	O
a	DT	O
Carnegie	NNP	I-ORG
library	NN	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Anchorage	NNP	I-ORG
Opera	NNP	I-ORG
is	VBZ	O
currently	RB	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
's	POS	O
only	JJ	O
professional	JJ	O
opera	NN	O
company	NN	O
,	,	O
though	IN	O
there	EX	O
are	VBP	O
several	JJ	O
volunteer	NN	O
and	CC	O
semi-professional	JJ	O
organizations	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
official	JJ	O
state	NN	O
song	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
"	LQU	O
Alaska	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	I-MISC
Flag	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
was	VBD	O
adopted	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1955	CD	O
;	;	O
it	PRP	O
celebrates	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
flag	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Alaska	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
first	JJ	O
independent	JJ	O
picture	NN	O
all	DT	O
made	VBN	O
on	IN	O
place	NN	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
silent	JJ	O
years	NNS	O
.	.	O

One	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
prominent	JJ	O
movies	NNS	O
filmed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
MGM	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	O
Academy	NNP	I-MISC
Award	NNP	I-MISC
winning	VBG	O
classic	JJ	O
Eskimo/Mala	NNP	I-MISC
The	DT	I-MISC
Magnificent	NNP	I-MISC
starring	VBG	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
own	JJ	O
Ray	NNP	I-PER
Mala	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Louis	NNP	I-PER
B.	NNP	I-PER
Mayer	NNP	I-PER
spared	VBD	O
no	DT	O
expense	NN	O
in	IN	O
making	VBG	O
sure	JJ	O
they	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
everything	DT	O
they	PRP	O
needed	VBD	O
during	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
stay	NN	O
--	IN	O
he	PRP	O
even	RB	O
sent	VBD	O
the	DT	O
famous	JJ	O
chef	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Hotel	NNP	I-LOC
Roosevelt	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
Hollywood	NNP	I-LOC
Blvd	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
site	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
Oscars	NNS	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
with	IN	O
them	PRP	O
to	TO	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
cook	VB	O
for	IN	O
them	PRP	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
1991	CD	O
film	NN	O
White	NNP	I-MISC
Fang	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
starring	VBG	O
Ethan	NNP	I-PER
Hawke	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
filmed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
and	CC	O
around	IN	O
Haines	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
psychological	JJ	O
thriller	NN	O
Insomnia	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
starring	VBG	O
Al	NNP	I-PER
Pacino	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Robin	NNP	I-PER
Williams	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
shot	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Canada	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
but	CC	O
was	VBD	O
set	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
novel	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
name	NN	O
,	,	O
follows	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
adventures	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Christopher	NNP	I-PER
McCandless	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
died	VBD	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
remote	JJ	O
abandoned	JJ	O
bus	NN	O
in	IN	O
Alaska	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
1992	CD	O
.	.	O





Proponents	NNS	O
of	IN	O
organic	JJ	O
farming	NN	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
Sir	NNP	O
Albert	NNP	I-PER
Howard	NNP	I-PER
argued	VBD	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
1900s	NNS	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
overuse	NN	O
of	IN	O
pesticides	NNS	O
and	CC	O
synthetic	JJ	O
fertilizers	NNS	O
damages	NNS	O
the	DT	O
long-term	JJ	O
fertility	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
soil	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Fertile	NNP	I-LOC
Crescent	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	O
Western	NNP	I-LOC
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Egypt	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
were	VBD	O
sites	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
earliest	JJS	O
planned	JJ	O
sowing	NN	O
and	CC	O
harvesting	NN	O
of	IN	O
plants	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
had	VBD	O
previously	RB	O
been	VBN	O
gathered	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
wild	NN	O
.	.	O

By	IN	O
7000	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
,	,	O
small-scale	JJ	O
agriculture	NN	O
reached	VBD	O
Egypt	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

From	IN	O
at	IN	O
least	JJS	O
7000	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
the	DT	O
Indian	JJ	I-LOC
subcontinent	NN	I-LOC
saw	VBD	O
farming	NN	O
of	IN	O
wheat	NN	O
and	CC	O
barley	NN	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
attested	VBN	O
by	IN	O
archaeological	JJ	O
excavation	NN	O
at	IN	O
Mehrgarh	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
Balochistan	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

By	IN	O
6000	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
,	,	O
mid-scale	JJ	O
farming	NN	O
was	VBD	O
entrenched	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
banks	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Nile	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Chinese	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Indonesian	JJ	I-MISC
farmers	NNS	O
went	VBD	O
on	IN	O
to	TO	O
domesticate	VB	O
taro	NN	O
and	CC	O
beans	NNS	O
including	VBG	O
mung	NN	O
,	,	O
soy	NN	O
and	CC	O
azuki	NN	O
.	.	O

By	IN	O
5000	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Sumerians	NNPS	I-MISC
had	VBD	O
developed	VBN	O
core	JJ	O
agricultural	JJ	O
techniques	NNS	O
including	VBG	O
large-scale	JJ	O
intensive	JJ	O
cultivation	NN	O
of	IN	O
land	NN	O
,	,	O
monocropping	NN	O
,	,	O
organized	VBN	O
irrigation	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
specialized	JJ	O
labor	NN	O
force	NN	O
,	,	O
particularly	RB	O
along	IN	O
the	DT	O
waterway	NN	O
now	RB	O
known	VBN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Shatt	NNP	I-MISC
al-Arab	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
from	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
Persian	NNP	I-LOC
Gulf	NNP	I-LOC
delta	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
confluence	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Tigris	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Euphrates	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Maize	NNP	O
,	,	O
manioc	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
arrowroot	NN	O
were	VBD	O
first	JJ	O
domesticated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Americas	NNPS	I-LOC
as	IN	O
far	RB	O
back	RB	O
as	IN	O
5200	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
Americas	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
parallel	JJ	O
agricultural	JJ	O
revolution	NN	O
occurred	VBD	O
,	,	O
resulting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
some	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
important	JJ	O
crops	NNS	O
grown	VBN	O
today	NN	O
.	.	O

Coca	NNP	O
,	,	O
still	RB	O
a	DT	O
major	JJ	O
crop	NN	O
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
also	RB	O
domesticated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Andes	NNS	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
potato	NN	O
became	VBD	O
an	DT	O
important	JJ	O
staple	NN	O
crop	NN	O
in	IN	O
northern	JJ	O
Europe	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Although	IN	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
vast	JJ	O
and	CC	O
interesting	JJ	O
history	NN	O
of	IN	O
crop	NN	O
cultivation	NN	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
dawn	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
20th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
little	JJ	O
question	NN	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
work	NN	O
of	IN	O
Charles	NNP	I-PER
Darwin	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Gregor	NNP	I-PER
Mendel	NNP	I-PER
created	VBD	O
the	DT	O
scientific	JJ	O
foundation	NN	O
for	IN	O
plant	NN	O
breeding	NN	O
that	WDT	O
led	VBD	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
explosive	JJ	O
impact	NN	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
past	JJ	O
150	CD	O
years	NNS	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
irrigation	NN	O
increased	VBD	O
corn	NN	O
yields	NNS	O
in	IN	O
eastern	JJ	O
Colorado	NNP	I-LOC
by	IN	O
400	CD	O
to	CC	O
500	CD	O
%	NN	O
from	IN	O
1940	CD	O
to	TO	O
1997	CD	O
.	.	O

Economists	NNP	O
measure	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
total	JJ	O
factor	NN	O
productivity	NN	O
of	IN	O
agriculture	NN	O
and	CC	O
by	IN	O
this	DT	O
measure	NN	O
agriculture	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
roughly	RB	O
2.6	CD	O
times	NNS	O
more	RBR	O
productive	JJ	O
than	IN	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1948	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
controls	VBZ	O
almost	RB	O
half	NN	O
of	IN	O
world	NN	O
grain	NN	O
exports	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
millions	NNS	O
of	IN	O
metric	JJ	O
tons	NNS	O
,	,	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
FAO	NNP	I-ORG
estimate	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
70	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
grain	NN	O
grown	VBN	O
is	VBZ	O
fed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
animals	NNS	O
on	IN	O
feedlots	NNS	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
may	MD	O
improve	VB	O
productivity	NN	O
by	IN	O
warming	VBG	O
the	DT	O
soil	NN	O
,	,	O
incorporating	VBG	O
fertilizer	NN	O
and	CC	O
controlling	VBG	O
weeds	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
also	RB	O
renders	VBZ	O
soil	NN	O
more	RBR	O
prone	JJ	O
to	TO	O
erosion	NN	O
,	,	O
triggers	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
decomposition	NN	O
of	IN	O
organic	JJ	O
matter	NN	O
releasing	VBG	O
CO	NNP	I-LOC
2	CD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
reduces	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
abundance	NN	O
and	CC	O
diversity	NN	O
of	IN	O
soil	NN	O
organisms	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
food	NN	O
costs	NNS	O
attributed	VBD	O
to	TO	O
processing	NN	O
,	,	O
distribution	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
marketing	NN	O
have	VBP	O
risen	VBN	O
while	IN	O
the	DT	O
costs	NNS	O
attributed	VBD	O
to	TO	O
farming	NN	O
have	VBP	O
declined	VBN	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
of	IN	O
2000	CD	O
the	DT	O
top	JJ	O
six	CD	O
US	NNP	I-LOC
supermarket	NN	O
groups	NNS	O
had	VBD	O
50	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
sales	NNS	O
compared	VBN	O
to	TO	O
32	CD	O
%	NN	O
in	IN	O
1992	CD	O
.	.	O

Significant	JJ	O
advances	NNS	O
in	IN	O
plant	NN	O
breeding	NN	O
ensued	VBD	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
work	NN	O
of	IN	O
geneticist	NN	O
Gregor	NNP	I-PER
Mendel	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

For	IN	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
average	JJ	O
yields	NNS	O
of	IN	O
corn	NN	O
(	LRB	O
maize	NN	O
)	RRB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
USA	NNP	I-LOC
have	VBP	O
increased	VBN	O
from	IN	O
around	IN	O
2.5	CD	O
tons	NNS	O
per	IN	O
hectare	NN	O
(	LRB	O
t/ha	NN	O
)	RRB	O
(	LRB	O
40	CD	O
bushels	NNS	O
per	IN	O
acre	NN	O
)	RRB	O
in	IN	O
1900	CD	O
to	TO	O
about	IN	O
9.4	CD	O
t/ha	NN	O
(	LRB	O
150	CD	O
bushels	NNS	O
per	IN	O
acre	NN	O
)	RRB	O
in	IN	O
2001	CD	O
.	.	O

Today	NN	O
,	,	O
92	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
soybean	NN	O
acreage	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
US	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
planted	VBN	O
with	IN	O
genetically	RB	O
modified	VBN	O
herbicide-tolerant	JJ	O
plants	NNS	O
.	.	O

Another	DT	O
is	VBZ	O
cotton	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
accounts	VBZ	O
for	IN	O
63	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
US	NNP	I-LOC
cotton	NN	O
acreage	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
2000	CD	O
assessment	NN	O
of	IN	O
agriculture	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
UK	NNP	I-LOC
determined	VBD	O
total	JJ	O
external	JJ	O
costs	NNS	O
for	IN	O
1996	CD	O
of	IN	O
£	CD	O
2,343	CD	O
million	CD	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
£	NNP	O
208	CD	O
per	IN	O
hectare	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
2005	CD	O
analysis	NN	O
of	IN	O
these	DT	O
costs	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
USA	NNP	I-LOC
concluded	VBD	O
that	IN	O
cropland	NN	O
imposes	VBZ	O
approximately	RB	O
$	$	O
5	CD	O
to	TO	O
16	CD	O
billion	CD	O
(	LRB	O
$	$	O
30	CD	O
to	TO	O
$	$	O
96	CD	O
per	IN	O
hectare	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
while	IN	O
livestock	NN	O
production	NN	O
imposes	VBZ	O
$	$	O
714	CD	O
million	CD	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
sources	NNS	O
of	IN	O
greenhouse	NN	O
gases	NNS	O
,	,	O
responsible	JJ	O
for	IN	O
18	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
greenhouse	NN	O
gas	NN	O
emissions	NNS	O
as	IN	O
measured	VBN	O
in	IN	O
CO	NNP	I-LOC
2	CD	O
equivalents	NNS	O
.	.	O

By	IN	O
comparison	NN	O
,	,	O
all	DT	O
transportation	NN	O
emits	VBZ	O
13.5	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
CO	NNP	I-LOC
2	CD	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
produces	VBZ	O
65	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
human-related	JJ	O
nitrous	JJ	O
oxide	NN	O
(	LRB	O
which	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
296	CD	O
times	NNS	O
the	DT	O
global	JJ	O
warming	NN	O
potential	NN	O
of	IN	O
CO	NNP	I-LOC
2,	CD	O
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
37	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
all	DT	O
human-induced	JJ	O
methane	NN	O
(	LRB	O
which	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
23	CD	O
times	NNS	O
as	IN	O
warming	NN	O
as	IN	O
CO	NNP	I-LOC
2	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
UN-FAO	JJ	I-ORG
report	NN	O
cites	VBZ	O
land	NN	O
management	NN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
driving	VBG	O
factor	NN	O
behind	IN	O
degradation	NN	O
and	CC	O
reports	NNS	O
that	IN	O
1.5	CD	O
billion	CD	O
people	NNS	O
rely	VBP	O
upon	IN	O
the	DT	O
degrading	JJ	O
land	NN	O
.	.	O

Changes	NNS	O
in	IN	O
management	NN	O
can	MD	O
reduce	VB	O
the	DT	O
release	NN	O
of	IN	O
these	DT	O
greenhouse	NN	O
gases	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
soil	NN	O
can	MD	O
further	RB	O
be	VB	O
used	VBN	O
to	TO	O
sequester	VB	O
some	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
CO	NNP	I-LOC
2	CD	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
atmosphere	NN	O
.	.	O

American	JJ	I-MISC
farms	NNS	O
directly	RB	O
consumed	VBD	O
about	IN	O
1.2	CD	O
exajoules	NNS	O
in	IN	O
2002	CD	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
just	RB	O
over	IN	O
1	CD	O
percent	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
nation	NN	O
's	POS	O
total	JJ	O
energy	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
energy	NN	O
used	VBD	O
to	TO	O
manufacture	VB	O
farm	NN	O
machinery	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
a	DT	O
form	NN	O
of	IN	O
indirect	JJ	O
agricultural	JJ	O
energy	NN	O
consumption	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
included	VBN	O
in	IN	O
USDA	NNP	I-ORG
estimates	NNS	O
of	IN	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
agricultural	JJ	O
energy	NN	O
use	NN	O
.	.	O

Together	RB	O
,	,	O
direct	JJ	O
and	CC	O
indirect	JJ	O
consumption	NN	O
by	IN	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
farms	NNS	O
accounts	NNS	O
for	IN	O
about	IN	O
2	CD	O
percent	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
nation	NN	O
's	POS	O
energy	NN	O
use	NN	O
.	.	O

Direct	JJ	O
and	CC	O
indirect	JJ	O
energy	NN	O
consumption	NN	O
by	IN	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
farms	NNS	O
peaked	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1979	CD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
has	VBZ	O
gradually	RB	O
declined	VBN	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
past	JJ	O
30	CD	O
years	NNS	O
.	.	O

Agriculture	NNP	O
accounts	NNS	O
for	IN	O
approximately	RB	O
one-fifth	NN	O
of	IN	O
food	NN	O
system	NN	O
energy	NN	O
use	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

While	IN	O
there	EX	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
some	DT	O
research	NN	O
on	IN	O
sustainability	NN	O
using	VBG	O
GMO	NNP	O
crops	NNS	O
,	,	O
at	IN	O
least	JJS	O
one	CD	O
hyped	JJ	O
and	CC	O
prominent	JJ	O
multi-year	JJ	O
attempt	NN	O
by	IN	O
Monsanto	NNP	I-ORG
Company	NNP	I-ORG
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
unsuccessful	JJ	O
,	,	O
though	IN	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
period	NN	O
traditional	JJ	O
breeding	NN	O
techniques	NNS	O
yielded	VBD	O
a	DT	O
more	RBR	O
sustainable	JJ	O
variety	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
crop	NN	O
.	.	O





He	PRP	O
spent	VBD	O
the	DT	O
later	JJ	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
life	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
living	VBG	O
in	IN	O
L.A.	NNP	I-LOC
from	IN	O
1937	CD	O
until	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
death	NN	O
in	IN	O
1963	CD	O
.	.	O

Best	JJS	O
known	VBN	O
for	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
novels	NNS	O
including	VBG	O
Brave	NNP	I-MISC
New	NNP	I-MISC
World	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
wide-ranging	JJ	O
output	NN	O
of	IN	O
essays	NNS	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
edited	VBD	O
the	DT	O
magazine	NN	O
Oxford	NNP	I-MISC
Poetry	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
published	VBN	O
short	JJ	O
stories	NNS	O
,	,	O
poetry	NN	O
,	,	O
travel	NN	O
writing	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
film	NN	O
stories	NNS	O
and	CC	O
scripts	NNS	O
.	.	O

Aldous	JJ	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
humanist	NN	O
and	CC	O
pacifist	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
latterly	RB	O
interested	JJ	O
in	IN	O
spiritual	JJ	O
subjects	NNS	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
parapsychology	NN	O
and	CC	O
philosophical	JJ	O
mysticism	NN	O
.	.	O

By	IN	O
the	DT	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
life	NN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
considered	VBN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
some	DT	O
academic	JJ	O
circles	NNS	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
leader	NN	O
of	IN	O
modern	JJ	O
thought	NN	O
and	CC	O
an	DT	O
intellectual	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
rank	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
highly	RB	O
regarded	VBN	O
as	IN	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
prominent	JJ	O
explorers	NNS	O
of	IN	O
visual	JJ	O
communication	NN	O
and	CC	O
sight-related	JJ	O
theories	NNS	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
.	.	O

Aldous	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
grandson	NN	O
of	IN	O
Thomas	NNP	I-PER
Henry	NNP	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
the	DT	O
zoologist	NN	O
,	,	O
agnostic	JJ	O
and	CC	O
controversialist	NN	O
(	LRB	O
"	LQU	O
Darwin	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	I-PER
Bulldog	NNP	I-PER
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

His	PRP$	O
brother	NN	O
Julian	NNP	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
half-brother	JJ	O
Andrew	NNP	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
became	VBD	O
outstanding	JJ	O
biologists	NNS	O
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
mother	NN	O
died	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1908	CD	O
,	,	O
when	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
fourteen	VBN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1916	CD	O
he	PRP	O
edited	VBD	O
Oxford	NNP	I-MISC
Poetry	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
later	RB	O
graduated	VBD	O
with	IN	O
first	JJ	O
class	NN	O
honours	NNS	O
.	.	O

Following	VBG	O
his	PRP$	O
education	NN	O
at	IN	O
Balliol	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
financially	RB	O
indebted	JJ	O
to	TO	O
his	PRP$	O
father	NN	O
and	CC	O
had	VBD	O
to	TO	O
earn	VB	O
a	DT	O
living	NN	O
.	.	O

Nevertheless	RB	O
,	,	O
Blair	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
others	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
impressed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
words	NNS	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
a	DT	O
short	JJ	O
while	NN	O
in	IN	O
1918	CD	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
employed	VBN	O
acquiring	VBG	O
provisions	NNS	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Air	NNP	I-ORG
Ministry	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
completed	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
unpublished	JJ	O
)	RRB	O
novel	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
age	NN	O
of	IN	O
seventeen	JJ	O
and	CC	O
began	VBD	O
writing	VBG	O
seriously	RB	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
early	JJ	O
twenties	NNS	O
.	.	O

His	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
published	VBN	O
novels	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
social	JJ	O
satires	NNS	O
,	,	O
beginning	VBG	O
with	IN	O
Crome	NNP	I-MISC
Yellow	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1921	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Here	RB	O
he	PRP	O
met	VBD	O
several	JJ	O
Bloomsbury	NNP	I-PER
figures	NNS	O
including	VBG	O
Bertrand	NNP	I-PER
Russell	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Clive	NNP	I-PER
Bell	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

They	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
one	CD	O
child	NN	O
,	,	O
Matthew	NNP	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
19	CD	O
April	NNP	O
1920	CD	O
--	:	O
10	CD	O
February	NNP	O
2005	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
who	WP	O
had	VBD	O
a	DT	O
career	NN	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
epidemiologist	NN	O
.	.	O

Following	VBG	O
Lawrence	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
death	NN	O
in	IN	O
1930	CD	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
edited	VBD	O
Lawrence	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
letters	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
1933	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Works	NNP	O
of	IN	O
this	DT	O
period	NN	O
included	VBD	O
important	JJ	O
novels	NNS	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
dehumanizing	VBG	O
aspects	NNS	O
of	IN	O
scientific	JJ	O
progress	NN	O
,	,	O
most	RBS	O
famously	RB	O
Brave	NNP	I-MISC
New	NNP	I-MISC
World	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
on	IN	O
pacifist	NN	O
themes	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
for	IN	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
Eyeless	JJ	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
Gaza	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
strongly	RB	O
influenced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
F.	NNP	I-PER
Matthias	NNP	I-PER
Alexander	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
included	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
character	NN	O
in	IN	O
Eyeless	JJ	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
Gaza	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1938	CD	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
befriended	VBD	O
J.	NNP	I-PER
Krishnamurti	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
whose	WP$	O
teachings	NNS	O
he	PRP	O
greatly	RB	O
admired	VBD	O
.	.	O

Not	RB	O
long	RB	O
after	IN	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
wrote	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
book	NN	O
on	IN	O
widely	RB	O
held	VBN	O
spiritual	JJ	O
values	NNS	O
and	CC	O
ideas	NNS	O
,	,	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Perennial	NNP	I-MISC
Philosophy	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
discussed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
teachings	NNS	O
of	IN	O
renowned	JJ	O
mystics	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
book	NN	O
affirmed	VBD	O
a	DT	O
sensibility	NN	O
that	WDT	O
insists	VBZ	O
there	EX	O
are	VBP	O
realities	NNS	O
beyond	IN	O
the	DT	O
generally	RB	O
accepted	VBN	O
"	LQU	O
five	CD	O
senses	NNS	O
"	RQU	O
and	CC	O
that	IN	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
genuine	JJ	O
meaning	NN	O
for	IN	O
humans	NNS	O
beyond	IN	O
both	DT	O
sensual	JJ	O
satisfactions	NNS	O
and	CC	O
sentimentalities	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
novel	NN	O
won	VBD	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
that	IN	O
year	NN	O
's	POS	O
James	NNP	I-MISC
Tait	NNP	I-MISC
Black	NNP	I-MISC
Memorial	NNP	I-MISC
Prize	NNP	I-MISC
for	IN	O
fiction	NN	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
this	DT	O
period	NN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
earned	VBD	O
some	DT	O
Hollywood	NNP	I-LOC
income	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
writer	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
March	NNP	O
1938	CD	O
,	,	O
his	PRP$	O
friend	NN	O
Anita	NNP	I-PER
Loos	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
a	DT	O
novelist	NN	O
and	CC	O
screenwriter	NN	O
,	,	O
put	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
in	IN	O
touch	NN	O
with	IN	O
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer	NNP	I-ORG
who	WP	O
hired	VBD	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
for	IN	O
Madame	NNP	I-MISC
Curie	NNP	I-MISC
which	WDT	O
was	VBD	O
originally	RB	O
to	TO	O
star	VB	O
Greta	NNP	I-PER
Garbo	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
be	VB	O
directed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
George	NNP	I-PER
Cukor	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

(	LRB	O
The	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
eventually	RB	O
filmed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
MGM	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
1943	CD	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
different	JJ	O
director	NN	O
and	CC	O
stars	NNS	O
.	.	O
)	RRB	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
received	VBD	O
screen	NN	O
credit	NN	O
for	IN	O
Pride	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
Prejudice	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1940	CD	O
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
paid	VBN	O
for	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
work	NN	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
other	JJ	O
films	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
Jane	NNP	I-MISC
Eyre	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1944	CD	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
his	PRP$	O
experience	NN	O
in	IN	O
Hollywood	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
a	DT	O
success	NN	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
wrote	VBD	O
a	DT	O
synopsis	NN	O
of	IN	O
Alice	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
Wonderland	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Walt	NNP	I-PER
Disney	NNP	I-PER
rejected	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
grounds	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
"	LQU	O
he	PRP	O
could	MD	O
only	RB	O
understand	VB	O
every	DT	O
third	JJ	O
word	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
leisurely	JJ	O
development	NN	O
of	IN	O
ideas	NNS	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
seemed	VBD	O
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
suitable	JJ	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
movie	NN	O
moguls	NNS	O
,	,	O
who	WP	O
demanded	VBD	O
fast	RB	O
,	,	O
dynamic	JJ	O
dialogue	NN	O
above	IN	O
all	DT	O
else	RB	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
21	CD	O
October	NNP	O
1949	CD	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
wrote	VBD	O
to	TO	O
George	NNP	I-PER
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
author	NN	O
of	IN	O
Nineteen	NNP	I-MISC
Eighty-Four	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
congratulating	VBG	O
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
on	IN	O
"	LQU	O
how	WRB	O
fine	JJ	O
and	CC	O
how	WRB	O
profoundly	RB	O
important	JJ	O
the	DT	O
book	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
the	DT	O
1950s	NNS	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
interest	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
field	NN	O
of	IN	O
psychical	JJ	O
research	NN	O
grew	VBD	O
keener	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
later	JJ	O
works	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
strongly	RB	O
influenced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
both	DT	O
mysticism	NN	O
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
experiences	NNS	O
with	IN	O
psychedelic	JJ	O
drugs	NNS	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
introduced	VBN	O
to	TO	O
mescaline	VB	O
(	LRB	O
considered	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
the	DT	O
key	JJ	O
active	JJ	O
ingredient	NN	O
of	IN	O
peyote	NN	O
)	RRB	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
psychiatrist	NN	O
Humphry	NNP	I-PER
Osmond	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
1953	CD	O
.	.	O

Through	IN	O
Dr.	NNP	O
Osmond	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
met	VBD	O
millionaire	JJ	O
Alfred	NNP	I-PER
Matthew	NNP	I-PER
Hubbard	NNP	I-PER
who	WP	O
would	MD	O
deal	VB	O
with	IN	O
LSD	NNP	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
wholesale	JJ	O
basis	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
24	CD	O
December	NNP	O
1955	CD	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
took	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
dose	NN	O
of	IN	O
LSD	NNP	O
.	.	O

Indeed	RB	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
pioneer	NN	O
of	IN	O
self-directed	JJ	O
psychedelic	JJ	O
drug	NN	O
use	NN	O
"	LQU	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
search	NN	O
for	IN	O
enlightenment	NN	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
famously	RB	O
taking	VBG	O
100	CD	O
micrograms	NNS	O
of	IN	O
LSD	NNP	O
as	IN	O
he	PRP	O
lay	VBD	O
dying	VBG	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
living	VBG	O
in	IN	O
Los	NNP	I-LOC
Angeles	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
friend	NN	O
of	IN	O
Ray	NNP	I-PER
Bradbury	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1956	CD	O
he	PRP	O
married	VBD	O
Laura	NNP	I-PER
Archera	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
1911	CD	O
--	IN	O
2007	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
also	RB	O
an	DT	O
author	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
deathbed	JJ	O
,	,	O
unable	JJ	O
to	TO	O
speak	VB	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
made	VBD	O
a	DT	O
written	JJ	O
request	NN	O
to	TO	O
his	PRP$	O
wife	NN	O
for	IN	O
"	LQU	O
LSD	NNP	O
,	,	O
100	CD	O
µg	NN	O
,	,	O
intramuscular	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
coincidence	NN	O
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
inspiration	NN	O
for	IN	O
Peter	NNP	I-PER
Kreeft	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
book	NN	O
Between	IN	I-MISC
Heaven	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
Hell	NNP	I-MISC
:	IN	I-MISC
A	DT	I-MISC
Dialog	NNP	I-MISC
Somewhere	NNP	I-MISC
Beyond	NNP	I-MISC
Death	NNP	I-MISC
with	IN	I-MISC
John	NNP	I-MISC
F.	NNP	I-MISC
Kennedy	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	I-MISC
C.	NNP	I-MISC
S.	NNP	I-MISC
Lewis	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	I-MISC
&	CC	I-MISC
Aldous	NNP	I-MISC
Huxley	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
only	JJ	O
child	NN	O
,	,	O
Matthew	NNP	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
also	RB	O
an	DT	O
author	NN	O
,	,	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
educator	NN	O
,	,	O
anthropologist	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
prominent	JJ	O
epidemiologist	NN	O
.	.	O

Aldous	JJ	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
survived	VBN	O
by	IN	O
two	CD	O
grandchildren	NNS	O
.	.	O

Together	RB	O
with	IN	O
Gerald	NNP	I-PER
Heard	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Christopher	NNP	I-PER
Isherwood	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
and	CC	O
other	JJ	O
followers	NNS	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
initiated	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Swami	NNP	O
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
taught	VBN	O
meditation	NN	O
and	CC	O
spiritual	JJ	O
practices	NNS	O
.	.	O

Together	RB	O
with	IN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
second	JJ	O
novel	NN	O
,	,	O
Antic	NNP	I-MISC
Hay	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1923	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
book	NN	O
expresses	VBZ	O
much	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
mood	NN	O
of	IN	O
disenchantment	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
1920s	NN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
intended	VBN	O
to	TO	O
reflect	VB	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
stated	VBD	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
letter	NN	O
to	TO	O
his	PRP$	O
father	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
the	DT	O
life	NN	O
and	CC	O
opinions	NNS	O
of	IN	O
an	DT	O
age	NN	O
which	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
seen	VBN	O
the	DT	O
violent	JJ	O
disruption	NN	O
of	IN	O
almost	RB	O
all	DT	O
the	DT	O
standards	NNS	O
,	,	O
conventions	NNS	O
and	CC	O
values	NNS	O
current	JJ	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
present	JJ	O
epoch	NN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
reputation	NN	O
for	IN	O
iconoclasm	NN	O
and	CC	O
emancipation	NN	O
grew	VBD	O
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
however	RB	O
,	,	O
said	VBD	O
that	IN	O
a	DT	O
novel	NN	O
should	MD	O
be	VB	O
full	JJ	O
of	IN	O
interesting	JJ	O
opinions	NNS	O
and	CC	O
arresting	VBG	O
ideas	NNS	O
,	,	O
describing	VBG	O
his	PRP$	O
aim	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
novelist	NN	O
as	IN	O
being	VBG	O
'	LQU	O
to	TO	O
arrive	VB	O
,	,	O
technically	RB	O
,	,	O
at	IN	O
a	DT	O
perfect	JJ	O
fusion	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
novel	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
essay	NN	O
'	POS	O
;	;	O
and	CC	O
with	IN	O
Point	NNP	I-MISC
Counter	NNP	I-MISC
Point	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1928	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
wrote	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
true	JJ	O
'	LQU	O
novel	NN	O
of	IN	O
ideas	NNS	O
'	POS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
type	NN	O
of	IN	O
thought-provoking	JJ	O
fiction	NN	O
with	IN	O
which	WDT	O
he	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
now	RB	O
associated	VBN	O
.	.	O

One	CD	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
main	JJ	O
ideas	NNS	O
was	VBD	O
pessimism	NN	O
about	IN	O
the	DT	O
cultural	JJ	O
future	NN	O
of	IN	O
society	NN	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
pessimism	NN	O
which	WDT	O
sprang	VBD	O
largely	RB	O
from	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
visit	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
between	IN	O
September	NNP	O
1925	CD	O
and	CC	O
June	NNP	O
1926	CD	O
.	.	O

Brave	NNP	I-MISC
New	NNP	I-MISC
World	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1932	CD	O
)	RRB	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
Island	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1962	CD	O
)	RRB	O
form	NN	O
the	DT	O
cornerstone	NN	O
of	IN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
damning	VBG	O
indictment	NN	O
of	IN	O
commercialism	NN	O
based	VBN	O
upon	IN	O
goods	NNS	O
generally	RB	O
manufactured	VBN	O
from	IN	O
other	JJ	O
countries	NNS	O
.	.	O

Indeed	RB	O
also	RB	O
,	,	O
Brave	NNP	I-MISC
New	NNP	I-MISC
World	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
along	IN	O
with	IN	O
Orwell	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
Nineteen	NNP	I-MISC
Eighty-Four	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Yevgeni	NNP	I-PER
Zamyatin	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
We	PRP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
helped	VBD	O
form	VB	O
the	DT	O
anti-utopian	JJ	O
or	CC	O
dystopian	JJ	O
tradition	NN	O
in	IN	O
literature	NN	O
and	CC	O
has	VBZ	O
become	VBN	O
synonymous	JJ	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
future	JJ	O
world	NN	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
the	DT	O
human	JJ	O
spirit	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
subject	JJ	O
to	TO	O
conditioning	NN	O
and	CC	O
control	NN	O
.	.	O

Island	NNP	I-MISC
acts	VBZ	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
antonym	NN	O
to	TO	O
Brave	VB	I-MISC
New	NNP	I-MISC
World	NNP	I-MISC
;	;	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
described	VBN	O
as	IN	O
"	LQU	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
truly	RB	O
great	JJ	O
philosophical	JJ	O
novels	NNS	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
book	NN	O
went	VBD	O
on	IN	O
to	TO	O
become	VB	O
a	DT	O
cult	NN	O
text	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
psychedelic	JJ	O
1960s	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
inspire	VB	O
the	DT	O
name	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
rock	NN	O
band	NN	O
The	DT	I-ORG
Doors	NNS	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
originally	RB	O
derived	VBN	O
from	IN	O
William	NNP	I-PER
Blake	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
"	LQU	O
Marriage	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Heaven	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
Hell	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Huxley	NNP	I-PER
appears	VBZ	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
sleeve	NN	O
of	IN	O
The	DT	I-ORG
Beatles	NNPS	I-ORG
'	POS	O
landmark	NN	O
1967	CD	O
album	NN	O
Sgt.	NNP	I-MISC
Pepper	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	I-MISC
Lonely	NNP	I-MISC
Hearts	NNP	I-MISC
Club	NNP	I-MISC
Band	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

With	IN	O
respect	NN	O
to	TO	O
details	NNS	O
about	IN	O
the	DT	O
true	JJ	O
quality	NN	O
of	IN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
eyesight	NN	O
at	IN	O
specific	JJ	O
points	NNS	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
life	NN	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
are	VBP	O
differing	VBG	O
accounts	NNS	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
from	IN	O
this	DT	O
period	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
publication	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
generally	RB	O
disputed	JJ	O
theories	NNS	O
contained	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
latter	JJ	O
book	NN	O
,	,	O
that	IN	O
a	DT	O
growing	VBG	O
degree	NN	O
of	IN	O
popular	JJ	O
controversy	NN	O
arose	VBD	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
subject	NN	O
of	IN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
eyesight	NN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
noticeable	JJ	O
extent	NN	O
,	,	O
still	RB	O
is	VBZ	O
widely	RB	O
held	VBN	O
that	IN	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
life	NN	O
,	,	O
since	IN	O
the	DT	O
illness	NN	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
teens	NNS	O
which	WDT	O
left	VBD	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
nearly	RB	O
blind	VBD	O
,	,	O
that	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
eyesight	NN	O
was	VBD	O
exceedingly	RB	O
poor	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
despite	IN	O
the	DT	O
partial	JJ	O
recovery	NN	O
which	WDT	O
had	VBD	O
enabled	VBN	O
him	PRP	O
to	TO	O
study	VB	O
at	IN	O
Oxford	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Laura	NNP	I-PER
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
proceeds	NNS	O
to	TO	O
elaborate	VB	O
a	DT	O
few	JJ	O
nuances	NNS	O
of	IN	O
inconsistency	NN	O
peculiar	NN	O
to	TO	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
vision	NN	O
.	.	O

Nevertheless	RB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
topic	NN	O
of	IN	O
Huxley	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
eyesight	NN	O
continues	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
endure	VB	O
similar	JJ	O
,	,	O
significant	JJ	O
controversy	NN	O
,	,	O
regardless	RB	O
of	IN	O
how	WRB	O
trivial	JJ	O
a	DT	O
subject	JJ	O
matter	NN	O
it	PRP	O
might	MD	O
initially	RB	O
appear	VB	O
.	.	O











Although	IN	O
some	DT	O
speculate	VBP	O
that	IN	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
related	VBN	O
to	TO	O
Latin	JJ	I-MISC
algēre	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
be	VB	O
cold	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
known	JJ	O
reason	NN	O
to	TO	O
associate	JJ	O
seaweed	NN	O
with	IN	O
temperature	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Latinization	NN	I-MISC
,	,	O
fūcus	NN	O
,	,	O
meant	VBD	O
primarily	RB	O
the	DT	O
cosmetic	JJ	O
rouge	NN	O
.	.	O

Algae	NNP	O
are	VBP	O
national	JJ	O
foods	NNS	O
of	IN	O
many	JJ	O
nations	NNS	O
:	IN	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
consumes	VBZ	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
70	CD	O
species	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
fat	JJ	O
choy	NN	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
cyanobacterium	NN	O
considered	VBN	O
a	DT	O
vegetable	NN	O
;	;	O
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
over	IN	O
20	CD	O
species	NNS	O
;	;	O
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
dulse	NN	O
;	;	O
Chile	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
cochayuyo	NN	O
.	.	O

Laver	NNP	O
is	VBZ	O
used	VBN	O
to	TO	O
make	VB	O
"	LQU	O
laver	JJR	O
bread	NN	O
"	RQU	O
in	IN	O
Wales	NNP	I-LOC
where	WRB	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
known	VBN	O
as	IN	O
bara	NN	O
lawr	NN	O
;	;	O
in	IN	O
Korea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
gim	NN	O
;	;	O
in	IN	O
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
nori	NNP	O
and	CC	O
aonori	NNP	O
.	.	O

Sea	NNP	O
lettuce	NN	O
and	CC	O
badderlocks	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
a	DT	O
salad	JJ	O
ingredient	NN	O
in	IN	O
Scotland	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Greenland	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Iceland	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O





The	DT	O
objective	JJ	O
random-assignment	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
used	VBN	O
to	TO	O
test	VB	O
the	DT	O
significance	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
null	NN	O
hypothesis	NN	O
,	,	O
following	VBG	O
the	DT	O
ideas	NNS	O
of	IN	O
C.	NNP	I-PER
S.	NNP	I-PER
Peirce	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Ronald	NNP	I-PER
A.	NNP	I-PER
Fisher	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

This	DT	O
design-based	JJ	O
analysis	NN	O
was	VBD	O
discussed	VBN	O
and	CC	O
developed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Francis	NNP	I-PER
J.	NNP	I-PER
Anscombe	NNP	I-PER
at	IN	O
Rothamsted	NNP	I-LOC
Experimental	NNP	I-LOC
Station	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
by	IN	O
Oscar	NNP	I-PER
Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
at	IN	O
Iowa	NNP	I-ORG
State	NNP	I-ORG
University	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
students	NNS	O
make	VBP	O
an	DT	O
assumption	NN	O
of	IN	O
unit	NN	O
treatment	NN	O
additivity	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
discussed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
books	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
David	NNP	I-PER
R.	NNP	I-PER
Cox	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
assumption	NN	O
of	IN	O
unit	NN	O
treatment	NN	O
additivity	NN	O
usually	RB	O
can	MD	O
not	RB	O
be	VB	O
directly	RB	O
falsified	VBN	O
,	,	O
according	VBG	O
to	TO	O
Cox	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
assumption	NN	O
of	IN	O
unit-treatment	JJ	O
additivity	NN	O
was	VBD	O
enunciated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
experimental	JJ	O
design	NN	O
by	IN	O
Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Cox	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
unit	NN	O
treatment	NN	O
additivity	NN	O
and	CC	O
randomization	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
similar	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
design-based	JJ	O
inference	NN	O
that	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
standard	JJ	O
in	IN	O
finite-population	JJ	O
survey	NN	O
sampling	NN	O
.	.	O

Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
uses	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
randomization-distribution	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
assumption	NN	O
of	IN	O
unit	NN	O
treatment	NN	O
additivity	NN	O
to	TO	O
produce	VB	O
a	DT	O
derived	VBN	O
linear	NN	O
model	NN	O
,	,	O
very	RB	O
similar	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
textbook	NN	O
model	NN	O
discussed	VBD	O
previously	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
test	NN	O
statistics	NNS	O
of	IN	O
this	DT	O
derived	VBN	O
linear	NN	O
model	NN	O
are	VBP	O
closely	RB	O
approximated	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
test	NN	O
statistics	NNS	O
of	IN	O
an	DT	O
appropriate	JJ	O
normal	JJ	O
linear	NN	O
model	NN	O
,	,	O
according	VBG	O
to	TO	O
approximation	NN	O
theorems	NNS	O
and	CC	O
simulation	NN	O
studies	NNS	O
by	IN	O
Kempthorne	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
students	NNS	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
observational	JJ	O
data	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
derivation	NN	O
of	IN	O
confidence	NN	O
intervals	NNS	O
must	MD	O
use	VB	O
subjective	JJ	O
models	NNS	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
emphasized	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Ronald	NNP	I-PER
A.	NNP	I-PER
Fisher	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
followers	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
modern	JJ	O
form	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
analysis	NN	O
of	IN	O
variance	NN	O
was	VBD	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
many	JJ	O
important	JJ	O
statistical	JJ	O
innovations	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Ronald	NNP	I-PER
A.	NNP	I-PER
Fisher	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Fisher	NNP	O
proposed	VBD	O
a	DT	O
formal	JJ	O
analysis	NN	O
of	IN	O
variance	NN	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
1918	CD	O
paper	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Correlation	NN	I-MISC
Between	IN	I-MISC
Relatives	NNS	I-MISC
on	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Supposition	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Mendelian	NNP	I-MISC
Inheritance	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O





According	VBG	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
definition	NN	O
by	IN	O
IUPAC	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
the	DT	O
former	JJ	O
two	CD	O
are	VBP	O
alkanes	NNS	O
,	,	O
whereas	IN	O
the	DT	O
third	JJ	O
group	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
called	VBN	O
cycloalkanes	NNS	O
.	.	O

August	NNP	I-PER
Wilhelm	NNP	I-PER
von	NNP	I-PER
Hofmann	NNP	I-PER
suggested	VBD	O
systematizing	VBG	O
nomenclature	NN	O
by	IN	O
using	VBG	O
the	DT	O
whole	JJ	O
sequence	NN	O
of	IN	O
vowels	NNS	O
a	DT	O
,	,	O
e	NN	O
,	,	O
i	NN	O
,	,	O
o	NN	O
and	CC	O
u	NN	O
to	TO	O
create	VB	O
suffixes-ane	JJ	O
,-ene	JJ	O
,-ine	NN	O
(	LRB	O
or-yne	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,-one	JJ	O
,-une	NN	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
hydrocarbons	NNS	O
.	.	O

IUPAC	NNP	I-ORG
naming	NN	O
conventions	NNS	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
used	VBN	O
to	TO	O
produce	VB	O
a	DT	O
systematic	JJ	O
name	NN	O
.	.	O

Also	RB	O
on	IN	O
Titan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
methane-spewing	JJ	O
volcano	NN	O
was	VBD	O
spotted	VBN	O
and	CC	O
this	DT	O
volcanism	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
believed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
a	DT	O
significant	JJ	O
source	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
methane	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
atmosphere	NN	O
.	.	O

Methane	NNP	O
and	CC	O
ethane	NN	O
have	VBP	O
also	RB	O
been	VBN	O
detected	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
tail	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
comet	NN	O
Hyakutake	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

One	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
natural	JJ	O
deposits	NNS	O
of	IN	O
solid	JJ	O
alkanes	NNS	O
is	VBZ	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
asphalt	NN	O
lake	NN	O
known	VBN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Pitch	NNP	I-LOC
Lake	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
Trinidad	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	I-LOC
Tobago	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O





These	DT	O
grounds	NNS	O
typically	RB	O
could	MD	O
include	VB	O
errors	NNS	O
of	IN	O
law	NN	O
,	,	O
fact	NN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
procedure	NN	O
(	LRB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
due	JJ	O
process	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
party	NN	O
who	WP	O
files	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
appeal	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
called	VBN	O
an	DT	O
appellant	NN	O
or	CC	O
petitioner	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
party	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
other	JJ	O
side	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
called	VBN	O
a	DT	O
respondent	NN	O
(	LRB	O
in	IN	O
most	JJS	O
common-law	JJ	O
countries	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
or	CC	O
an	DT	O
appellee	NN	O
(	LRB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
good	JJ	O
example	NN	O
of	IN	O
this	DT	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-ORG
Supreme	NNP	I-ORG
Court	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
at	IN	O
least	JJS	O
four	CD	O
justices	NNS	O
must	MD	O
agree	VB	O
to	TO	O
hear	VB	O
the	DT	O
case	NN	O
if	IN	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
constitutional	JJ	O
issue	NN	O
.	.	O

And	CC	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
double	JJ	O
jeopardy	NN	O
principle	NN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
the	DT	O
state	NN	O
or	CC	O
prosecution	NN	O
may	MD	O
never	RB	O
appeal	VB	O
a	DT	O
jury	NN	O
or	CC	O
bench	NN	O
verdict	NN	O
of	IN	O
acquittal	NN	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
states	NNS	O
may	MD	O
have	VB	O
similar	JJ	O
processes	NNS	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
writ	NN	O
of	IN	O
cert	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
usually	RB	O
only	RB	O
issued	VBN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Supreme	NNP	I-ORG
Court	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
although	IN	O
some	DT	O
states	NNS	O
retain	VBP	O
this	DT	O
procedure	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
England	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
many	JJ	O
other	JJ	O
jurisdictions	NNS	O
,	,	O
however	RB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
phrase	NN	O
appeal	NN	O
dismissed	VBN	O
is	VBZ	O
equivalent	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
term	NN	O
affirmed	VBD	O
;	;	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
phrase	NN	O
appeal	NN	O
allowed	VBN	O
is	VBZ	O
equivalent	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
term	NN	O
reversed	VBD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
legal	JJ	O
system	NN	O
generally	RB	O
recognizes	VBZ	O
two	CD	O
types	NNS	O
of	IN	O
appeals	NNS	O
:	IN	O
a	DT	O
trial	NN	O
de	IN	O
novo	NN	O
or	CC	O
an	DT	O
appeal	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
record	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
lawyer	NN	O
traditionally	RB	O
starts	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
oral	JJ	O
argument	NN	O
to	TO	O
any	DT	O
appellate	JJ	O
court	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
words	NNS	O
"	LQU	O
May	MD	O
it	PRP	O
please	VB	O
the	DT	O
court	NN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

In	IN	O
some	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
jurisdictions	NNS	O
the	DT	O
mandate	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
known	VBN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
remittitur	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
law	NN	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
are	VBP	O
two	CD	O
distinct	JJ	O
forms	NNS	O
of	IN	O
appellate	JJ	O
review	NN	O
,	,	O
direct	JJ	O
and	CC	O
collateral	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
Anglo-American	JJ	I-MISC
common	JJ	O
law	NN	O
courts	NNS	O
,	,	O
appellate	JJ	O
review	NN	O
of	IN	O
lower	JJR	O
court	NN	O
decisions	NNS	O
may	MD	O
also	RB	O
be	VB	O
obtained	VBN	O
by	IN	O
filing	VBG	O
a	DT	O
petition	NN	O
for	IN	O
review	NN	O
by	IN	O
prerogative	JJ	O
writ	NN	O
in	IN	O
certain	JJ	O
cases	NNS	O
.	.	O







Some	DT	O
jurisdictions	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
specialized	VBN	O
appellate	JJ	O
courts	NNS	O
,	,	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Texas	NNP	I-ORG
Court	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Criminal	NNP	I-ORG
Appeals	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
only	RB	O
hears	VBZ	O
appeals	NNS	O
raised	VBN	O
in	IN	O
criminal	JJ	O
cases	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNP	I-ORG
Court	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Appeals	NNPS	I-ORG
for	IN	I-ORG
the	DT	I-ORG
Federal	NNP	I-ORG
Circuit	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
general	JJ	O
jurisdiction	NN	O
but	CC	O
derives	VBZ	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
caseload	NN	O
from	IN	O
patent	NN	O
cases	NNS	O
,	,	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
one	CD	O
hand	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
appeals	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Court	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Federal	NNP	I-ORG
Claims	NNPS	I-ORG
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
other	JJ	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
both	DT	O
state	NN	O
and	CC	O
federal	JJ	O
appellate	JJ	O
courts	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
usually	RB	O
restricted	VBN	O
to	TO	O
examining	VBG	O
whether	IN	O
the	DT	O
court	NN	O
below	IN	O
made	VBD	O
the	DT	O
correct	JJ	O
legal	JJ	O
determinations	NNS	O
,	,	O
rather	RB	O
than	IN	O
hearing	VBG	O
direct	JJ	O
evidence	NN	O
and	CC	O
determining	VBG	O
what	WP	O
the	DT	O
facts	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
case	NN	O
were	VBD	O
.	.	O

Furthermore	RB	O
,	,	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
appellate	JJ	O
courts	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
usually	RB	O
restricted	VBN	O
to	TO	O
hearing	VBG	O
appeals	NNS	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
matters	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
were	VBD	O
originally	RB	O
brought	VBN	O
up	RP	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
trial	NN	O
court	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
most	JJS	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
states	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
in	IN	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
federal	JJ	O
courts	NNS	O
,	,	O
parties	NNS	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
court	NN	O
are	VBP	O
allowed	VBN	O
one	CD	O
appeal	NN	O
as	IN	O
of	IN	O
right	NN	O
.	.	O





This	DT	O
process	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
in	IN	O
Australian	JJ	I-MISC
jurisdictions	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
past	NN	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
defendant	NN	O
who	WP	O
refused	VBD	O
to	TO	O
plead	VB	O
(	LRB	O
or	CC	O
"	LQU	O
stood	VBD	O
mute	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
subject	JJ	O
to	TO	O
peine	VB	O
forte	JJ	O
et	NN	O
dure	NN	O
(	LRB	O
Law	NNP	I-MISC
French	NNP	I-MISC
for	IN	O
"	LQU	O
strong	JJ	O
and	CC	O
hard	JJ	O
punishment	NN	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Under	IN	O
the	DT	O
Federal	NNP	I-ORG
Rules	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Criminal	NNP	I-ORG
Procedure	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
arraignment	NN	O
shall	MD	O
...	:	O
[	NN	O
consist	VBP	O
of	IN	O
an	DT	O
]	NN	O
open	JJ	O
...	:	O
reading	VBG	O
[	NNS	O
of	IN	O
]	VBG	O
the	DT	O
indictment	NN	O
...	:	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
defendant	NN	O
...	:	O
and	CC	O
calling	VBG	O
on	IN	O
him	PRP	O
to	TO	O
plead	VB	O
thereto	NN	O
.	.	O





"	LQU	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
is	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
patriotic	JJ	O
song	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
lyrics	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
written	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Katharine	NNP	I-PER
Lee	NNP	I-PER
Bates	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
music	NN	O
composed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
church	NN	O
organist	NN	O
and	CC	O
choirmaster	NN	O
Samuel	NNP	I-PER
A.	NN	I-PER
Ward	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
poem	NN	O
was	VBD	O
titled	VBN	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
for	IN	O
publication	NN	O
.	.	O

Ward	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
music	NN	O
combined	VBN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
Bates	NNP	I-PER
poem	NN	O
was	VBD	O
first	JJ	O
published	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1910	CD	O
and	CC	O
titled	VBD	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
song	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
beloved	JJ	O
and	CC	O
popular	JJ	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
many	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
patriotic	JJ	O
songs	NNS	O
.	.	O

From	IN	O
time	NN	O
to	TO	O
time	NN	O
it	PRP	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
proposed	VBN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
replacement	NN	O
for	IN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Star-Spangled	JJ	I-MISC
Banner	NN	I-MISC
as	IN	O
the	DT	I-MISC
National	NNP	I-MISC
Anthem	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

A	DT	O
hymn	JJ	O
tune	NN	O
composed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Samuel	NNP	I-PER
A.	NNP	I-PER
Ward	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
generally	RB	O
considered	VBN	O
the	DT	O
best	JJS	O
music	NN	O
as	IN	O
early	JJ	O
as	IN	O
1910	CD	O
and	CC	O
is	VBZ	O
still	RB	O
the	DT	O
popular	JJ	O
tune	NN	O
today	NN	O
.	.	O

Just	RB	O
as	IN	O
Bates	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
been	VBN	O
inspired	VBN	O
to	TO	O
write	VB	O
her	PRP$	O
poem	NN	O
,	,	O
Ward	NNP	I-PER
too	SO	O
was	VBD	O
inspired	VBN	O
to	TO	O
compose	VB	O
his	PRP$	O
tune	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
tune	NN	O
came	VBD	O
to	TO	O
him	PRP	O
while	IN	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
ferryboat	NN	O
trip	NN	O
from	IN	O
Coney	NNP	I-LOC
Island	NNP	I-LOC
back	RB	O
to	TO	O
his	PRP$	O
home	NN	O
in	IN	O
New	NNP	I-LOC
York	NNP	I-LOC
City	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
after	IN	O
a	DT	O
leisurely	JJ	O
summer	NN	O
day	NN	O
in	IN	O
1882	CD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
he	PRP	O
immediately	RB	O
wrote	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
down	RP	O
.	.	O

Ward	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
music	NN	O
combined	VBN	O
with	IN	O
Bates	NNP	I-PER
'	POS	O
poem	NN	O
were	VBD	O
first	JJ	O
published	VBN	O
together	RB	O
in	IN	O
1910	CD	O
and	CC	O
titled	VBD	O
,	,	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Ward	NNP	I-PER
died	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1903	CD	O
,	,	O
not	RB	O
knowing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
national	JJ	O
stature	NN	O
his	PRP$	O
music	NN	O
would	MD	O
attain	VB	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
music	NN	O
was	VBD	O
only	RB	O
first	RB	O
applied	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
song	NN	O
in	IN	O
1904	CD	O
.	.	O

Miss	NNP	O
Bates	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
more	RBR	O
fortunate	JJ	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
song	NN	O
's	POS	O
popularity	NN	O
was	VBD	O
well-established	VBN	O
by	IN	O
her	PRP$	O
death	NN	O
in	IN	O
1929	CD	O
.	.	O

At	IN	O
various	JJ	O
times	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
100	CD	O
years	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
have	VBP	O
elapsed	VBN	O
since	IN	O
the	DT	O
song	NN	O
as	IN	O
we	PRP	O
know	VBP	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
born	VBN	O
,	,	O
particularly	RB	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
John	NNP	I-PER
F.	NNP	I-PER
Kennedy	NNP	I-PER
administration	NN	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
efforts	NNS	O
to	TO	O
give	VB	O
"	LQU	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
legal	JJ	O
status	NN	O
either	CC	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
national	JJ	O
hymn	NN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
national	JJ	O
anthem	NN	O
equal	JJ	O
to	TO	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
in	IN	O
place	NN	O
of	IN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Star-Spangled	JJ	I-MISC
Banner	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
so	RB	O
far	RB	O
this	DT	O
has	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
succeeded	VBN	O
.	.	O

Proponents	NNS	O
prefer	VBP	O
"	LQU	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
for	IN	O
various	JJ	O
reasons	NNS	O
,	,	O
saying	VBG	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
easier	JJR	O
to	TO	O
sing	VB	O
,	,	O
more	RBR	O
melodic	JJ	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
more	RBR	O
adaptable	JJ	O
to	TO	O
new	JJ	O
orchestrations	NNS	O
while	IN	O
still	RB	O
remaining	VBG	O
as	IN	O
easily	RB	O
recognizable	JJ	O
as	IN	O
"	LQU	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Star-Spangled	JJ	I-MISC
Banner	NN	I-MISC
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Some	DT	O
prefer	VBP	O
"	LQU	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
over	RP	O
"	LQU	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Star-Spangled	JJ	I-MISC
Banner	NN	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
latter	NN	O
's	POS	O
war-oriented	JJ	O
imagery	NN	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
that	DT	O
national	JJ	O
dichotomy	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
stymied	VBN	O
any	DT	O
effort	NN	O
at	IN	O
changing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
tradition	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
national	JJ	O
anthem	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
continues	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
held	VBN	O
in	IN	O
high	JJ	O
esteem	NN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
large	JJ	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
Americans	NNPS	I-MISC
.	.	O

Ray	NNP	I-PER
Charles	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
credited	VBN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
song	NN	O
's	POS	O
most	RBS	O
well	RB	O
known	VBN	O
rendition	NN	O
in	IN	O
current	JJ	O
times	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
although	IN	O
Elvis	NNP	I-PER
Presley	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
success	NN	O
with	IN	O
it	PRP	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
1970s	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Charles	NNP	I-PER
'	POS	O
recording	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
very	RB	O
commonly	RB	O
played	VBN	O
at	IN	O
major	JJ	O
sporting	JJ	O
events	NNS	O
,	,	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Super	NNP	I-ORG
Bowl	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
and	CC	O
WrestleMania	NNP	I-MISC
;	;	O
Charles	NNP	I-PER
gave	VBD	O
a	DT	O
live	JJ	O
performance	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
song	NN	O
prior	RB	O
to	TO	O
Super	NNP	I-MISC
Bowl	NNP	I-MISC
XXXV	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
last	JJ	O
Super	NNP	I-ORG
Bowl	NNP	I-ORG
played	VBD	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
September	NNP	O
11	CD	O
terrorist	JJ	O
attacks	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
third	JJ	O
verse	NN	O
(	LRB	O
see	VB	O
below	IN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
author	NN	O
scolds	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
materialistic	JJ	O
and	CC	O
self-serving	JJ	O
robber	NN	O
barons	NNS	O
of	IN	O
her	PRP$	O
day	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
urges	VBZ	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
to	TO	O
live	VB	O
up	RP	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
noble	JJ	O
ideals	NNS	O
and	CC	O
to	TO	O
honor	VB	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
both	DT	O
word	NN	O
and	CC	O
deed	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
memory	NN	O
of	IN	O
those	DT	O
who	WP	O
died	VBD	O
for	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
country	NN	O
.	.	O

An	DT	O
all-star	JJ	O
version	NN	O
of	IN	O
"	LQU	O
America	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Beautiful	NNP	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
performed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
country	NN	O
music	NN	O
singers	VBZ	O
Trace	NNP	I-PER
Adkins	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Billy	NNP	I-PER
Dean	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Vince	NNP	I-PER
Gill	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Carolyn	NNP	I-PER
Dawn	NNP	I-PER
Johnson	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Toby	NNP	I-PER
Keith	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Brenda	NNP	I-PER
Lee	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Lonestar	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
Martina	NNP	I-PER
McBride	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Jamie	NNP	I-PER
O'Neal	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Kenny	NNP	I-PER
Rogers	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Keith	NNP	I-PER
Urban	NNP	I-PER
reached	VBD	O
#	#	O
58	CD	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
Billboard	NNP	I-ORG
Hot	NNP	I-MISC
Country	NNP	I-MISC
Singles	NNP	I-MISC
&	CC	I-MISC
Tracks	NNP	I-MISC
chart	NN	O
in	IN	O
July	NNP	O
2001	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
song	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
often	RB	O
included	VBN	O
in	IN	O
songbooks	NNS	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
wide	JJ	O
variety	NN	O
of	IN	O
religious	JJ	O
congregations	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

"	LQU	O
From	IN	I-MISC
sea	NN	I-MISC
to	TO	I-MISC
shining	VBG	I-MISC
sea	NN	I-MISC
"	RQU	O
is	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
idiom	NN	O
meaning	VBG	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Atlantic	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
or	CC	O
vice	NN	O
versa	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O





The	DT	O
Lekotek	NNP	I-MISC
movement	NN	O
assists	NNS	O
parents	NNS	O
by	IN	O
lending	VBG	O
assistive	JJ	O
technology	NN	O
toys	NNS	O
and	CC	O
expertise	NN	O
to	TO	O
families	NNS	O
.	.	O





The	DT	O
abacus	NN	O
,	,	O
also	RB	O
called	VBD	O
a	DT	O
counting	NN	O
frame	NN	O
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
calculating	VBG	O
tool	NN	O
used	VBN	O
primarily	RB	O
in	IN	O
parts	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
for	IN	O
performing	VBG	O
arithmetic	JJ	O
processes	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
abacus	NN	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
use	NN	O
centuries	NNS	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
adoption	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
written	VBN	O
modern	JJ	O
numeral	NN	O
system	NN	O
and	CC	O
is	VBZ	O
still	RB	O
widely	RB	O
used	VBN	O
by	IN	O
merchants	NNS	O
,	,	O
traders	NNS	O
and	CC	O
clerks	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Africa	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
elsewhere	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
period	NN	O
2700	CD	O
--	:	O
2300	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
saw	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
appearance	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Sumerian	JJ	I-MISC
abacus	NN	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
table	NN	O
of	IN	O
successive	JJ	O
columns	NNS	O
which	WDT	O
delimited	VBD	O
the	DT	O
successive	JJ	O
orders	NNS	O
of	IN	O
magnitude	NN	O
of	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
sexagesimal	JJ	O
number	NN	O
system	NN	O
.	.	O

Some	DT	O
scholars	NNS	O
point	VBP	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
character	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Babylonian	NNP	I-MISC
cuneiform	NN	O
which	WDT	O
may	MD	O
have	VB	O
been	VBN	O
derived	VBN	O
from	IN	O
a	DT	O
representation	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
abacus	NN	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
the	DT	O
Achaemenid	NNP	I-MISC
Persian	NNP	I-MISC
Empire	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
around	IN	O
600	CD	O
BC	NNP	O
,	,	O
Iranians	NNPS	I-MISC
first	RB	O
began	VBD	O
to	TO	O
use	VB	O
the	DT	O
abacus	NN	O
.	.	O

Under	IN	O
Parthian	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Sassanian	NNP	I-MISC
Iranian	NNP	B-MISC
empires	VBZ	O
,	,	O
scholars	NNS	O
concentrated	VBD	O
on	IN	O
exchanging	VBG	O
knowledge	NN	O
and	CC	O
inventions	NNS	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
countries	NNS	O
around	IN	O
them	PRP	O
--	:	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Roman	NNP	I-LOC
Empire	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
when	WRB	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
thought	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
expanded	VBN	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
other	JJ	O
countries	NNS	O
.	.	O

Koreans	NNPS	I-MISC
call	VBP	O
it	PRP	O
jupan	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
주판	NNP	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
supan	NN	O
(	LRB	O
수판	NN	O
)	RRB	O
or	CC	O
jusan	NN	O
(	LRB	O
주산	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
abacus	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
schety	NN	O
(	LRB	O
счёты	NNP	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
usually	RB	O
has	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
single	JJ	O
slanted	JJ	O
deck	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
ten	JJ	O
beads	NNS	O
on	IN	O
each	DT	O
wire	NN	O
(	LRB	O
except	IN	O
one	CD	O
wire	NN	O
which	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
four	CD	O
beads	NNS	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
quarter-ruble	JJ	O
fractions	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
abacus	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
often	RB	O
used	VBN	O
vertically	RB	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
wires	NNS	O
from	IN	O
left	VBN	O
to	TO	O
right	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
manner	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
book	NN	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
a	DT	O
simple	NN	O
,	,	O
cheap	JJ	O
and	CC	O
reliable	JJ	O
device	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
abacus	NN	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
use	NN	O
in	IN	O
all	DT	O
shops	NNS	O
and	CC	O
markets	NNS	O
throughout	IN	O
the	DT	O
former	JJ	I-ORG
Soviet	NNP	I-ORG
Union	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
usage	NN	O
of	IN	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
taught	VBN	O
in	IN	O
most	JJS	O
schools	NNS	O
until	IN	O
the	DT	O
1990s	CD	O
.	.	O

Russian	JJ	I-MISC
abacus	NN	O
began	VBD	O
to	TO	O
lose	VB	O
popularity	NN	O
only	RB	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
mass	NN	O
production	NN	O
of	IN	O
microcalculators	NNS	O
had	VBD	O
started	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
1974	CD	O
.	.	O

Poncelet	NNP	I-PER
used	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
,	,	O
not	RB	O
for	IN	O
any	DT	O
applied	JJ	O
purpose	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
teaching	NN	O
and	CC	O
demonstration	NN	O
aid	NN	O
.	.	O

Blind	JJ	O
students	NNS	O
also	RB	O
complete	JJ	O
mathematical	JJ	O
assignments	NNS	O
using	VBG	O
a	DT	O
braille-writer	NN	O
and	CC	O
Nemeth	JJ	I-MISC
code	NN	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
a	DT	O
type	NN	O
of	IN	O
braille	JJ	O
code	NN	O
for	IN	O
mathematics	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
but	CC	O
large	JJ	O
multiplication	NN	O
and	CC	O
long	JJ	O
division	NN	O
problems	NNS	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
long	JJ	O
and	CC	O
difficult	JJ	O
.	.	O





That	DT	O
approximates	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
modern	JJ	O
definition	NN	O
of	IN	O
Johannes	NNP	I-PER
Nicolaus	NNP	I-PER
Brønsted	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Martin	NNP	I-PER
Lowry	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
independently	RB	O
defined	VBD	O
an	DT	O
acid	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
compound	NN	O
which	WDT	O
donates	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
hydrogen	NN	O
ion	NN	O
to	TO	O
another	DT	O
compound	NN	O
(	LRB	O
called	VBD	O
a	DT	O
base	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

An	DT	O
Arrhenius	NN	I-PER
base	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
molecule	NN	O
which	WDT	O
increases	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
concentration	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
hydroxide	NN	O
ion	NN	O
when	WRB	O
dissolved	VBN	O
in	IN	O
water	NN	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
the	DT	O
Arrhenius	NNP	I-PER
concept	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
useful	JJ	O
for	IN	O
describing	VBG	O
many	JJ	O
reactions	NNS	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
quite	RB	O
limited	VBN	O
in	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
scope	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1923	CD	O
chemists	NNS	O
Johannes	NNP	I-PER
Nicolaus	NNP	I-PER
Brønsted	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Thomas	NNP	I-PER
Martin	NNP	I-PER
Lowry	NNP	I-PER
independently	RB	O
recognized	VBD	O
that	IN	O
acid-base	JJ	O
reactions	NNS	O
involve	VBP	O
the	DT	O
transfer	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
proton	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
following	VBG	O
reactions	NNS	O
illustrate	VBP	O
the	DT	O
limitations	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Arrhenius	NNP	I-PER
'	POS	O
definition	NN	O
:	:	O
As	IN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
acetic	JJ	O
acid	NN	O
reactions	NNS	O
,	,	O
both	DT	O
definitions	NNS	O
work	VBP	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
water	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
solvent	NN	O
and	CC	O
hydronium	NN	O
ion	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
formed	VBN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
third	JJ	O
concept	NN	O
was	VBD	O
proposed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Gilbert	NNP	I-PER
N.	NNP	I-PER
Lewis	NNP	I-PER
which	WDT	O
includes	VBZ	O
reactions	NNS	O
with	IN	O
acid-base	JJ	O
characteristics	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
do	VBP	O
not	RB	O
involve	VB	O
a	DT	O
proton	NN	O
transfer	NN	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
reaction	NN	O
can	MD	O
not	RB	O
be	VB	O
described	VBN	O
in	IN	O
terms	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Brønsted	VBN	I-PER
theory	NN	O
because	IN	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
proton	NN	O
transfer	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
IUPAC	NNP	I-ORG
naming	NN	O
system	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
aqueous	JJ	O
"	RQU	O
is	VBZ	O
simply	RB	O
added	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
name	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
ionic	JJ	O
compound	NN	O
.	.	O

Thus	RB	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
hydrogen	NN	O
chloride	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
IUPAC	NNP	I-ORG
name	NN	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
aqueous	JJ	O
hydrogen	NN	O
chloride	NN	O
.	.	O





In	IN	O
U.S.	NNP	O
and	CC	O
Polish	NNP	I-MISC
terminology	NN	O
,	,	O
asphalt	NN	O
(	LRB	O
or	CC	O
asphalt	NN	O
cement	NN	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
carefully	RB	O
refined	VBN	O
residue	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
distillation	NN	O
process	NN	O
of	IN	O
selected	JJ	O
crude	NN	O
oils	NNS	O
.	.	O

Natural	JJ	O
deposits	NNS	O
terminology	NN	O
also	RB	O
sometimes	RB	O
uses	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
word	NN	O
bitumen	NNS	O
,	,	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
La	NNP	I-LOC
Brea	NNP	I-LOC
Tar	NNP	I-LOC
Pits	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

Note	VB	O
that	DT	O
in	IN	O
French	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
term	NN	O
asphalte	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
used	VBN	O
for	IN	O
naturally	RB	O
occurring	VBG	O
bitumen-soaked	JJ	O
limestone	NN	O
deposits	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
for	IN	O
specialised	VBN	O
manufactured	JJ	O
products	NNS	O
with	IN	O
fewer	JJR	O
voids	NNS	O
or	CC	O
greater	JJR	O
bitumen	NN	O
content	NN	O
than	IN	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
asphaltic	JJ	O
concrete	NN	O
"	RQU	O
used	VBN	O
to	TO	O
pave	VB	O
roads	NNS	O
.	.	O

Asphalt	NNP	O
was	VBD	O
also	RB	O
used	VBN	O
by	IN	O
ancient	JJ	I-LOC
Egyptians	NNS	I-LOC
to	TO	O
embalm	VB	O
mummies	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
North	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
archaeological	JJ	O
recovery	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
indicated	VBN	O
that	IN	O
asphaltum	NN	O
was	VBD	O
sometimes	RB	O
used	VBN	O
to	TO	O
apply	VB	O
stone	NN	O
projectile	NN	O
points	NNS	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
wooden	JJ	O
shaft	NN	O
.	.	O

Indeed	RB	O
,	,	O
mastic	JJ	O
pavements	NNS	O
had	VBD	O
been	VBN	O
previously	RB	O
employed	VBN	O
at	IN	O
Vauxhall	NNP	I-LOC
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
competitor	NN	O
of	IN	O
Claridge	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
but	CC	O
without	IN	O
success	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
asphalt	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
for	IN	O
making	VBG	O
asphalt	JJ	O
concrete	NN	O
for	IN	O
road	NN	O
surfaces	NNS	O
and	CC	O
accounts	NNS	O
for	IN	O
approximately	RB	O
85	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
asphalt	NN	O
consumed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
about	RB	O
4,000	CD	O
asphalt	NN	O
mixing	VBG	O
plants	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Asphalt	NNP	O
road	NN	O
surface	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
widely	RB	O
recycled	JJ	O
material	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
US	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
both	DT	O
by	IN	O
gross	JJ	O
tonnage	NN	O
and	CC	O
by	IN	O
percentage	NN	O
.	.	O

According	VBG	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
report	NN	O
issued	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Federal	NNP	I-ORG
Highway	NNP	I-ORG
Administration	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
Environmental	NNP	I-ORG
Protection	NNP	I-ORG
Agency	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
80	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
asphalt	NN	O
removed	VBD	O
each	DT	O
year	NN	O
from	IN	O
road	NN	O
surfaces	NNS	O
during	IN	O
widening	NN	O
and	CC	O
resurfacing	VBG	O
projects	NNS	O
is	VBZ	O
reused	VBN	O
as	IN	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
new	JJ	O
roads	NNS	O
,	,	O
roadbeds	NNS	O
,	,	O
shoulders	NNS	O
and	CC	O
embankments	NNS	O
.	.	O





The	DT	O
American	NNP	I-ORG
National	NNP	I-ORG
Standards	NNP	I-ORG
Institute	NNP	I-ORG
or	CC	O
ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
pronounced	JJ	O
/ˈænsiː/	NN	O
)	RRB	O
[	NN	O
citation	NN	O
needed	VBN	O
]	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
private	JJ	O
non-profit	JJ	O
organization	NN	O
that	WDT	O
oversees	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
development	NN	O
of	IN	O
voluntary	JJ	O
consensus	NN	O
standards	NNS	O
for	IN	O
products	NNS	O
,	,	O
services	NNS	O
,	,	O
processes	NNS	O
,	,	O
systems	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
personnel	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
organization	NN	O
also	RB	O
coordinates	VBZ	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
standards	NNS	O
with	IN	O
international	JJ	O
standards	NNS	O
so	RB	O
that	IN	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
products	NNS	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
used	VBN	O
worldwide	NN	O
.	.	O

ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
accredits	VBZ	O
standards	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
are	VBP	O
developed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
representatives	NNS	O
of	IN	O
standards	NNS	O
developing	VBG	O
organizations	NNS	O
,	,	O
government	NN	O
agencies	NNS	O
,	,	O
consumer	NN	O
groups	NNS	O
,	,	O
companies	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
others	NNS	O
.	.	O

ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
also	RB	O
accredits	VBZ	O
organizations	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
carry	VBP	O
out	RP	O
product	NN	O
or	CC	O
personnel	NNS	O
certification	NN	O
in	IN	O
accordance	NN	O
with	IN	O
requirements	NNS	O
defined	VBN	O
in	IN	O
international	JJ	O
standards	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
organization	NN	O
's	POS	O
headquarters	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
in	IN	O
Wash.	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
DC	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	O
operations	NNS	O
office	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
located	VBN	O
in	IN	O
New	NNP	I-LOC
York	NNP	I-LOC
City	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
annual	JJ	O
operating	NN	O
budget	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
funded	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
sale	NN	O
of	IN	O
publications	NNS	O
,	,	O
membership	NN	O
dues	NNS	O
and	CC	O
fees	NNS	O
,	,	O
accreditation	NN	O
services	NNS	O
,	,	O
fee-based	JJ	O
programs	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
international	JJ	O
standards	NNS	O
programs	NNS	O
.	.	O

ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
was	VBD	O
originally	RB	O
formed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1918	CD	O
,	,	O
when	WRB	O
five	CD	O
engineering	NN	O
societies	NNS	O
and	CC	O
three	CD	O
government	NN	O
agencies	NNS	O
founded	VBD	O
the	DT	O
American	NNP	I-ORG
Engineering	NNP	I-ORG
Standards	NNPS	I-ORG
Committee	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1966	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
ASA	NNP	I-ORG
was	VBD	O
reorganized	VBN	O
and	CC	O
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-ORG
States	NNPS	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
America	NNP	I-ORG
Standards	NNP	I-ORG
Institute	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
USASI	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	O
membership	NN	O
comprises	VBZ	O
government	NN	O
agencies	NNS	O
,	,	O
organizations	NNS	O
,	,	O
corporations	NNS	O
,	,	O
academic	JJ	O
and	CC	O
international	JJ	O
bodies	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
individuals	NNS	O
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
approximately	RB	O
9,500	CD	O
American	NNP	I-ORG
National	NNP	I-ORG
Standards	NNPS	I-ORG
that	WDT	O
carry	VBP	O
the	DT	O
ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
designation	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
American	NNP	I-ORG
National	NNP	I-ORG
Standards	NNPS	I-ORG
process	NN	O
involves	VBZ	O
:	:	O

In	IN	O
addition	NN	O
to	TO	O
facilitating	VBG	O
the	DT	O
formation	NN	O
of	IN	O
standards	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
ANSI	NNP	I-ORG
promotes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
standards	NNS	O
internationally	RB	O
,	,	O
advocates	NNS	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
policy	NN	O
and	CC	O
technical	JJ	O
positions	NNS	O
in	IN	O
international	JJ	O
and	CC	O
regional	JJ	O
standards	NNS	O
organizations	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
encourages	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
adoption	NN	O
of	IN	O
international	JJ	O
standards	NNS	O
as	IN	O
national	JJ	O
standards	NNS	O
where	WRB	O
appropriate	JJ	O
.	.	O







The	DT	O
mission	NN	O
,	,	O
carried	VBD	O
out	RP	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
considered	VBN	O
a	DT	O
major	JJ	O
accomplishment	NN	O
in	IN	O
human	JJ	O
exploration	NN	O
and	CC	O
represented	VBD	O
a	DT	O
victory	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
U.S.	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cold	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
Space	NNP	B-MISC
Race	NNP	I-MISC
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Each	DT	O
crewman	NN	O
of	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	NNP	I-MISC
had	VBD	O
made	VBN	O
a	DT	O
spaceflight	NN	O
before	IN	O
this	DT	O
mission	NN	O
,	,	O
making	VBG	O
it	PRP	O
only	RB	O
the	DT	O
second	JJ	O
all-veteran	JJ	O
crew	NN	O
(	LRB	O
the	DT	O
other	JJ	O
being	VBG	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
10	CD	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
in	IN	O
manned	VBN	O
spaceflight	NN	O
history	NN	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
Collins	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
medically	RB	O
cleared	VBN	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
took	VBD	O
what	WP	O
would	MD	O
have	VB	O
been	VBN	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
spot	NN	O
on	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	CD	I-MISC
;	;	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
veteran	NN	O
of	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
,	,	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
transferred	VBN	O
to	TO	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
backup	NN	O
crew	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
promoted	VBD	O
to	TO	O
backup	JJ	O
commander	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
early	JJ	O
1969	CD	O
,	,	O
Bill	NNP	I-PER
Anders	NNP	I-PER
accepted	VBD	O
a	DT	O
job	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
National	NNP	I-ORG
Space	NNP	I-ORG
Council	NNP	I-ORG
effective	JJ	O
in	IN	O
August	NNP	O
1969	CD	O
and	CC	O
announced	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
retirement	NN	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
astronaut	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
Saturn	NNP	I-MISC
V	NNP	I-MISC
launched	VBD	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	CD	I-MISC
from	IN	O
Launch	NNP	I-LOC
Pad	NNP	I-LOC
39A	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Launch	NNP	I-LOC
Complex	NNP	I-LOC
39	CD	I-LOC
site	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Kennedy	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
on	IN	O
July	NNP	O
16	CD	O
,	,	O
1969	CD	O
at	IN	O
13:32:00	CD	O
UTC	NNP	O
(	LRB	O
9:32:00	CD	O
a.m.	RB	O
local	JJ	O
time	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
landing	NN	O
site	NN	O
was	VBD	O
selected	VBN	O
in	IN	O
part	NN	O
because	IN	O
it	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
been	VBN	O
characterized	VBN	O
as	IN	O
relatively	RB	O
flat	JJ	O
and	CC	O
smooth	JJ	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
automated	JJ	O
Ranger	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Surveyor	NNP	I-MISC
5	CD	I-MISC
landers	NNS	O
along	IN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Orbiter	NNP	I-MISC
mapping	NN	O
spacecraft	NN	O
and	CC	O
unlikely	JJ	O
to	TO	O
present	VB	O
major	JJ	O
landing	NN	O
or	CC	O
extra-vehicular	JJ	O
activity	NN	O
(	LRB	O
EVA	NNP	O
)	RRB	O
challenges	NNS	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
the	DT	O
descent	NN	O
began	VBD	O
,	,	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
found	VBD	O
that	IN	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
passing	VBG	O
landmarks	NNS	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
surface	NN	O
4	CD	O
seconds	NNS	O
early	JJ	O
and	CC	O
reported	VBD	O
that	IN	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
long	RB	O
"	RQU	O
:	IN	O
they	PRP	O
would	MD	O
land	VB	O
miles	NNS	O
west	RB	O
of	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
target	NN	O
point	NN	O
.	.	O

Five	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
descent	NN	O
burn	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
6000	CD	O
feet	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
1800	CD	O
m	NN	O
)	RRB	O
above	IN	O
the	DT	O
surface	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
moon	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
navigation	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
guidance	NN	I-MISC
computer	NN	I-MISC
distracted	VBD	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	NN	O
of	IN	O
several	JJ	O
unexpected	JJ	O
"	LQU	O
1202	CD	O
"	RQU	O
and	CC	O
"	LQU	O
1201	CD	O
"	RQU	O
program	NN	O
alarms	NNS	O
.	.	O

Ground	NNP	O
simulation	NN	O
setups	NNS	O
had	VBD	O
not	RB	O
foreseen	VBN	O
that	IN	O
a	DT	O
fast	JJ	O
stream	NN	O
of	IN	O
spurious	JJ	O
interrupts	NNS	O
from	IN	O
this	DT	O
radar	NN	O
could	MD	O
happen	VB	O
,	,	O
depending	VBG	O
upon	IN	O
how	WRB	O
the	DT	O
hardware	NN	O
randomly	RB	O
powered	VBD	O
up	RP	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
then	RB	O
began	VBD	O
nearing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
surface	NN	O
:	IN	O
hence	RB	O
the	DT	O
computer	NN	O
had	VBD	O
to	TO	O
deal	VB	O
with	IN	O
data	NNS	O
from	IN	O
two	CD	O
radars	NNS	O
,	,	O
not	RB	O
the	DT	O
landing	NN	O
radar	NN	O
alone	RB	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
led	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
overload	NN	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
again	RB	O
looked	VBD	O
outside	JJ	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
saw	VBD	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
computer	NN	O
's	POS	O
landing	NN	O
target	NN	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
boulder-strewn	JJ	O
area	NN	O
just	RB	O
north	RB	O
and	CC	O
east	RB	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
300	CD	O
meter	NN	O
diameter	NN	O
crater	NN	O
(	LRB	O
later	RB	O
determined	VBD	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
"	LQU	O
West	NNP	O
crater	NN	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
named	VBN	O
for	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
location	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
western	JJ	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
originally	RB	O
planned	VBN	O
landing	NN	O
ellipse	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
took	VBD	O
semi-automatic	JJ	O
control	NN	O
and	CC	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
calling	VBG	O
out	RP	O
altitude	NN	O
and	CC	O
velocity	NN	O
data	NNS	O
,	,	O
landed	VBD	O
at	IN	O
20:17	CD	O
UTC	NNP	O
on	IN	O
July	NNP	O
20	CD	O
with	IN	O
about	IN	O
25	CD	O
seconds	NNS	O
of	IN	O
fuel	NN	O
left	NN	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	NNP	I-MISC
landed	VBD	O
with	IN	O
less	JJR	O
fuel	NN	O
than	IN	O
other	JJ	O
missions	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
also	RB	O
encountered	VBD	O
a	DT	O
premature	JJ	O
low	JJ	O
fuel	NN	O
warning	NN	O
.	.	O

Throughout	IN	O
the	DT	O
descent	NN	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
called	VBN	O
out	RP	O
navigation	NN	O
data	NNS	O
to	TO	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
was	VBD	O
busy	JJ	O
piloting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

A	DT	O
few	JJ	O
moments	NNS	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
landing	NN	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
light	NN	O
informed	VBN	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
that	IN	O
at	IN	O
least	JJS	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
67	CD	O
inches	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
170	CD	O
cm	NN	O
)	RRB	O
probes	NNS	O
hanging	VBG	O
from	IN	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
footpads	NNS	O
had	VBD	O
touched	VBN	O
the	DT	O
surface	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
he	PRP	O
said	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
Contact	NN	O
light	NN	O
!	.	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
acknowledged	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
Out	IN	O
of	IN	O
detent	NN	O
.	.	O

before	IN	O
responding	VBG	O
to	TO	O
Duke	NNP	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
famous	JJ	O
words	NNS	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
Houston	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Tranquility	NNP	I-LOC
Base	NNP	I-LOC
here	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
has	VBZ	O
landed	VBN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Two	CD	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
half	NN	O
hours	NNS	O
after	IN	O
landing	NN	O
,	,	O
before	IN	O
preparations	NNS	O
began	VBD	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
EVA	NNP	O
,	,	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
broadcast	VBD	O
that	DT	O
:	:	O

At	IN	O
this	DT	O
time	NN	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
was	VBD	O
still	RB	O
fighting	VBG	O
a	DT	O
lawsuit	NN	O
brought	VBN	O
by	IN	O
atheist	NN	O
Madalyn	NNP	I-PER
Murray	NNP	I-PER
O'Hair	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
who	WP	O
had	VBD	O
objected	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
crew	NN	O
reading	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Book	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Genesis	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
which	WDT	O
demanded	VBD	O
that	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
astronauts	NNS	O
refrain	VBP	O
from	IN	O
religious	JJ	O
activities	NNS	O
while	IN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
such	JJ	O
,	,	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
chose	VBD	O
to	TO	O
refrain	VB	O
from	IN	O
directly	RB	O
mentioning	VBG	O
this	DT	O
.	.	O

According	VBG	O
to	TO	O
veteran	NN	O
moon-walker	NN	O
John	NNP	I-PER
Young	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
a	DT	O
redesign	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
to	TO	O
incorporate	VB	O
a	DT	O
smaller	JJR	O
hatch	NN	O
had	VBD	O
not	RB	O
been	VBN	O
followed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
redesign	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
PLSS	NNP	O
backpack	NN	O
,	,	O
so	IN	O
some	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
heart	NN	O
rates	NNS	O
recorded	VBN	O
from	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
astronauts	NNS	I-MISC
occurred	VBD	O
during	IN	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
egress	NN	O
and	CC	O
ingress	NN	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
describing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
surface	NN	O
dust	NN	O
(	LRB	O
"	LQU	O
fine	NN	O
and	CC	O
almost	RB	O
like	IN	O
a	DT	O
powder	NN	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
stepped	VBD	O
off	RP	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
footpad	NN	O
and	CC	O
into	IN	O
history	NN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
human	JJ	O
to	TO	O
set	VB	O
foot	NN	O
on	IN	O
another	DT	O
astronomical	JJ	O
body	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
addition	NN	O
to	TO	O
fulfilling	VBG	O
President	NNP	O
John	NNP	I-PER
F.	NNP	I-PER
Kennedy	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
mandate	NN	O
to	TO	O
land	VB	O
a	DT	O
man	NN	I-MISC
on	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Moon	NN	I-MISC
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
1960s	NNS	O
,	,	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	CD	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
an	DT	O
engineering	NN	O
test	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
system	NN	O
;	;	O
therefore	RB	O
,	,	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
snapped	VBD	O
photos	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
so	IN	O
engineers	NNS	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
able	JJ	O
to	TO	O
judge	VB	O
its	PRP$	O
post-landing	JJ	O
condition	NN	O
.	.	O

Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
joined	VBD	O
him	PRP	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
surface	NN	O
and	CC	O
tested	VBN	O
methods	NNS	O
for	IN	O
moving	VBG	O
around	RB	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
two-footed	JJ	O
kangaroo	NN	O
hops	NNS	O
.	.	O

Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
remarked	VBD	O
that	IN	O
moving	VBG	O
from	IN	O
sunlight	NN	O
into	IN	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
shadow	NN	O
produced	VBD	O
no	DT	O
temperature	NN	O
change	NN	O
inside	IN	O
the	DT	O
suit	NN	O
,	,	O
though	IN	O
the	DT	O
helmet	NN	O
was	VBD	O
warmer	NN	O
in	IN	O
sunlight	NN	O
,	,	O
so	IN	O
he	PRP	O
felt	VBD	O
cooler	NN	O
in	IN	O
shadow	NN	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
used	VBD	O
the	DT	O
geological	JJ	O
hammer	NN	O
to	TO	O
pound	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
tubes	NNS	O
--	IN	O
the	DT	O
only	JJ	O
time	NN	O
the	DT	O
hammer	NN	O
was	VBD	O
used	VBN	O
on	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	CD	I-MISC
.	.	O

During	IN	O
this	DT	O
period	NN	O
Mission	NNP	I-LOC
Control	NNP	I-LOC
used	VBD	O
a	DT	O
coded	JJ	O
phrase	NN	O
to	TO	O
warn	VB	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
that	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
metabolic	JJ	O
rates	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
high	JJ	O
and	CC	O
that	IN	O
he	PRP	O
should	MD	O
slow	VB	O
down	RP	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
metabolic	JJ	O
rates	NNS	O
remained	VBD	O
generally	RB	O
lower	JJR	O
than	IN	O
expected	VBN	O
for	IN	O
both	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
throughout	IN	O
the	DT	O
walk	NN	O
,	,	O
Mission	NNP	I-LOC
Control	NNP	I-LOC
granted	VBD	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
a	DT	O
15-minute	JJ	O
extension	NN	O
.	.	O

Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
entered	VBD	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
first	RB	O
.	.	O

Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
reminded	VBD	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
bag	NN	O
of	IN	O
memorial	JJ	O
items	NNS	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
suit	NN	O
pocket	NN	O
sleeve	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
tossed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
bag	NN	O
down	RB	O
;	;	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
then	RB	O
jumped	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
ladder	NN	O
's	POS	O
third	JJ	O
rung	NN	O
and	CC	O
climbed	VBD	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

After	IN	O
transferring	VBG	O
to	TO	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
life	NN	O
support	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
explorers	NNS	O
lightened	VBD	O
the	DT	O
ascent	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
for	IN	O
return	NN	O
to	TO	O
lunar	VB	O
orbit	NN	O
by	IN	O
tossing	VBG	O
out	RP	O
their	PRP$	O
PLSS	NNS	O
backpacks	NNS	O
,	,	O
lunar	NN	O
overshoes	NNS	O
,	,	O
one	CD	O
Hasselblad	NNP	I-ORG
camera	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
other	JJ	O
equipment	NN	O
.	.	O

They	PRP	O
then	RB	O
pressurized	VBD	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
settled	VBD	O
down	RB	O
to	TO	O
sleep	VB	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
this	DT	O
time	NN	O
another	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
,	,	O
Luna	NNP	I-MISC
15	CD	I-MISC
--	:	O
an	DT	O
unmanned	JJ	O
Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
spacecraft	NN	O
in	IN	O
lunar	NN	O
orbit	NN	O
,	,	O
began	VBD	O
its	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
descent	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
surface	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
craft	NN	O
crashed	VBD	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
moon	NN	O
at	IN	O
15:50	CD	O
UT	NNP	O
--	:	O
just	RB	O
a	DT	O
few	JJ	O
hours	NNS	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
scheduled	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
liftoff	NN	O
.	.	O

While	IN	O
moving	VBG	O
within	IN	O
the	DT	O
cabin	NN	O
,	,	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
accidentally	RB	O
broke	VBD	O
the	DT	O
circuit	NN	O
breaker	NN	O
that	WDT	O
would	MD	O
arm	VB	O
the	DT	O
main	JJ	O
engine	NN	O
for	IN	O
lift	NN	O
off	RB	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
moon	NN	O
.	.	O

Had	VBD	O
this	DT	O
not	RB	O
worked	VBN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
circuitry	NN	O
could	MD	O
have	VB	O
been	VBN	O
reconfigured	VBN	O
to	TO	O
allow	VB	O
firing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
ascent	JJ	O
engine	NN	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
about	RB	O
seven	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
of	IN	O
rest	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
were	VBD	O
awakened	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Houston	NNP	I-MISC
to	TO	O
prepare	VB	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
return	NN	O
flight	NN	O
.	.	O

Buzz	NNP	I-PER
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
witnessed	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
topple	VB	O
:	:	O
"	LQU	O
The	DT	O
ascent	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
separated	VBD	O
...	:	O
I	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
concentrating	VBG	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
computers	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Neil	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
studying	VBG	O
the	DT	O
attitude	NN	O
indicator	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
I	PRP	O
looked	VBD	O
up	RP	O
long	RB	O
enough	RB	O
to	TO	O
see	VB	O
the	DT	O
flag	NN	O
fall	NN	O
over	IN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Just	RB	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
12	CD	I-MISC
flight	NN	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
noted	VBN	O
that	IN	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
still	RB	O
likely	JJ	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
orbiting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
moon	NN	O
.	.	O

Later	RB	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
reports	NNS	O
mentioned	VBD	O
that	IN	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
orbit	NN	O
had	VBD	O
decayed	VBN	O
resulting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
it	PRP	O
impacting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
an	DT	O
"	LQU	O
uncertain	JJ	O
location	NN	O
"	RQU	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
surface	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
location	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
uncertain	JJ	O
because	IN	O
the	DT	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
ascent	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
tracked	VBN	O
after	IN	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
jettisoned	VBN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
gravity	NN	O
field	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
sufficiently	RB	O
uncertain	JJ	O
to	TO	O
make	VB	O
the	DT	O
orbit	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
unpredictable	JJ	O
after	IN	O
a	DT	O
short	JJ	O
time	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
July	NNP	O
23	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
last	JJ	O
night	NN	O
before	IN	O
splashdown	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
three	CD	O
astronauts	NNS	O
made	VBD	O
a	DT	O
television	NN	O
broadcast	NN	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
Collins	NNP	I-PER
commented	VBD	O
,	,	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
added	VBD	O
,	,	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
concluded	VBD	O
,	,	O

A	DT	O
diver	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Navy	NNP	I-LOC
helicopter	NN	O
hovering	VBG	O
above	IN	O
attached	VBN	O
an	DT	O
anchor	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
command	NN	O
module	NN	O
to	TO	O
prevent	VB	O
it	PRP	O
from	IN	O
drifting	VBG	O
.	.	O

Though	IN	O
the	DT	O
possibility	NN	O
of	IN	O
bringing	VBG	O
back	RP	O
pathogens	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
surface	NN	O
was	VBD	O
considered	VBN	O
remote	JJ	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
considered	VBN	O
impossible	JJ	O
and	CC	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
took	VBD	O
great	JJ	O
precautions	NNS	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
recovery	NN	O
site	NN	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
touchdown	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
Hornet	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
exited	VBD	O
the	DT	O
helicopter	NN	O
,	,	O
leaving	VBG	O
the	DT	O
flight	NN	O
surgeon	NN	O
and	CC	O
3	CD	O
crew	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
helicopter	NN	O
was	VBD	O
then	RB	O
lowered	VBN	O
into	IN	O
hangar	NN	O
bay	NN	O
#	#	O
2	CD	O
where	WRB	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
walked	VBD	O
the	DT	O
30	CD	O
feet	NNS	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Mobile	NNP	I-MISC
Quarantine	NNP	I-MISC
Facility	NNP	I-MISC
where	WRB	O
they	PRP	O
would	MD	O
begin	VB	O
their	PRP$	O
21	CD	O
days	NNS	O
of	IN	O
quarantine	NN	O
.	.	O

Years	NNS	O
later	RB	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
publicly	RB	O
revealed	VBN	O
that	IN	O
Nixon	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
prepared	VBN	O
a	DT	O
speech	NN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
given	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
event	NN	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
had	VBD	O
failed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
lift	VB	O
off	RP	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
surface	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
would	MD	O
have	VB	O
resulted	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Armstrong	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
and	CC	O
Aldrin	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
deaths	NNS	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
after	IN	O
almost	RB	O
three	CD	O
weeks	NNS	O
in	IN	O
confinement	NN	O
(	LRB	O
first	RB	O
in	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
trailer	NN	O
and	CC	O
later	RB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Receiving	VBG	I-MISC
Laboratory	NN	I-MISC
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Manned	NNP	I-LOC
Spacecraft	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
given	VBN	O
a	DT	O
clean	JJ	O
bill	NN	O
of	IN	O
health	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
August	NNP	O
13	CD	O
,	,	O
1969	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
exited	VBD	O
quarantine	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
cheers	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
public	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2009	CD	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Reconnaissance	NNP	I-MISC
Orbiter	NNP	I-MISC
imaged	VBD	O
the	DT	O
various	JJ	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
landing	NN	O
sites	NNS	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
surface	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
moon	NN	O
with	IN	O
sufficient	JJ	O
resolution	NN	O
to	TO	O
see	VB	O
the	DT	O
descent	JJ	O
stages	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
modules	NNS	O
,	,	O
scientific	JJ	O
instruments	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
foot	NN	O
trails	NNS	O
made	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
.	.	O

NASA	NNP	I-ORG
officials	NNS	O
said	VBD	O
the	DT	O
talons	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
eagle	NN	O
looked	VBD	O
too	SO	O
"	LQU	O
warlike	FW	O
"	RQU	O
and	CC	O
after	IN	O
some	DT	O
discussion	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
olive	JJ	O
branch	NN	O
was	VBD	O
moved	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
claws	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
named	VBN	O
Eagle	NNP	I-MISC
to	TO	O
match	VB	O
the	DT	O
insignia	NN	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
the	DT	O
Eisenhower	NNP	I-MISC
dollar	NN	I-MISC
coin	NN	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
released	VBN	O
a	DT	O
few	JJ	O
years	NNS	O
later	RB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
patch	NN	O
design	NN	O
provided	VBD	O
the	DT	O
eagle	NN	O
for	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
reverse	JJ	O
side	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
design	NN	O
was	VBD	O
retained	VBN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
smaller	JJR	O
Susan	NNP	I-MISC
B.	NNP	I-MISC
Anthony	NNP	I-MISC
dollar	NN	I-MISC
which	WDT	O
was	VBD	O
unveiled	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1979	CD	O
,	,	O
ten	CD	O
years	NNS	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	CD	I-MISC
mission	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
July	NNP	O
15	CD	O
,	,	O
2009	CD	O
,	,	O
Life.com	NNP	I-PER
released	VBD	O
a	DT	O
photo	JJ	O
gallery	NN	O
of	IN	O
previously	RB	O
unpublished	JJ	O
photos	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
taken	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Life	NNP	I-PER
photographer	NN	O
Ralph	NNP	I-PER
Morse	NNP	I-PER
prior	RB	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
11	CD	I-MISC
launch	NN	O
.	.	O

From	IN	O
July	NNP	O
16	CD	O
--	:	O
24	CD	O
,	,	O
2009	CD	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
streamed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
original	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
audio	NN	O
on	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
website	NN	O
in	IN	O
real	JJ	O
time	NN	O
40	CD	O
years	NNS	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
minute	NN	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
events	NNS	O
occurred	VBD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
bill	NN	O
was	VBD	O
sponsored	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Florida	NNP	I-LOC
Senator	NNP	O
Bill	NNP	I-PER
Nelson	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Florida	NNP	I-LOC
Congressman	NNP	O
Alan	NNP	I-PER
Grayson	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O





The	DT	O
mission	NN	O
was	VBD	O
accomplished	VBN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
manned	JJ	O
launch	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
Saturn	NNP	I-MISC
V	NNP	I-MISC
rocket	NN	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
second	JJ	O
manned	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
Program	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
manned	JJ	O
launch	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
John	NNP	I-LOC
F.	NNP	I-LOC
Kennedy	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

But	CC	O
by	IN	O
August	NNP	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
clear	JJ	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
would	MD	O
not	RB	O
be	VB	O
ready	JJ	O
by	IN	O
December	NNP	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
Collins	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
replaced	VBN	O
in	IN	O
July	NNP	O
1968	CD	O
,	,	O
after	IN	O
suffering	VBG	O
a	DT	O
cervical	JJ	O
disc	NN	O
herniation	NN	O
that	WDT	O
required	VBD	O
surgery	NN	O
to	TO	O
repair	VB	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
,	,	O
these	DT	O
crew	NN	O
members	NNS	O
included	VBD	O
astronauts	NNS	O
John	NNP	I-PER
S.	NNP	I-PER
Bull	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Vance	NNP	I-PER
D.	NNP	I-PER
Brand	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Gerald	NNP	I-PER
P.	NNP	I-PER
Carr	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Ken	NNP	I-PER
Mattingly	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
triangular	JJ	O
shape	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
insignia	NN	O
symbolizes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
shape	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
command	NN	O
module	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
initial	JJ	O
design	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
insignia	NN	O
was	VBD	O
developed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Jim	NNP	I-PER
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Further	JJ	O
missions	NNS	O
relied	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
readiness	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Production	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
behind	IN	O
schedule	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
model	NN	O
arriving	VBG	O
at	IN	O
Cape	NNP	I-LOC
Canaveral	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
June	NNP	O
1968	CD	O
.	.	O

Even	RB	O
then	RB	O
,	,	O
significant	JJ	O
defects	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
discovered	VBN	O
,	,	O
leading	VBG	O
Grumman	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
the	DT	O
lead	NN	O
contractor	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
to	TO	O
predict	VB	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
mission-ready	JJ	O
LM	NNP	I-MISC
would	MD	O
not	RB	O
be	VB	O
ready	JJ	O
until	IN	O
at	IN	O
least	JJS	O
February	NNP	O
1969	CD	O
.	.	O

Since	IN	O
the	DT	O
Command/Service	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
CSM	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
ready	JJ	O
three	CD	O
months	NNS	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
Lunar	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
CSM-only	JJ	I-MISC
mission	NN	O
could	MD	O
be	VB	O
flown	VBN	O
in	IN	O
December	NNP	O
1968	CD	O
.	.	O

With	IN	O
the	DT	O
rest	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
agency	NN	O
in	IN	O
support	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
new	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
,	,	O
Webb	NNP	I-PER
eventually	RB	O
approved	VBD	O
the	DT	O
mission	NN	O
change	NN	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
other	JJ	O
hand	NN	O
,	,	O
jumped	VBD	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
chance	NN	O
:	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
original	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
would	MD	O
just	RB	O
have	VB	O
been	VBN	O
a	DT	O
repeat	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
previous	JJ	O
flight	NN	O
,	,	O
except	IN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
higher	JJR	O
orbit	NN	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
swap	NN	O
also	RB	O
meant	VBD	O
a	DT	O
swap	NN	O
of	IN	O
spacecraft	NN	O
,	,	O
requiring	VBG	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
crew	NN	O
to	TO	O
use	VB	O
CSM-103	JJ	I-MISC
,	,	O
while	IN	O
McDivitt	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
crew	NN	O
would	MD	O
use	VB	O
CSM-104	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
as	IN	O
commander	NN	O
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
given	VBN	O
training	NN	O
on	IN	O
controlling	VBG	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
re-entry	NN	O
.	.	O

Anders	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
placed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
charge	NN	O
of	IN	O
checking	VBG	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
working	VBG	O
order	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
crew	NN	O
,	,	O
now	RB	O
living	VBG	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
quarters	NNS	O
at	IN	O
Kennedy	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
received	VBD	O
a	DT	O
visit	NN	O
from	IN	O
Charles	NNP	I-PER
Lindbergh	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
wife	NN	O
,	,	O
Anne	NNP	I-PER
Morrow	NNP	I-PER
Lindbergh	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
the	DT	O
night	NN	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
launch	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
total	NN	O
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
tenth	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
amount	NN	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
Saturn	NNP	I-MISC
V	NNP	I-MISC
would	MD	O
burn	VB	O
every	DT	O
second	NN	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
6	CD	I-MISC
had	VBD	O
suffered	VBN	O
several	JJ	O
major	JJ	O
problems	NNS	O
during	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
April	NNP	O
1968	CD	O
flight	NN	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
severe	JJ	O
pogo	NN	O
oscillation	NN	O
during	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
,	,	O
two	CD	O
second	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
engine	NN	O
failures	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
third	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
that	WDT	O
failed	VBD	O
to	TO	O
reignite	VB	O
in	IN	O
orbit	NN	O
.	.	O

Teams	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Marshall	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Flight	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
MSFC	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
went	VBD	O
to	TO	O
work	VB	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
problems	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
teams	NNS	O
tested	VBD	O
their	PRP$	O
solutions	NNS	O
in	IN	O
August	NNP	O
1968	CD	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Marshall	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Flight	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
spacecraft	NN	O
was	VBD	O
placed	VBN	O
on	IN	O
top	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
rocket	NN	O
on	IN	O
September	NNP	O
21	CD	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
rocket	NN	O
made	VBD	O
the	DT	O
slow	JJ	O
3-mile	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
5	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
journey	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
launch	NN	O
pad	NN	O
on	IN	O
October	NNP	O
9	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
launch	NN	O
phase	NN	O
experienced	VBD	O
only	RB	O
three	CD	O
minor	JJ	O
problems	NNS	O
:	IN	O
The	DT	O
engines	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
,	,	O
S-IC	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
underperformed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
0.75	CD	O
%	NN	O
,	,	O
causing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
engines	NNS	O
to	TO	O
burn	VB	O
for	IN	O
2.45	CD	O
seconds	NNS	O
longer	RBR	O
than	IN	O
planned	VBN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
toward	IN	O
the	DT	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
second	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
burn	NN	O
,	,	O
S-II	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
rocket	NN	O
underwent	JJ	O
pogo	NN	O
oscillations	NNS	O
.	.	O

Frank	NNP	I-PER
Borman	NNP	I-PER
estimated	VBD	O
the	DT	O
oscillations	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
approximately	RB	O
12	CD	O
hertz	NN	O
and	CC	O
±0.25	CD	O
g	NN	O
(	LRB	O
±2.5	CD	O
m/s²	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

All	DT	O
three	CD	O
rocket	NN	O
stages	NNS	O
fired	VBD	O
during	IN	O
launch	NN	O
;	;	O
the	DT	O
S-IC	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
S-II	NNP	I-MISC
detached	VBD	O
during	IN	O
launch	NN	O
.	.	O

Over	IN	O
the	DT	O
next	JJ	O
twelve	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
TLI	NNP	O
burn	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
crew	NN	O
continued	VBD	O
to	TO	O
monitor	VB	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
rocket	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
S-IVB	NNP	I-MISC
third	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
rocket	NN	O
ignited	VBN	O
on	IN	O
time	NN	O
and	CC	O
burned	VBD	O
perfectly	RB	O
for	IN	O
5	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
and	CC	O
17	CD	O
seconds	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
burn	NN	O
increased	VBD	O
the	DT	O
velocity	NN	O
of	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
to	TO	O
35505	CD	O
feet	NNS	O
per	IN	O
second	NN	O
(	LRB	O
10822	CD	O
m/s	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
's	POS	O
altitude	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
burn	NN	O
was	VBD	O
215.4	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
346.7	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
the	DT	O
S-IVB	NNP	I-MISC
had	VBD	O
performed	VBN	O
its	PRP$	O
required	JJ	O
tasks	NNS	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
jettisoned	VBN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
S-IVB	NNP	I-MISC
subsequently	RB	O
went	VBD	O
into	IN	O
a	DT	O
0.99-by-0.92-astronomical-unit	JJ	O
solar	JJ	O
orbit	NN	O
with	IN	O
an	DT	O
inclination	NN	O
of	IN	O
23.47°	CD	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
period	NN	O
of	IN	O
340.80	CD	O
days	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
task	NN	O
proved	VBD	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
difficult	JJ	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
large	JJ	O
cloud	NN	O
of	IN	O
debris	NN	O
around	IN	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
formed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
venting	VBG	O
S-IVB	NNP	I-MISC
made	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
hard	JJ	O
to	TO	O
distinguish	VB	O
the	DT	O
stars	NNS	O
.	.	O

By	IN	O
seven	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
mission	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
was	VBD	O
about	IN	O
one	CD	O
hour	NN	O
and	CC	O
40	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
behind	IN	O
flight	NN	O
plan	NN	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
issues	NNS	O
of	IN	O
moving	VBG	O
away	RB	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
S-IVB	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
obscured	JJ	O
star	NN	O
sightings	NNS	O
.	.	O

Two	CD	O
later	RB	O
planned	VBD	O
mid-course	JJ	O
corrections	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
canceled	VBN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
trajectory	NN	O
was	VBD	O
found	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
perfect	JJ	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
started	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
sleep	NN	O
shift	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
between	IN	O
the	DT	O
constant	JJ	O
radio	NN	O
chatter	NN	O
and	CC	O
mechanical	JJ	O
noises	NNS	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
found	VBD	O
sleep	NN	O
difficult	JJ	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
eventually	RB	O
fell	VBD	O
asleep	RB	O
but	CC	O
then	RB	O
awoke	JJ	O
feeling	NN	O
ill	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
conference	NN	O
participants	NNS	O
decided	VBD	O
that	IN	O
there	EX	O
was	VBD	O
little	JJ	O
to	TO	O
worry	VB	O
about	IN	O
and	CC	O
that	IN	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
illness	NN	O
was	VBD	O
either	RB	O
a	DT	O
24-hour	JJ	O
flu	NN	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
thought	VBD	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
a	DT	O
reaction	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
sleeping	NN	O
pill	NN	O
.	.	O

Space	NNP	O
adaptation	NN	O
syndrome	NN	O
had	VBD	O
not	RB	O
been	VBN	O
an	DT	O
issue	NN	O
on	IN	O
previous	JJ	O
spacecraft	NN	O
(	LRB	O
Mercury	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Gemini	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
those	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
unable	JJ	O
to	TO	O
move	VB	O
freely	RB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
comparatively	RB	O
smaller	JJR	O
cabins	NNS	O
of	IN	O
those	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
increased	VBN	O
cabin	NN	O
space	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
Command	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
afforded	VBD	O
astronauts	NNS	O
greater	JJR	O
freedom	NN	O
of	IN	O
movement	NN	O
,	,	O
contributing	VBG	O
to	TO	O
symptoms	NNS	O
of	IN	O
spacesickness	NN	O
for	IN	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
,	,	O
later	RB	O
,	,	O
astronaut	JJ	O
Russell	NNP	I-PER
Schweickart	NNP	I-PER
during	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
9	CD	I-MISC
.	.	O

Lovell	NNP	I-PER
went	VBD	O
to	TO	O
sleep	VB	O
32½	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
flight	NN	O
--	:	O
3½	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
before	IN	O
he	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
planned	VBN	O
to	TO	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
short	JJ	O
while	NN	O
later	RB	O
,	,	O
Anders	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
went	VBD	O
to	TO	O
sleep	VB	O
after	IN	O
taking	VBG	O
a	DT	O
sleeping	NN	O
pill	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
made	VBD	O
a	DT	O
second	JJ	O
television	NN	O
broadcast	NN	O
at	IN	O
55	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
flight	NN	O
.	.	O

At	IN	O
about	IN	O
55	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
and	CC	O
40	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
flight	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
of	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
humans	NNS	O
to	TO	O
enter	VB	O
the	DT	O
gravitational	JJ	O
sphere	NN	O
of	IN	O
influence	NN	O
of	IN	O
another	DT	O
celestial	JJ	O
body	NN	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
historic	JJ	O
moment	NN	O
was	VBD	O
of	IN	O
little	JJ	O
interest	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
since	IN	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
still	RB	O
calculating	VBG	O
their	PRP$	O
trajectory	NN	O
with	IN	O
respect	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
launch	NN	O
pad	NN	O
at	IN	O
Kennedy	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

They	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
been	VBN	O
flying	VBG	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
unlit	JJ	O
side	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
who	WP	O
saw	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
shafts	NNS	O
of	IN	O
sunlight	NN	O
obliquely	RB	O
illuminating	VBG	O
the	DT	O
lunar	NN	O
surface	NN	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
this	DT	O
time	NN	O
came	VBD	O
and	CC	O
went	VBD	O
without	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
reappearing	NN	O
.	.	O

Lovell	NNP	I-PER
continued	VBD	O
to	TO	O
describe	VB	O
the	DT	O
terrain	NN	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
passing	VBG	O
over	RP	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
launch	NN	O
time	NN	O
of	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
had	VBD	O
been	VBN	O
chosen	VBN	O
to	TO	O
give	VB	O
the	DT	O
best	JJS	O
lighting	NN	O
conditions	NNS	O
for	IN	O
examining	VBG	O
the	DT	O
site	NN	O
.	.	O

Bill	NNP	I-PER
Anders	NNPS	I-PER
spent	VBD	O
much	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
next	JJ	O
20	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
taking	VBG	O
as	IN	O
many	JJ	O
photographs	NNS	O
as	IN	O
possible	JJ	O
of	IN	O
targets	NNS	O
of	IN	O
interest	NN	O
.	.	O

Anders	NNS	I-PER
described	VBD	O
the	DT	O
craters	NNS	O
that	IN	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
passing	VBG	O
over	RP	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
the	DT	O
third	JJ	O
pass	NN	O
,	,	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
read	VBD	O
a	DT	O
small	JJ	O
prayer	NN	O
for	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
church	NN	O
.	.	O

Anders	NNS	I-PER
continued	VBD	O
to	TO	O
take	VB	O
photographs	NNS	O
while	IN	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
assumed	VBD	O
control	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
so	IN	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
could	MD	O
rest	VB	O
.	.	O

Despite	IN	O
the	DT	O
difficulty	NN	O
resting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
cramped	JJ	O
and	CC	O
noisy	JJ	O
spacecraft	NN	O
,	,	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
able	JJ	O
to	TO	O
sleep	VB	O
for	IN	O
two	CD	O
orbits	NNS	O
,	,	O
awakening	VBG	O
periodically	RB	O
to	TO	O
ask	VB	O
questions	NNS	O
about	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
status	NN	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
awoke	VBD	O
fully	RB	O
,	,	O
however	RB	O
,	,	O
when	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
started	VBD	O
to	TO	O
hear	VB	O
his	PRP$	O
fellow	JJ	O
crew	NN	O
members	NNS	O
make	VBP	O
mistakes	NNS	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
realized	VBD	O
that	IN	O
everyone	DT	O
was	VBD	O
extremely	RB	O
tired	JJ	O
having	VBG	O
not	RB	O
had	VBD	O
a	DT	O
good	JJ	O
night	NN	O
's	POS	O
sleep	NN	O
in	IN	O
over	IN	O
three	CD	O
days	NNS	O
.	.	O

At	IN	O
first	JJ	O
Anders	NNS	I-PER
protested	VBD	O
saying	VBG	O
that	IN	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
fine	JJ	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
would	MD	O
not	RB	O
be	VB	O
swayed	VBN	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
remembered	VBD	O
that	IN	O
there	EX	O
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
second	JJ	O
television	NN	O
broadcast	NN	O
planned	VBN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
with	IN	O
so	RB	O
many	JJ	O
people	NNS	O
expected	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
watching	VBG	O
he	PRP	O
wanted	VBD	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
alert	JJ	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
the	DT	O
next	JJ	O
two	CD	O
orbits	NNS	O
Anders	NNS	I-PER
and	CC	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
slept	VBD	O
while	IN	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
sat	VBD	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
helm	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
subsequent	JJ	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
missions	NNS	I-MISC
,	,	O
crews	NNS	O
would	MD	O
avoid	VB	O
this	DT	O
situation	NN	O
by	IN	O
sleeping	VBG	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
schedule	NN	O
.	.	O

Borman	NNP	I-PER
described	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
as	IN	O
being	VBG	O
"	LQU	O
a	DT	O
vast	JJ	O
,	,	O
lonely	JJ	O
,	,	O
forbidding	VBG	O
expanse	NN	O
of	IN	O
nothing	DT	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Each	DT	O
man	NN	O
on	IN	O
board	NN	O
read	VBD	I-MISC
a	DT	I-MISC
section	NN	I-MISC
from	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Biblical	NNP	I-MISC
creation	NN	I-MISC
story	NN	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
verses	NNS	O
1-10	CD	O
)	RRB	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Book	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Genesis	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Later	RB	O
,	,	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
used	VBD	O
some	DT	O
otherwise	RB	O
idle	JJ	O
time	NN	O
to	TO	O
do	VB	O
some	DT	O
navigational	JJ	O
sightings	NNS	O
,	,	O
maneuvering	VBG	O
the	DT	O
module	NN	O
to	TO	O
view	VB	O
various	JJ	O
stars	NNS	O
by	IN	O
using	VBG	O
the	DT	O
computer	NN	O
keyboard	NN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
took	VBD	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
ten	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
to	TO	O
figure	VB	O
out	RP	O
the	DT	O
right	JJ	O
numbers	NNS	O
,	,	O
using	VBG	O
the	DT	O
thrusters	NNS	O
to	TO	O
get	VB	O
the	DT	O
stars	NNS	O
Rigel	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Sirius	NNP	I-LOC
aligned	VBN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
another	DT	O
fifteen	JJ	O
minutes	NNS	O
to	TO	O
enter	VB	O
the	DT	O
corrected	VBN	O
data	NNS	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
computer	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
1994	CD	O
book	NN	O
,	,	O
Lost	NNP	I-MISC
Moon	NNP	I-MISC
:	IN	I-MISC
The	DT	I-MISC
Perilous	JJ	I-MISC
Voyage	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
13	CD	I-MISC
,	,	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
wrote	VBD	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
My	PRP$	O
training	NN	O
[	NN	O
on	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
]	NN	O
came	VBD	O
in	IN	O
handy	JJ	O
!	.	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
subsequent	JJ	O
interviews	NNS	O
Lovell	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
acknowledged	VBN	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
incident	NN	O
was	VBD	O
an	DT	O
accident	NN	O
,	,	O
caused	VBN	O
by	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
mistake	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
Christmas	NNP	I-MISC
afternoon	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
made	VBD	O
their	PRP$	O
fifth	JJ	O
television	NN	O
broadcast	NN	O
.	.	O

When	WRB	O
they	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
finished	VBN	O
broadcasting	NN	O
they	PRP	O
found	VBD	O
a	DT	O
small	JJ	O
present	NN	O
from	IN	O
Deke	NNP	I-PER
Slayton	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
food	NN	O
locker	NN	O
--	:	O
real	JJ	O
turkey	NN	O
with	IN	O
stuffing	NN	O
and	CC	O
three	CD	O
miniature	JJ	O
bottles	NNS	O
of	IN	O
brandy	NN	O
(	LRB	O
which	WDT	O
remained	VBD	O
unopened	JJ	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

If	IN	O
the	DT	O
computer	NN	O
broke	VBD	O
down	RP	O
,	,	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
would	MD	O
take	VB	O
over	RP	O
.	.	O

Once	IN	O
the	DT	O
Command	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
separated	VBN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Service	NNP	I-MISC
Module	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
astronauts	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
committed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
re-entry	JJ	O
.	.	O

With	IN	O
the	DT	O
computer	NN	O
controlling	VBG	O
the	DT	O
descent	NN	O
by	IN	O
changing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
attitude	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
,	,	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
rose	VBD	O
briefly	RB	O
like	IN	O
a	DT	O
skipping	VBG	O
stone	NN	O
before	IN	O
descending	VBG	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
ocean	NN	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
they	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
buffeted	VBN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
10-foot	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
3.0	CD	O
m	NN	O
)	RRB	O
swell	NN	O
,	,	O
Borman	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
sick	JJ	O
,	,	O
waiting	VBG	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
three	CD	O
flotation	NN	O
balloons	NNS	O
to	TO	O
right	RB	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
43	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
after	IN	O
splashdown	JJ	O
before	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
frogman	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
USS	NNP	I-MISC
Yorktown	NNP	I-MISC
arrived	VBD	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
spacecraft	NN	O
had	VBD	O
landed	VBN	O
before	IN	O
sunrise	NN	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
came	VBD	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
1968	CD	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
year	NN	O
that	WDT	O
had	VBD	O
seen	VBN	O
much	JJ	O
upheaval	NN	O
around	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
time	NN	O
that	IN	O
humans	NNS	O
had	VBD	O
taken	VBN	O
such	PDT	O
a	DT	O
picture	NN	O
whilst	NN	O
actually	RB	O
behind	IN	O
the	DT	O
camera	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
it	PRP	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
credited	VBN	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
role	NN	O
in	IN	O
inspiring	VBG	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
Earth	NNP	I-MISC
Day	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1970	CD	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
regarded	VBN	O
by	IN	O
some	DT	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
historically	RB	O
significant	JJ	O
of	IN	O
all	PDT	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
missions	NNS	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
mission	NN	O
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
widely	RB	O
covered	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
media	NNS	O
since	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
orbital	JJ	O
flight	NN	O
,	,	O
Mercury-Atlas	NNP	I-MISC
6	CD	I-MISC
by	IN	O
John	NNP	I-PER
Glenn	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
1962	CD	O
.	.	O

O'Hair	NNP	I-PER
wished	VBD	O
the	DT	O
courts	NNS	O
to	TO	O
ban	VB	O
US	NNP	I-LOC
astronauts	NNS	O
--	:	O
who	WP	O
were	VBD	O
all	DT	O
government	NN	O
employees	NNS	O
--	:	O
from	IN	O
public	JJ	O
prayer	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
mission	NN	O
parameters	NNS	O
for	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
differed	VBD	O
significantly	RB	O
from	IN	O
those	DT	O
of	IN	O
previous	JJ	O
flights	NNS	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
several	JJ	O
reasons	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
burn	NN	O
represented	VBD	O
the	DT	O
second	NN	O
of	IN	O
two	CD	O
burns	NNS	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
Saturn	NNP	I-MISC
V	NNP	I-MISC
rocket	NN	O
's	POS	O
S-IVB	JJ	I-MISC
third	JJ	O
stage	NN	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
's	POS	O
historic	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
shown	VBN	O
and	CC	O
referred	VBN	O
to	TO	O
in	IN	O
several	JJ	O
forms	NNS	O
,	,	O
both	DT	O
documentary	NN	O
and	CC	O
fiction	NN	O
.	.	O

Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
mentioned	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
13	CD	I-MISC
,	,	O
though	IN	O
only	RB	O
briefly	NN	O
.	.	O

Portions	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
mission	NN	O
are	VBP	O
dramatized	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
miniseries	NNS	O
From	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Earth	NN	I-MISC
to	TO	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Moon	NNP	I-MISC
episode	NN	O
"	LQU	O
1968	CD	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
S-IVB	NNP	I-MISC
stage	NN	O
of	IN	O
Apollo	NNP	I-MISC
8	CD	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
also	RB	O
portrayed	VBN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
location	NN	O
of	IN	O
an	DT	O
alien	JJ	O
device	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
1970	CD	O
UFO	NNP	I-MISC
episode	NN	O
"	LQU	O
Conflict	NNPS	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O





With	IN	O
the	DT	O
sub-orbital	JJ	O
flight	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
privately-funded	JJ	O
SpaceShipOne	NN	I-MISC
in	IN	O
2004	CD	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
new	JJ	O
category	NN	O
of	IN	O
astronaut	NN	O
was	VBD	O
created	VBN	O
:	IN	O
the	DT	O
commercial	JJ	O
astronaut	NN	O
.	.	O

Of	IN	O
eight	CD	O
X-15	CD	I-MISC
pilots	NNS	O
who	WP	O
exceeded	VBD	O
50	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
in	IN	O
altitude	NN	O
,	,	O
seven	CD	O
reached	VBD	O
above	IN	O
50	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
80	CD	O
km	NN	O
)	RRB	O
but	CC	O
below	IN	O
100	CD	O
kilometers	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
about	IN	O
62	CD	O
miles	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

As	IN	O
of	IN	O
2008	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
man	NN	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
longest	JJS	O
time	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Sergei	NNP	I-PER
K.	NNP	I-PER
Krikalev	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
has	VBZ	O
spent	VBN	O
803	CD	O
days	NNS	O
,	,	O
9	CD	O
hours	NNS	O
and	CC	O
39	CD	O
minutes	NNS	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
2.2	CD	O
years	NNS	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
.	.	O

Peggy	NNP	I-PER
A.	NNP	I-PER
Whitson	NNP	I-PER
holds	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
record	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
most	JJS	O
time	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
woman	NN	O
,	,	O
377	CD	O
days	NNS	O
.	.	O

Russian	NNP	I-MISC
Air	NNP	I-ORG
Force	NNP	I-ORG
pilot	NN	O
Yuri	NNP	I-PER
Gagarin	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
cosmonaut	NN	O
.	.	O

Russian	JJ	I-MISC
factory	NN	O
worker	NN	O
Valentina	NNP	I-PER
Tereshkova	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
woman	NN	O
cosmonaut	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
March	NNP	O
14	CD	O
,	,	O
1995	CD	O
,	,	O
Norman	NNP	I-PER
Thagard	NNP	I-PER
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
to	TO	O
ride	VB	O
to	TO	O
space	NN	O
onboard	NN	O
a	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
launch	NN	O
vehicle	NN	O
,	,	O
arguably	RB	O
becoming	VBG	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
"	LQU	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
cosmonaut	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
China	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
the	DT	O
terms	NNS	O
"	LQU	O
yǔhángyuán	FW	O
"	RQU	O
(	LRB	O
宇航员	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
sailing	NN	O
personnel	NNS	O
in	IN	O
universe	NN	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
or	CC	O
"	LQU	O
hángtiānyuán	FW	O
"	RQU	O
(	LRB	O
航天员	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
sailing	NN	O
personnel	NNS	O
in	IN	O
sky	NN	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
have	VBP	O
long	RB	O
been	VBN	O
used	VBN	O
for	IN	O
astronauts	NNS	O
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
allegations	NNS	O
that	IN	O
Gagarin	NNP	I-PER
ejected	VBD	O
from	IN	O
landing	NN	O
module	NN	O
after	IN	O
re-entering	VBG	O
the	DT	O
atmosphere	NN	O
and	CC	O
parachuted	VBD	O
back	RB	O
,	,	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
safety	NN	O
concerns	NNS	O
about	IN	O
the	DT	O
craft	NN	O
's	POS	O
landing	NN	O
systems	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
first	JJ	O
woman	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
Valentina	NNP	I-PER
Tereshkova	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
launched	VBN	O
in	IN	O
June	NNP	O
1963	CD	O
aboard	IN	O
Vostok	NNP	I-LOC
6	CD	I-LOC
.	.	O

Alan	NNP	I-PER
Shepard	NNP	I-PER
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
second	JJ	O
person	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
on	IN	O
May	NNP	O
5	CD	O
,	,	O
1961	CD	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
15-minute	JJ	O
sub-orbital	JJ	O
flight	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
first	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
woman	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Sally	RB	I-PER
Ride	JJ	I-PER
,	,	O
during	IN	O
Space	NNP	I-MISC
Shuttle	NNP	I-MISC
Challenger	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
mission	NN	O
STS-7	NN	I-MISC
,	,	O
on	IN	O
June	NNP	O
18	CD	O
,	,	O
1983	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
April	NNP	O
1985	CD	O
,	,	O
Taylor	NNP	I-PER
Wang	NNP	I-PER
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
ethnic	JJ	O
Chinese	JJ	I-MISC
person	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
15	CD	O
October	NNP	O
2003	CD	O
,	,	O
Yang	NNP	I-PER
Liwei	NNP	I-PER
became	VBD	O
China	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	O
first	JJ	O
astronaut	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
Shenzhou	NNP	I-MISC
5	CD	I-MISC
spacecraft	NN	O
.	.	O

An	DT	O
example	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Vladimír	NNP	I-PER
Remek	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
a	DT	O
Czechoslovak	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
who	WP	O
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
non-Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
European	JJ	B-MISC
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
in	IN	O
1978	CD	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
Soyuz-U	JJ	B-MISC
rocket	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1988	CD	O
,	,	O
Abdul	NNP	I-PER
Ahad	NNP	I-PER
Mohmand	NNP	I-PER
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
Afghan	JJ	I-MISC
to	TO	O
reach	VB	O
space	NN	O
,	,	O
spending	VBG	O
nine	CD	O
days	NNS	O
aboard	IN	O
the	DT	O
Mir	NNP	I-MISC
space	NN	O
station	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
youngest	JJS	O
person	NN	O
to	TO	O
fly	VB	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Gherman	NNP	I-PER
Titov	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
was	VBD	O
25	CD	O
years	NNS	O
old	JJ	O
when	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
flew	VBD	O
Vostok	NNP	I-LOC
2	CD	I-LOC
.	.	O

(	LRB	O
Titov	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
also	RB	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
person	NN	O
to	TO	O
suffer	VB	O
space	NN	O
sickness	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
oldest	JJS	O
person	NN	O
who	WP	O
has	VBZ	O
flown	VBN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
John	NNP	I-PER
Glenn	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
was	VBD	O
77	CD	O
when	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
flew	VBD	O
on	IN	O
STS-95	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
longest	JJS	O
stay	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
was	VBD	O
438	CD	O
days	NNS	O
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Russian	NNP	I-MISC
Valeri	NNP	I-PER
Polyakov	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

As	IN	O
of	IN	O
2006	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
most	RBS	O
spaceflights	NNS	O
by	IN	O
an	DT	O
individual	JJ	O
astronaut	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
seven	CD	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
record	NN	O
held	VBN	O
by	IN	O
both	DT	O
Jerry	NNP	I-PER
L.	NNP	I-PER
Ross	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Franklin	NNP	I-PER
Chang-Diaz	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Depending	VBG	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
exact	JJ	O
definition	NN	O
of	IN	O
'	LQU	O
civilian	JJ	O
'	POS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
civilian	JJ	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
was	VBD	O
either	RB	O
Valentina	NNP	I-PER
Tereshkova	NNP	I-PER
aboard	IN	O
Vostok	NNP	I-LOC
6	CD	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
she	PRP	O
also	RB	O
became	VBD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
woman	NN	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
on	IN	O
that	DT	O
mission	NN	O
)	RRB	O
or	CC	O
Joseph	NNP	I-PER
Albert	NNP	I-PER
Walker	NNP	I-PER
on	IN	O
X-15	NNP	I-LOC
Flight	NNP	I-LOC
90	CD	I-LOC
a	DT	O
month	NN	O
later	RB	O
.	.	O

Tereshkova	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
only	RB	O
honorarily	RB	O
inducted	VBN	O
into	IN	O
the	DT	O
USSR	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
Air	NNP	I-ORG
Force	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
had	VBD	O
no	DT	O
female	JJ	O
pilots	NNS	O
whatsoever	RB	O
at	IN	O
that	DT	O
time	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
first	JJ	O
people	NNS	O
in	IN	O
space	NN	O
who	WP	O
had	VBD	O
never	RB	O
been	VBN	O
a	DT	O
member	NN	O
of	IN	O
any	DT	O
country	NN	O
's	POS	O
armed	JJ	O
forces	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
both	DT	O
Konstantin	NNP	I-PER
Feoktistov	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Boris	NNP	I-PER
Yegorov	NNP	I-PER
aboard	IN	O
Voskhod	NNP	I-MISC
1	CD	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
first	JJ	O
non-governmental	JJ	O
space	NN	O
traveler	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Byron	NNP	I-PER
K.	NNP	I-PER
Lichtenberg	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
a	DT	O
researcher	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Massachusetts	NNP	I-ORG
Institute	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Technology	NNP	I-ORG
who	WP	O
flew	VBD	O
on	IN	O
STS-9	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1983	CD	O
.	.	O

Akiyama	NNP	I-PER
suffered	VBD	O
severe	JJ	O
space-sickness	NN	O
during	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
mission	NN	O
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
affected	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
productivity	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
first	JJ	O
person	NN	O
to	TO	O
fly	VB	O
on	IN	O
an	DT	O
entirely	RB	O
privately-funded	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Mike	NNP	I-PER
Melvill	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
piloting	VBG	O
SpaceShipOne	NNP	I-MISC
flight	NN	I-MISC
15P	NNP	I-MISC
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
sub-orbital	JJ	O
journey	NN	O
,	,	O
although	IN	O
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
test	NN	O
pilot	NN	O
employed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Scaled	NNP	I-ORG
Composites	NNPS	I-ORG
and	CC	O
not	RB	O
an	DT	O
actual	JJ	O
paying	VBG	O
space	NN	O
tourist	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
first	JJ	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
astronauts	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
selected	VBN	O
for	IN	O
training	NN	O
in	IN	O
1959	CD	O
.	.	O

Once	RB	O
selected	VBN	O
,	,	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
astronauts	NNS	O
go	VBP	O
through	IN	O
20	CD	O
months	NNS	O
of	IN	O
training	NN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
variety	NN	O
of	IN	O
areas	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
training	NN	O
for	IN	O
extra-vehicular	JJ	O
activity	NN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
facility	NN	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
's	POS	O
Neutral	NNP	I-LOC
Buoyancy	NNP	I-LOC
Laboratory	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Astronauts-in-training	NN	O
may	MD	O
also	RB	O
experience	VB	O
short	JJ	O
periods	NNS	O
of	IN	O
weightlessness	NN	O
in	IN	O
aircraft	NN	O
called	VBD	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
vomit	FW	O
comet	FW	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
nickname	NN	O
given	VBN	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
pair	NN	O
of	IN	O
modified	VBN	O
KC-135s	NNS	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
retired	VBN	O
in	IN	O
2000	CD	O
and	CC	O
2004	CD	O
respectively	RB	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
replaced	VBD	O
in	IN	O
2005	CD	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
C-9	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
which	WDT	O
perform	VBP	O
parabolic	JJ	O
flights	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
is	VBZ	O
mostly	RB	O
done	VBN	O
in	IN	O
T-38	CD	I-MISC
jet	NN	I-MISC
aircraft	NN	I-MISC
out	IN	O
of	IN	O
Ellington	NNP	I-LOC
Field	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
proximity	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Johnson	NNP	I-LOC
Space	NNP	I-LOC
Center	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Ellington	NNP	I-LOC
Field	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
where	WRB	O
the	DT	O
Shuttle	NNP	I-MISC
Training	NNP	I-MISC
Aircraft	NNP	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
maintained	VBN	O
and	CC	O
developed	VBN	O
,	,	O
although	IN	O
most	JJS	O
flights	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
aircraft	NN	O
are	VBP	O
done	VBN	O
out	IN	O
of	IN	O
Edwards	NNP	I-LOC
Air	NNP	I-LOC
Force	NNP	I-LOC
Base	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Barbara	NNP	I-PER
Morgan	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
selected	VBN	O
as	IN	O
back-up	JJ	O
teacher	NN	O
to	TO	O
Christa	NNP	I-PER
McAuliffe	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
1985	CD	O
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
considered	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
Educator	NNP	I-MISC
astronaut	NN	I-MISC
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
media	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
she	PRP	O
trained	VBN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
mission	NN	O
specialist	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Educator	NNP	I-ORG
Astronaut	NNP	I-ORG
program	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
successor	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Teacher	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
Space	NNP	I-MISC
program	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
1980s	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
follows	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
practice	NN	O
established	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-MISC
Union	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

At	IN	O
NASA	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
people	NNS	O
who	WP	O
complete	JJ	O
astronaut	JJ	O
candidate	NN	O
training	NN	O
receive	VBP	O
a	DT	O
silver	NN	O
lapel	NN	O
pin	NN	O
.	.	O





Swift	NNP	I-PER
appears	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
suggest	VB	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
essay	NN	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
impoverished	JJ	O
Irish	NNP	I-MISC
might	MD	O
ease	VB	O
their	PRP$	O
economic	JJ	O
troubles	NNS	O
by	IN	O
selling	VBG	O
children	NNS	O
as	IN	O
food	NN	O
for	IN	O
rich	JJ	O
gentlemen	NNS	O
and	CC	O
ladies	NNS	O
.	.	O

By	IN	O
doing	VBG	O
this	DT	O
he	PRP	O
mocks	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
authority	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
British	JJ	I-MISC
officials	NNS	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
goes	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
great	JJ	O
lengths	NNS	O
to	TO	O
support	VB	O
his	PRP$	O
argument	NN	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
a	DT	O
list	NN	O
of	IN	O
possible	JJ	O
preparation	NN	O
styles	NNS	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
children	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
calculations	NNS	O
showing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
financial	JJ	O
benefits	NNS	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
suggestion	NN	O
.	.	O

After	IN	O
enumerating	VBG	O
the	DT	O
benefits	NNS	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
proposal	NN	O
,	,	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
addresses	VBZ	O
possible	JJ	O
objections	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
the	DT	O
depopulation	NN	O
of	IN	O
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
litany	NN	O
of	IN	O
other	JJ	O
solutions	NNS	O
that	IN	O
he	PRP	O
dismisses	VBZ	O
as	IN	O
impractical	JJ	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
essay	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
widely	RB	O
held	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
greatest	JJS	O
examples	NNS	O
of	IN	O
sustained	JJ	O
irony	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
history	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
English	JJ	I-MISC
language	NN	O
.	.	O

Much	NN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
shock	NN	O
value	NN	O
derives	VBZ	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
fact	NN	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
portion	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
essay	NN	O
describes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
plight	NN	O
of	IN	O
starving	VBG	O
beggars	NNS	O
in	IN	I-LOC
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
so	RB	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
reader	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
unprepared	JJ	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
surprise	NN	O
of	IN	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
solution	NN	O
when	WRB	O
he	PRP	O
states	VBZ	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
A	DT	O
young	JJ	O
healthy	JJ	O
child	NN	O
well	RB	O
nursed	VBN	O
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
,	,	O
at	IN	O
a	DT	O
year	NN	O
old	JJ	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
most	RBS	O
delicious	JJ	O
nourishing	NN	O
and	CC	O
wholesome	JJ	O
food	NN	O
,	,	O
whether	IN	O
stewed	VBN	O
,	,	O
roasted	VBN	O
,	,	O
baked	VBN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
boiled	VBN	O
;	;	O
and	CC	O
I	PRP	O
make	VBP	O
no	DT	O
doubt	NN	O
that	IN	O
it	PRP	O
will	MD	O
equally	RB	O
serve	VB	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
fricassee	NN	O
,	,	O
or	CC	O
a	DT	O
ragout	NN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

It	PRP	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
argued	VBN	O
that	IN	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
main	JJ	O
target	NN	O
in	IN	O
A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
the	DT	O
conditions	NNS	O
in	IN	I-LOC
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
but	CC	O
rather	RB	O
the	DT	O
can-do	JJ	O
spirit	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
times	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
led	VBD	O
people	NNS	O
to	TO	O
devise	VB	O
a	DT	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
illogical	JJ	O
schemes	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
would	MD	O
purportedly	RB	O
solve	VB	O
social	JJ	O
and	CC	O
economic	JJ	O
ills	NNS	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
especially	RB	O
insulted	VBN	O
by	IN	O
projects	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
tried	VBD	O
to	TO	O
fix	VB	O
population	NN	O
and	CC	O
labor	NN	O
issues	NNS	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
simple	JJ	O
cure-all	JJ	O
solution	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
response	NN	O
,	,	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
a	DT	O
burlesque	NN	O
of	IN	O
projects	NNS	O
concerning	VBG	O
the	DT	O
poor	NN	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
that	WDT	O
were	VBD	O
in	IN	O
vogue	NN	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
18th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
.	.	O

A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	NNP	I-MISC
Proposal	NNP	I-MISC
also	RB	O
targets	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
calculating	VBG	O
way	NN	O
people	NNS	O
perceived	VBD	O
the	DT	O
poor	NN	O
in	IN	O
designing	VBG	O
their	PRP$	O
projects	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
piece	NN	O
,	,	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
adopts	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
technique	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
political	JJ	O
arithmetician	NN	O
"	RQU	O
to	TO	O
show	VB	O
the	DT	O
utter	JJ	O
ridiculousness	NN	O
of	IN	O
trying	VBG	O
to	TO	O
prove	VB	O
any	DT	O
proposal	NN	O
with	IN	O
dispassionate	JJ	O
statistics	NNS	O
.	.	O

Critics	NNS	O
differ	VBP	O
about	IN	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
intentions	NNS	O
in	IN	O
using	VBG	O
this	DT	O
faux-mathematical	JJ	O
philosophy	NN	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
specific	JJ	O
strategy	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
twofold	RB	O
,	,	O
using	VBG	O
a	DT	O
"	LQU	O
trap	NN	O
"	RQU	O
to	TO	O
create	VB	O
sympathy	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
Irish	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
dislike	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
narrator	NN	O
who	WP	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
span	NN	O
of	IN	O
one	CD	O
sentence	NN	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
details	NNS	O
vividly	RB	O
and	CC	O
with	IN	O
rhetorical	JJ	O
emphasis	NN	O
the	DT	O
grinding	VBG	O
poverty	NN	O
"	RQU	O
but	CC	O
feels	VBZ	O
emotion	NN	O
solely	RB	O
for	IN	O
members	NNS	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
class	NN	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
gripping	VBG	O
details	NNS	O
of	IN	O
poverty	NN	O
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
narrator	NN	O
's	POS	O
cool	JJ	O
approach	NN	O
towards	IN	O
them	PRP	O
create	VBP	O
"	LQU	O
two	CD	O
opposing	JJ	O
points	NNS	O
of	IN	O
view	NN	O
"	RQU	O
that	WDT	O
"	LQU	O
alienate	VB	O
the	DT	O
reader	NN	O
,	,	O
perhaps	RB	O
unconsciously	RB	O
,	,	O
from	IN	O
a	DT	O
narrator	NN	O
who	WP	O
can	MD	O
view	VB	O
with	IN	O
'	LQU	O
melancholy	RB	O
'	POS	O
detachment	NN	O
a	DT	O
subject	NN	O
that	IN	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
directed	VBN	O
us	PRP	O
,	,	O
rhetorically	RB	O
,	,	O
to	TO	O
see	VB	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
much	NN	O
less	RBR	O
detached	JJ	O
way	NN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
his	PRP$	O
proposer	NN	O
further	RBR	O
degrade	VB	O
the	DT	O
Irish	JJ	I-MISC
by	IN	O
using	VBG	O
language	NN	O
ordinarily	RB	O
reserved	VBN	O
for	IN	O
animals	NNS	O
.	.	O

Once	RB	O
the	DT	O
children	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
commoditized	VBN	O
,	,	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
rhetoric	NN	O
can	MD	O
easily	RB	O
turn	VB	O
"	LQU	O
people	NNS	O
into	IN	O
animals	NNS	O
,	,	O
then	RB	O
meat	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
from	IN	O
meat	NN	O
,	,	O
logically	RB	O
,	,	O
into	IN	O
tonnage	NN	O
worth	IN	O
a	DT	O
price	NN	O
per	IN	O
pound	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
uses	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
proposer	NN	O
's	POS	O
serious	JJ	O
tone	NN	O
to	TO	O
highlight	VB	O
the	DT	O
absurdity	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
proposal	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
making	VBG	O
his	PRP$	O
argument	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
speaker	NN	O
uses	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
conventional	JJ	O
,	,	O
text	NN	O
book	NN	O
approved	VBD	O
order	NN	O
of	IN	O
argument	NN	O
from	IN	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
time	NN	O
.	.	O

Some	DT	O
scholars	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
argued	VBN	O
that	IN	O
A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
largely	RB	O
influenced	VBN	O
and	CC	O
inspired	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Tertullian	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
Apology	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Baker	NNP	O
notes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
uncanny	JJ	O
way	NN	O
that	IN	O
both	DT	O
authors	NNS	O
imply	VBP	O
an	DT	O
ironic	JJ	O
"	LQU	O
justification	NN	O
by	IN	O
ownership	NN	O
"	RQU	O
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
subject	NN	O
of	IN	O
sacrificing	VBG	O
children	NNS	O
--	:	O
Tertullian	JJ	I-PER
while	IN	O
attacking	VBG	O
pagan	NN	O
parents	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
while	IN	O
attacking	VBG	O
the	DT	O
English	JJ	I-MISC
mistreatment	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Irish	JJ	I-MISC
poor	NN	O
.	.	O

"	LQU	O
[	IN	O
I	PRP	O
]	VBP	O
f	JJ	O
one	CD	O
regards	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
simply	RB	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
criticism	NN	O
of	IN	O
condition	NN	O
,	,	O
about	IN	O
all	DT	O
one	CD	O
can	MD	O
say	VB	O
is	VBZ	O
that	IN	O
conditions	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
bad	JJ	O
and	CC	O
that	IN	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
irony	NN	O
brilliantly	RB	O
underscored	VBD	O
this	DT	O
fact	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
presents	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
dire	JJ	O
state	NN	O
of	IN	O
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
shows	VBZ	O
that	IN	O
mere	JJ	O
population	NN	O
itself	PRP	O
,	,	O
in	IN	I-LOC
Ireland	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
case	NN	O
,	,	O
did	VBD	O
not	RB	O
always	RB	O
mean	VB	O
greater	JJR	O
wealth	NN	O
and	CC	O
economy	NN	O
.	.	O

Swift	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
recognizes	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
implications	NNS	O
of	IN	O
such	PDT	O
a	DT	O
fact	NN	O
in	IN	O
making	VBG	O
mercantilist	JJ	O
philosophy	NN	O
a	DT	O
paradox	NN	O
:	IN	O
the	DT	O
wealth	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
country	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
poverty	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
majority	NN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
citizens	NNS	O
.	.	O

A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
included	VBN	O
in	IN	O
many	JJ	O
literature	NN	O
programs	NNS	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
example	NN	O
of	IN	O
early	JJ	O
modern	JJ	O
western	JJ	O
satire	NN	O
.	.	O

Outside	IN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
realm	NN	O
of	IN	O
English	NNP	I-MISC
studies	NNS	O
,	,	O
A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	NNP	I-MISC
Proposal	NNP	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
relevant	JJ	O
piece	NN	O
included	VBD	O
in	IN	O
many	JJ	O
comparative	JJ	O
and	CC	O
global	JJ	O
literature	NN	O
and	CC	O
history	NN	O
courses	NNS	O
,	,	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
those	DT	O
of	IN	O
numerous	JJ	O
other	JJ	O
disciplines	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
arts	NNS	O
,	,	O
humanities	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
even	RB	O
the	DT	O
social	JJ	O
sciences	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
book	NN	O
A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
1984	CD	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
evangelical	JJ	O
author	NN	O
Frank	NNP	I-PER
Schaeffer	NNP	I-PER
emulated	VBD	O
Swift	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
work	NN	O
in	IN	O
social	JJ	O
conservative	JJ	O
polemic	NN	O
against	IN	O
abortion	NN	O
and	CC	O
euthanasia	NN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
future	JJ	O
dystopia	NN	O
that	WDT	O
advocated	VBD	O
recycling	NN	O
of	IN	O
aborted	JJ	O
embryos	NNS	O
and	CC	O
fetuses	NNS	O
,	,	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
some	DT	O
disabled	NN	O
infants	NNS	O
with	IN	O
compound	JJ	O
intellectual	NN	O
,	,	O
physical	JJ	O
and	CC	O
physiological	JJ	O
difficulties	NNS	O
.	.	O

Hunter	NNP	I-PER
S.	NNP	I-PER
Thompson	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
Fear	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
Loathing	NN	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
America	NNP	I-MISC
:	IN	I-MISC
The	DT	I-MISC
Brutal	JJ	I-MISC
Odyssey	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
an	DT	I-MISC
Outlaw	NNP	I-MISC
Journalist	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
contains	VBZ	O
hundreds	NNS	O
of	IN	O
private	JJ	O
letters	NNS	O
written	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Thompson	NNP	I-PER
over	IN	O
the	DT	O
years	NNS	O
,	,	O
contains	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
letter	NN	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
he	PRP	O
uses	VBZ	O
A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	NNP	I-MISC
Proposal	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	O
satire	NN	O
technique	NN	O
against	IN	O
the	DT	O
Vietnam	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

This	DT	O
letter	NN	O
protests	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
burning	NN	O
of	IN	O
Vietnamese	JJ	I-MISC
people	NNS	O
occurring	VBG	O
overseas	RB	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
show	NN	O
Sealab	NNP	I-MISC
2021	CD	I-MISC
references	NNS	O
A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
character	NN	O
of	IN	O
Jodene	NNP	I-MISC
Sparks	NNPS	I-MISC
.	.	O

A	DT	I-MISC
Modest	JJS	I-MISC
Proposal	NN	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
mentioned	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
1996	CD	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Birdcage	NN	I-MISC
.	.	O





Under	IN	O
extremely	RB	O
high	JJ	O
pressures	NNS	O
and	CC	O
low	JJ	O
temperatures	NNS	O
,	,	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
those	DT	O
found	VBN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
cores	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
planets	NNS	O
Jupiter	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Saturn	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
hydrogen	NN	O
does	VBZ	O
become	VB	O
a	DT	O
metallic	JJ	O
element	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
it	PRP	O
behaves	VBZ	O
like	IN	O
an	DT	O
alkali	JJ	O
metal	NN	O
.	.	O







The	DT	O
history	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
alphabet	NN	O
started	VBD	O
in	IN	O
ancient	JJ	I-LOC
Egypt	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

This	DT	O
script	NN	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
used	VBN	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
destruction	NN	O
of	IN	O
Ugarit	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
Kurdish	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
writing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
vowels	NNS	O
is	VBZ	O
mandatory	JJ	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
full	JJ	O
letters	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
used	VBN	O
,	,	O
so	IN	O
the	DT	O
script	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
true	JJ	O
alphabet	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
Thai	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
tone	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
determined	VBN	O
primarily	RB	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
choice	NN	O
of	IN	O
consonant	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
diacritics	NNS	O
for	IN	O
disambiguation	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
Pollard	NNP	I-MISC
script	NN	I-MISC
,	,	O
an	DT	O
abugida	NN	O
,	,	O
vowels	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
indicated	VBN	O
by	IN	O
diacritics	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
the	DT	O
placement	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
diacritic	JJ	O
relative	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
consonant	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
modified	VBN	O
to	TO	O
indicate	VB	O
the	DT	O
tone	NN	O
.	.	O

(	LRB	O
The	DT	O
Hawaiian	JJ	I-MISC
alphabet	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
sometimes	RB	O
claimed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
as	IN	O
small	JJ	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
it	PRP	O
actually	RB	O
consists	VBZ	O
of	IN	O
18	CD	O
letters	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
the	DT	O
ʻokina	NN	O
and	CC	O
five	CD	O
long	JJ	O
vowels	NNS	O
.	.	O
)	RRB	O

The	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
known	VBN	O
abjad	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Sindhi	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
with	IN	O
51	CD	O
letters	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	I-MISC
French	JJ	I-MISC
,	,	O
these	DT	O
combinations	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
not	RB	O
considered	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
additional	JJ	O
letters	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
ll	NN	O
and	CC	O
ch	NN	O
are	VBP	O
also	RB	O
considered	VBN	O
single	JJ	O
letters	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
in	IN	O
1994	CD	O
the	DT	O
Real	JJ	I-ORG
Academia	NNP	I-ORG
Española	NNP	I-ORG
changed	VBD	O
collating	VBG	O
order	NN	O
so	IN	O
that	DT	O
ll	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
between	IN	O
lk	NN	O
and	CC	O
lm	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
dictionary	JJ	O
and	CC	O
ch	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
between	IN	O
cg	NN	O
and	CC	O
ci	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	I-MISC
German	JJ	I-MISC
,	,	O
words	NNS	O
starting	VBG	O
with	IN	O
sch-(	JJ	O
constituting	VBG	O
the	DT	O
German	JJ	I-MISC
phoneme	NN	O
/ʃ/	NN	O
)	RRB	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
intercalated	VBN	O
between	IN	O
words	NNS	O
with	IN	O
initial	JJ	O
sca-and	JJ	O
sci-(	NN	O
all	DT	O
incidentally	RB	O
loanwords	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
instead	IN	O
of	IN	O
this	DT	O
graphic	JJ	O
cluster	NN	O
appearing	VBG	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
letter	NN	O
s	VBZ	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
though	IN	O
it	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
a	DT	O
single	JJ	O
letter	NN	O
--	IN	O
a	DT	O
lexicographical	JJ	O
policy	NN	O
which	WDT	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
de	JJ	O
rigueur	NN	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
dictionary	NN	O
of	IN	O
Albanian	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
i.e.	FW	O
dh-,	JJ	O
gj-,	JJ	O
ll-,	NN	O
rr-,	NN	O
th-,	JJ	O
xh-and	JJ	O
zh-(	NN	O
all	DT	O
representing	VBG	O
phonemes	NNS	O
and	CC	O
considered	VBN	O
separate	JJ	O
single	JJ	O
letters	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
would	MD	O
follow	VB	O
the	DT	O
letters	NNS	O
d	NN	O
,	,	O
g	NN	O
,	,	O
l	NN	O
,	,	O
n	NN	O
,	,	O
r	NN	O
,	,	O
t	NN	O
,	,	O
x	NN	O
and	CC	O
z	NN	O
respectively	RB	O
.	.	O

Some	DT	O
national	JJ	O
languages	NNS	O
like	IN	O
Finnish	JJ	I-MISC
,	,	O
Turkish	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Bulgarian	JJ	I-MISC
have	VBP	O
a	DT	O
very	RB	O
regular	JJ	O
spelling	NN	O
system	NN	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
nearly	RB	O
one-to-one	JJ	O
correspondence	NN	O
between	IN	O
letters	NNS	O
and	CC	O
phonemes	NNS	O
.	.	O

Strictly	RB	O
speaking	NN	O
,	,	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
word	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Finnish	JJ	I-MISC
,	,	O
Turkish	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Bulgarian	JJ	I-MISC
languages	NNS	O
corresponding	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
verb	NN	O
"	LQU	O
to	TO	O
spell	VB	O
"	RQU	O
(	LRB	O
meaning	VBG	O
to	TO	O
split	VB	O
a	DT	O
word	NN	O
into	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
letters	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
closest	JJS	O
match	NN	O
being	VBG	O
a	DT	O
verb	NN	O
meaning	VBG	O
to	TO	O
split	VB	O
a	DT	O
word	NN	O
into	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
syllables	NNS	O
.	.	O

French	JJ	I-MISC
,	,	O
with	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
silent	JJ	O
letters	NNS	O
and	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
heavy	JJ	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
nasal	JJ	O
vowels	NNS	O
and	CC	O
elision	NN	O
,	,	O
may	MD	O
seem	VB	O
to	TO	O
lack	NN	O
much	RB	O
correspondence	NN	O
between	IN	O
spelling	NN	O
and	CC	O
pronunciation	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
rules	NNS	O
on	IN	O
pronunciation	NN	O
are	VBP	O
actually	RB	O
consistent	JJ	O
and	CC	O
predictable	JJ	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
fair	JJ	O
degree	NN	O
of	IN	O
accuracy	NN	O
.	.	O





In	IN	O
1911	CD	O
Ernest	NNP	I-PER
Rutherford	NNP	I-PER
gave	VBD	O
a	DT	O
model	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
atom	NN	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
a	DT	O
central	JJ	O
core	NN	O
held	VBD	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
atom	NN	O
's	POS	O
mass	NN	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
positive	JJ	O
charge	NN	O
which	WDT	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
units	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
electron	NN	O
's	POS	O
charge	NN	O
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
approximately	RB	O
equal	JJ	O
to	TO	O
half	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
atom	NN	O
's	POS	O
atomic	JJ	O
weight	NN	O
,	,	O
expressed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
numbers	NNS	O
of	IN	O
hydrogen	NN	O
atoms	NNS	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
central	JJ	O
charge	NN	O
would	MD	O
thus	RB	O
be	VB	O
approximately	RB	O
half	PDT	O
the	DT	O
atomic	JJ	O
weight	NN	O
(	LRB	O
though	IN	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
almost	RB	O
25	CD	O
%	NN	O
off	IN	O
the	DT	O
figure	NN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
atomic	JJ	O
number	NN	O
in	IN	O
gold	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
single	JJ	O
element	NN	O
from	IN	O
which	WDT	O
Rutherford	NNP	I-PER
made	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
guess	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Nevertheless	RB	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
spite	NN	O
of	IN	O
Rutherford	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
estimation	NN	O
that	IN	O
gold	NN	O
had	VBD	O
a	DT	O
central	JJ	O
charge	NN	O
of	IN	O
about	IN	O
100	CD	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
month	NN	O
after	IN	O
Rutherford	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
paper	NN	O
appeared	VBD	O
,	,	O
Antonius	NNP	I-PER
van	NNP	I-PER
den	NNP	I-PER
Broek	NNP	I-PER
first	RB	O
formally	RB	O
suggested	VBD	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
central	JJ	O
charge	NN	O
and	CC	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
electrons	NNS	O
in	IN	O
an	DT	O
atom	NN	O
was	VBD	O
exactly	RB	O
equal	JJ	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
place	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
periodic	JJ	O
table	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
experimental	JJ	O
situation	NN	O
improved	VBD	O
dramatically	RB	O
after	IN	O
research	NN	O
by	IN	O
Henry	NNP	I-PER
Moseley	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
1913	CD	O
.	.	O

To	TO	O
do	VB	O
this	DT	O
,	,	O
Moseley	NNP	I-PER
measured	VBD	O
the	DT	O
wavelengths	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
innermost	NN	O
photon	NN	O
transitions	NNS	O
produced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
elements	NNS	O
from	IN	O
aluminum	NN	O
to	TO	O
gold	NN	O
used	VBN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
series	NN	O
of	IN	O
movable	JJ	O
anodic	JJ	O
targets	NNS	O
inside	IN	O
an	DT	O
x-ray	JJ	O
tube	NN	O
.	.	O





The	DT	O
major	JJ	O
anatomy	NN	O
textbook	NN	O
,	,	O
Gray	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	I-MISC
Anatomy	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
has	VBZ	O
recently	RB	O
been	VBN	O
reorganized	VBN	O
from	IN	O
a	DT	O
systems	NNS	O
format	NN	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
regional	JJ	O
format	NN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
line	NN	O
with	IN	O
modern	JJ	O
teaching	NN	O
methods	NNS	O
.	.	O







Andrei	NNP	I-PER
Arsenyevich	NNP	I-PER
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
April	NNP	O
4	CD	O
,	,	O
1932	CD	O
--	:	O
December	NNP	O
29	CD	O
,	,	O
1986	CD	O
)	RRB	O
was	VBD	O
a	DT	O
Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
filmmaker	NN	O
,	,	O
writer	NN	O
,	,	O
film	NN	O
editor	NN	O
,	,	O
film	NN	O
theorist	NN	O
and	CC	O
opera	NN	O
director	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
films	NNS	O
include	VBP	O
Andrei	NNP	I-MISC
Rublev	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Solaris	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Stalker	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Ingmar	NNP	I-PER
Bergman	NNP	I-PER
said	VBD	O
of	IN	O
him	PRP	O
:	:	O
"	LQU	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
for	IN	O
me	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
greatest	JJS	O
[	NN	O
director	NN	O
]	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
one	CD	O
who	WP	O
invented	VBD	O
a	DT	O
new	JJ	O
language	NN	O
,	,	O
true	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
nature	NN	O
of	IN	O
film	NN	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
it	PRP	O
captures	VBZ	O
life	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
reflection	NN	O
,	,	O
life	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
dream	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
spent	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
childhood	NN	O
in	IN	O
Yuryevets	NNS	I-LOC
.	.	O

During	IN	O
the	DT	O
war	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
three	CD	O
evacuated	VBN	O
to	TO	O
Yuryevets	NNS	I-LOC
,	,	O
living	VBG	O
with	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
maternal	JJ	O
grandmother	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
continued	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
studies	NNS	O
at	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
old	JJ	O
school	NN	O
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
the	DT	O
poet	NN	O
Andrey	NNP	I-PER
Voznesensky	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
classmates	NNS	O
.	.	O

Many	JJ	O
themes	NNS	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
childhood	NN	O
--	IN	O
the	DT	O
evacuation	NN	O
,	,	O
his	PRP$	O
mother	NN	O
and	CC	O
her	PRP$	O
two	CD	O
children	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
withdrawn	VBN	O
father	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
time	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
hospital	NN	O
--	IN	O
feature	NN	O
prominently	RB	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Upon	IN	O
return	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
research	NN	O
expedition	NN	O
in	IN	O
1954	CD	O
,	,	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
applied	VBD	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
State	NNP	I-ORG
Institute	NNP	I-ORG
of	IN	I-ORG
Cinematography	NNP	I-ORG
(	LRB	O
VGIK	NNP	I-ORG
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
admitted	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
film-directing-program	NN	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
class	NN	O
as	IN	O
Irma	NNP	I-PER
Raush	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
whom	WP	O
he	PRP	O
married	VBD	O
in	IN	O
April	NNP	O
1957	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
early	JJ	O
Khrushchev	NNP	I-PER
era	NN	O
offered	VBD	O
unique	JJ	O
opportunities	NNS	O
for	IN	O
young	JJ	O
film	NN	O
directors	NNS	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
absorbed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
idea	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
auteur	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
necessary	JJ	O
condition	NN	O
for	IN	O
creativity	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
teacher	NN	O
and	CC	O
mentor	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Mikhail	NNP	I-PER
Romm	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
taught	VBD	O
many	JJ	O
film	NN	O
students	NNS	O
who	WP	O
would	MD	O
later	RB	O
become	VB	O
influential	JJ	O
film	NN	O
directors	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1956	CD	O
,	,	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
directed	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
student	NN	O
short	JJ	O
film	NN	O
,	,	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Killers	NNS	I-MISC
,	,	O
from	IN	O
a	DT	O
short	JJ	O
story	NN	O
of	IN	O
Ernest	NNP	I-PER
Hemingway	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
short	JJ	O
film	NN	O
There	EX	I-MISC
Will	MD	I-MISC
Be	VB	I-MISC
No	DT	I-MISC
Leave	VB	I-MISC
Today	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
screenplay	NN	O
Concentrate	NN	I-MISC
followed	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1958	CD	O
and	CC	O
1959	CD	O
.	.	O

An	DT	O
important	JJ	O
influence	NN	O
on	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
director	NN	O
Grigori	NNP	I-PER
Chukhrai	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
was	VBD	O
teaching	VBG	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
VGIK	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
initially	RB	O
showed	VBD	O
interest	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
then	RB	O
decided	VBD	O
to	TO	O
concentrate	VB	O
on	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
studies	NNS	O
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
own	JJ	O
projects	NNS	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
third	JJ	O
year	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
VGIK	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
met	VBD	O
Andrei	NNP	I-PER
Konchalovsky	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
submitted	VBD	O
the	DT	O
script	NN	O
to	TO	O
Lenfilm	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
was	VBD	O
rejected	VBN	O
.	.	O

They	PRP	O
were	VBD	O
more	RBR	O
successful	JJ	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
script	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Steamroller	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Violin	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
they	PRP	O
sold	VBD	O
to	TO	O
Mosfilm	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
first	JJ	O
feature	NN	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Ivan	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	I-MISC
Childhood	NN	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1962	CD	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
earned	VBD	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
international	JJ	O
acclaim	NN	O
and	CC	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Golden	NNP	I-MISC
Lion	NNP	I-MISC
award	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Venice	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
1962	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1965	CD	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
directed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
Andrei	NNP	I-MISC
Rublev	NNP	I-MISC
about	IN	O
the	DT	O
life	NN	O
of	IN	O
Andrei	NNP	I-PER
Rublev	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
the	DT	O
15th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
Russian	JJ	I-MISC
icon	NN	O
painter	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
to	TO	O
cut	VB	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
several	JJ	O
times	NNS	O
,	,	O
resulting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
several	JJ	O
different	JJ	O
versions	NNS	O
of	IN	O
varying	VBG	O
lengths	NNS	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
version	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
presented	VBN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cannes	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
in	IN	O
1969	CD	O
and	CC	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
FIPRESCI	NNP	I-ORG
prize	NN	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
officially	RB	O
released	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
cut	NN	O
version	NN	O
in	IN	O
1971	CD	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
divorced	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
wife	NN	O
,	,	O
Irma	NNP	I-PER
Raush	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
in	IN	O
June	NNP	O
1970	CD	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1972	CD	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
completed	VBD	O
Solaris	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
an	DT	O
adaptation	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
novel	NN	O
Solaris	NNP	I-MISC
by	IN	O
Stanisław	NNP	I-PER
Lem	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
presented	VBN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cannes	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Grand	NNP	I-MISC
Prix	NNP	I-MISC
Spécial	NNP	I-MISC
du	NNP	I-MISC
Jury	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
FIPRESCI	NNP	I-ORG
prize	NN	I-ORG
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
nominated	VBN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
Palme	NNP	I-MISC
d'Or	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

From	IN	O
1973	CD	O
to	TO	O
1974	CD	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
shot	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
highly	RB	O
autobiographical	JJ	O
film	NN	O
drawing	NN	O
on	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
childhood	NN	O
and	CC	O
incorporating	VBG	O
some	DT	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
father	NN	O
's	POS	O
poems	NNS	O
.	.	O

From	IN	O
the	DT	O
beginning	VBG	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
not	RB	O
well	RB	O
received	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
authorities	NNS	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
content	NN	O
and	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
perceived	VBN	O
elitist	NN	O
nature	NN	O
.	.	O

Russian	JJ	I-MISC
authorities	NNS	O
placed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
third	JJ	O
category	NN	O
"	RQU	O
which	WDT	O
meant	VBD	O
severe	JJ	O
limitations	NNS	O
on	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
distribution	NN	O
,	,	O
allowing	VBG	O
it	PRP	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
shown	VBN	O
only	RB	O
in	IN	O
third	JJ	O
class	NN	O
cinemas	NNS	O
and	CC	O
workers	NNS	O
'	POS	O
clubs	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
main	JJ	O
role	NN	O
was	VBD	O
played	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Anatoly	NNP	I-PER
Solonitsyn	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
who	WP	O
also	RB	O
acted	VBD	O
in	IN	O
several	NN	O
of	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
films	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
last	JJ	O
film	NN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
completed	VBD	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
Stalker	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
inspired	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
novel	NN	O
Roadside	NNP	I-MISC
Picnic	NNP	I-MISC
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
brothers	NNS	O
Arkady	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	I-PER
Boris	NNP	I-PER
Strugatsky	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
had	VBD	O
met	VBN	O
the	DT	O
brothers	NNS	O
first	RB	O
in	IN	O
1971	CD	O
and	CC	O
was	VBD	O
in	IN	O
contact	NN	O
with	IN	O
them	PRP	O
until	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
death	NN	O
in	IN	O
1986	CD	O
.	.	O

Initially	RB	O
he	PRP	O
wanted	VBD	O
to	TO	O
shoot	VB	O
a	DT	O
film	NN	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
their	PRP$	O
novel	NN	O
Dead	NNP	I-MISC
Mountaineer	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	I-MISC
Hotel	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	O
he	PRP	O
developed	VBD	O
a	DT	O
raw	JJ	O
script	NN	O
.	.	O

Influenced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
discussion	NN	O
with	IN	O
Arkady	NNP	I-PER
Strugatsky	NNP	I-PER
he	PRP	O
changed	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
plan	NN	O
and	CC	O
began	VBD	O
to	TO	O
work	VB	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
script	NN	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
Roadside	NNP	I-MISC
Picnic	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
relationship	NN	O
with	IN	O
cinematographer	NN	O
Georgy	NNP	I-PER
Rerberg	NNP	I-PER
deteriorated	VBD	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
point	NN	O
where	WRB	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
hired	VBD	O
Alexander	NNP	I-PER
Knyazhinsky	NNP	I-PER
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
new	JJ	O
first	JJ	O
cinematographer	NN	O
.	.	O

Furthermore	RB	O
,	,	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
suffered	VBD	O
a	DT	O
heart	NN	O
attack	NN	O
in	IN	O
April	NNP	O
1978	CD	O
,	,	O
resulting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
further	JJ	O
delay	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
completed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1979	CD	O
and	CC	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Prize	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Ecumenical	JJ	I-MISC
Jury	NN	I-MISC
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cannes	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
set	VBN	O
in	IN	O
18th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
reign	NN	O
of	IN	O
Peter	NNP	I-PER
the	DT	I-PER
Great	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
starred	VBD	O
Natalya	NNP	I-PER
Bondarchuk	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Anatoli	NNP	I-PER
Papanov	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
main	JJ	O
role	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
reportedly	RB	O
infuriated	VBN	O
by	IN	O
this	DT	O
interruption	NN	O
and	CC	O
destroyed	VBD	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
.	.	O

During	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
trip	NN	O
to	TO	O
Sweden	NNP	I-PER
he	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
considered	VBN	O
defecting	VBG	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
but	CC	O
ultimately	RB	O
decided	VBD	O
to	TO	O
return	VB	O
because	IN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
wife	NN	O
and	CC	O
his	PRP$	O
son	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
completed	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
in	IN	O
1983	CD	O
.	.	O

Nostalghia	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
presented	VBN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cannes	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
FIPRESCI	NNP	I-ORG
prize	NN	I-ORG
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Prize	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Ecumenical	JJ	I-MISC
Jury	NN	I-MISC
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
also	RB	O
shared	VBD	O
a	DT	O
special	JJ	O
prize	NN	O
called	VBD	O
Grand	NNP	I-MISC
Prix	NNP	I-MISC
du	NNP	O
cinéma	NNP	O
de	IN	O
creation	NN	O
with	IN	O
Robert	NNP	I-PER
Bresson	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
authorities	NNS	O
prevented	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
from	IN	O
winning	VBG	O
the	DT	O
Palme	NNP	I-MISC
d'Or	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
fact	NN	O
that	WDT	O
hardened	VBD	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
resolve	NN	O
to	TO	O
never	RB	O
work	VB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
again	RB	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
year	NN	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
also	RB	O
arranged	VBD	O
the	DT	O
opera	NN	O
Boris	NNP	I-MISC
Godunov	NNP	I-MISC
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Royal	NNP	I-LOC
Opera	NNP	I-LOC
House	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
London	NNP	I-LOC
under	IN	O
the	DT	O
musical	JJ	O
direction	NN	O
of	IN	O
Claudio	NNP	I-PER
Abbado	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
spent	VBD	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
1984	CD	O
preparing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Sacrifice	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

During	IN	O
1985	CD	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
shot	VBD	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Sacrifice	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
Sweden	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	I-MISC
Sacrifice	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
presented	VBN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cannes	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
received	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Grand	NNP	I-MISC
Prix	NNP	I-MISC
Spécial	NNP	I-MISC
du	NNP	I-MISC
Jury	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
FIPRESCI	NNP	I-ORG
prize	NN	I-ORG
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Prize	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Ecumenical	JJ	I-MISC
Jury	NN	I-MISC
.	.	O

A	DT	O
controversy	NN	O
emerged	VBD	O
in	IN	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
1990s	CD	O
when	WRB	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
alleged	VBN	O
that	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
did	VBD	O
not	RB	O
die	VB	O
of	IN	O
natural	JJ	O
causes	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
was	VBD	O
assassinated	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
KGB	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
mainly	RB	O
known	VBN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
director	NN	O
of	IN	O
films	NNS	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
also	RB	O
wrote	VBD	O
Sculpting	VBG	I-MISC
In	IN	I-MISC
Time	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
book	NN	O
on	IN	O
film	NN	O
theory	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
first	JJ	O
feature	NN	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
Ivan	NNP	I-MISC
's	POS	I-MISC
Childhood	NN	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1962	CD	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
then	RB	O
directed	VBD	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Soviet	NNP	I-LOC
Union	NNP	I-LOC
Andrei	NNP	I-MISC
Rublev	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1966	CD	O
,	,	O
Solaris	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1972	CD	O
,	,	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1975	CD	O
and	CC	O
Stalker	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	O
1979	CD	O
.	.	O

His	PRP$	O
last	JJ	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Sacrifice	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
produced	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Sweden	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
1986	CD	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
personally	RB	O
involved	VBN	O
in	IN	O
writing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
screenplays	NNS	O
for	IN	O
all	DT	O
his	PRP$	O
films	NNS	O
,	,	O
sometimes	RB	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
co-writer	NN	O
.	.	O

To	TO	O
Tarkovsky	VB	I-PER
a	DT	O
director	NN	O
who	WP	O
realizes	VBZ	O
somebody	DT	O
else	NN	O
's	POS	O
screenplay	NN	O
without	IN	O
being	VBG	O
involved	VBN	O
in	IN	O
it	PRP	O
becomes	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
mere	JJ	O
illustrator	NN	O
,	,	O
resulting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
dead	JJ	O
and	CC	O
monotonous	JJ	O
films	NNS	O
.	.	O

Numerous	JJ	O
awards	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
bestowed	VBN	O
on	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
throughout	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
lifetime	NN	O
.	.	O

At	IN	O
the	DT	O
Venice	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
he	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
awarded	VBN	O
the	DT	O
Golden	NNP	I-MISC
Lion	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

At	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cannes	NNP	I-ORG
Film	NNP	I-ORG
Festival	NNP	I-ORG
he	PRP	O
won	VBD	O
several	JJ	O
times	NNS	O
the	DT	O
FIPRESCI	NNP	I-ORG
prize	NN	I-ORG
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Prize	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Ecumenical	JJ	I-MISC
Jury	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Grand	NNP	I-MISC
Prix	NNP	I-MISC
Spécial	NNP	I-MISC
du	NNP	I-MISC
Jury	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
also	RB	O
nominated	VBN	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
Palme	NNP	I-MISC
d'Or	NNP	I-MISC
two	CD	O
times	NNS	O
.	.	O

A	DT	O
minor	JJ	O
planet	NN	O
,	,	O
3345	CD	I-LOC
Tarkovskij	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
discovered	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
astronomer	NN	O
Lyudmila	NNP	I-PER
Georgievna	NNP	I-PER
Karachkina	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
1982	CD	O
,	,	O
has	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
been	VBN	O
named	VBN	O
after	IN	O
him	PRP	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
the	DT	O
subject	NN	O
of	IN	O
several	JJ	O
documentaries	NNS	O
.	.	O

Sokurov	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
own	JJ	O
work	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
heavily	RB	O
influenced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
film	NN	O
consists	VBZ	O
mostly	RB	O
of	IN	O
narration	NN	O
over	IN	O
stock	NN	O
footage	NN	O
from	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
films	NNS	O
.	.	O

Directed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Andrei	NNP	I-PER
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
1988	CD	O
documentary	NN	O
film	NN	O
by	IN	O
Michal	NNP	I-PER
Leszczylowski	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
an	DT	O
editor	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Sacrifice	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Film	NNP	O
director	NN	O
Chris	NNP	I-PER
Marker	NNP	I-PER
produced	VBD	O
the	DT	O
television	NN	O
documentary	NN	O
One	CD	I-MISC
Day	NN	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Life	NN	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
Andrei	NNP	I-MISC
Arsenevich	NNP	I-MISC
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
homage	NN	O
to	TO	O
Andrei	NNP	I-PER
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
in	IN	O
2000	CD	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
widely	RB	O
considered	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
greatest	JJS	O
film	NN	O
makers	NNS	O
of	IN	O
all	DT	O
time	NN	O
.	.	O

Ingmar	NNP	I-PER
Bergman	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
quoted	VBN	O
as	IN	O
saying	VBG	O
:	:	O
"	LQU	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
for	IN	O
me	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
greatest	JJS	O
[	NN	O
of	IN	O
us	PRP	O
all	DT	O
]	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
one	CD	O
who	WP	O
invented	VBD	O
a	DT	O
new	JJ	O
language	NN	O
,	,	O
true	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
nature	NN	O
of	IN	O
film	NN	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
it	PRP	O
captures	VBZ	O
life	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
reflection	NN	O
,	,	O
life	NN	O
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
dream	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Film	NNP	O
historian	JJ	O
Steven	NNP	I-PER
Dillon	NNP	I-PER
claims	VBZ	O
that	IN	O
much	NN	O
of	IN	O
subsequent	JJ	O
film	NN	O
was	VBD	O
deeply	RB	O
influenced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
films	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
became	VBD	O
a	DT	O
film	NN	O
director	NN	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
mid	JJ	O
and	CC	O
late	JJ	O
1950s	NNS	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
period	NN	O
during	IN	O
which	WDT	O
Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
society	NN	O
opened	VBD	O
to	TO	O
foreign	JJ	O
films	NNS	O
,	,	O
literature	NN	O
and	CC	O
music	NN	O
.	.	O

His	PRP$	O
teacher	NN	O
and	CC	O
mentor	NN	O
at	IN	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
school	NN	O
,	,	O
Mikhail	NNP	I-PER
Romm	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
allowed	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
students	NNS	O
considerable	JJ	O
freedom	NN	O
and	CC	O
emphasized	VBD	O
the	DT	O
independence	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
film	NN	O
director	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1972	CD	O
,	,	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
told	VBD	O
film	NN	O
historian	NN	O
Leonid	NNP	I-PER
Kozlov	NNP	I-PER
his	PRP$	O
ten	JJ	O
favorite	JJ	O
films	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
list	NN	O
includes	VBZ	O
:	IN	O
Diary	NNP	I-MISC
of	IN	I-MISC
a	DT	I-MISC
Country	NN	I-MISC
Priest	NN	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Mouchette	NN	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Robert	NNP	I-PER
Bresson	NNP	I-PER
;	;	O
Winter	NNP	I-MISC
Light	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Wild	NNP	I-MISC
Strawberries	NNPS	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Persona	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Ingmar	NNP	I-PER
Bergman	NNP	I-PER
;	;	O
Nazarin	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Luis	NNP	I-PER
Buñuel	NNP	I-PER
;	;	O
City	NNP	I-MISC
Lights	NNPS	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Charlie	NNP	I-PER
Chaplin	NNP	I-PER
;	;	O
Ugetsu	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Kenji	NNP	I-PER
Mizoguchi	NNP	I-PER
;	;	O
Seven	NNP	I-MISC
Samurai	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Akira	NNP	I-PER
Kurosawa	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Woman	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Dunes	NNS	I-MISC
,	,	O
by	IN	O
Hiroshi	NNP	I-PER
Teshigahara	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Among	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
favorite	JJ	O
directors	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
Luis	NNP	I-PER
Buñuel	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Kenji	NNP	I-PER
Mizoguchi	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Ingmar	NNP	I-PER
Bergman	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Robert	NNP	I-PER
Bresson	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Akira	NNP	I-PER
Kurosawa	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Michelangelo	NNP	I-PER
Antonioni	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Jean	NNP	I-PER
Vigo	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Carl	NNP	I-PER
Theodor	NNP	I-PER
Dreyer	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

With	IN	O
the	DT	O
exception	NN	O
of	IN	O
City	NNP	I-MISC
Lights	NNPS	I-MISC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
list	NN	O
does	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
contain	VB	O
any	DT	O
films	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
silent	JJ	O
era	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
reason	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
that	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
saw	VBD	O
film	NN	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
art	NN	O
as	IN	O
only	RB	O
a	DT	O
relatively	RB	O
recent	JJ	O
phenomenon	NN	O
,	,	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
early	JJ	O
film-making	NN	O
forming	VBG	O
only	RB	O
a	DT	O
prelude	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
list	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
no	DT	O
films	NNS	O
or	CC	O
directors	NNS	O
from	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
native	JJ	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
although	IN	O
he	PRP	O
rated	VBD	O
Soviet	JJ	I-MISC
directors	NNS	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
Boris	NNP	I-PER
Barnet	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Sergei	NNP	I-PER
Paradjanov	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Alexander	NNP	I-PER
Dovzhenko	NNP	I-PER
highly	RB	O
.	.	O

Although	IN	O
strongly	RB	O
opposed	VBN	O
to	TO	O
commercial	JJ	O
cinema	NN	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
a	DT	O
famous	JJ	O
exception	NN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
praised	VBD	O
the	DT	O
blockbuster	NN	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Terminator	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
saying	VBG	O
its	PRP$	O
"	LQU	O
vision	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
future	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
relation	NN	O
between	IN	O
man	NN	O
and	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
destiny	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
pushing	VBG	O
the	DT	O
frontier	NN	O
of	IN	O
cinema	NN	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
art	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
films	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
characterised	VBN	O
by	IN	O
metaphysical	JJ	O
themes	NNS	O
,	,	O
extremely	RB	O
long	RB	O
takes	VBZ	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
memorable	JJ	O
images	NNS	O
of	IN	O
exceptional	JJ	O
beauty	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
included	VBD	O
levitation	NN	O
scenes	NNS	O
into	IN	O
several	NN	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
films	NNS	O
,	,	O
most	JJS	O
notably	RB	O
Solaris	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

These	DT	O
are	VBP	O
symbols	NNS	O
of	IN	O
film	NN	O
,	,	O
sight	NN	O
and	CC	O
sound	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
film	NN	O
frequently	RB	O
has	VBZ	O
themes	NNS	O
of	IN	O
self	JJ	O
reflection	NN	O
.	.	O

Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
developed	VBD	O
a	DT	O
theory	NN	O
of	IN	O
cinema	NN	O
that	IN	O
he	PRP	O
called	VBD	O
"	LQU	O
sculpting	VBG	O
in	IN	O
time	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Up	IN	O
to	TO	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
including	VBG	O
,	,	O
his	PRP$	O
film	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
focused	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
cinematic	JJ	O
works	NNS	O
on	IN	O
exploring	VBG	O
this	DT	O
theory	NN	O
.	.	O

Several	NN	O
of	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
films	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
color	NN	O
or	CC	O
black	JJ	O
and	CC	O
white	JJ	O
sequences	NNS	O
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
for	IN	O
example	NN	O
Andrei	NNP	I-MISC
Rublev	NNP	I-MISC
which	WDT	O
features	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
epilogue	NN	O
in	IN	O
color	NN	O
of	IN	O
religious	JJ	O
icon	NN	O
paintings	NNS	O
,	,	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
as	IN	O
Solaris	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Stalker	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
feature	VBP	O
monochrome	NN	O
and	CC	O
sepia	NN	O
sequences	NNS	O
while	IN	O
otherwise	RB	O
being	VBG	O
in	IN	O
color	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
natural	JJ	O
elements	NNS	O
play	VBP	O
a	DT	O
large	JJ	O
role	NN	O
in	IN	O
Tarkovsky	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
films	NNS	O
.	.	O

Fire	NN	O
and	CC	O
water	NN	O
are	VBP	O
usually	RB	O
represented	VBN	O
together	RB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
burning	NN	O
barn	NN	O
from	IN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
candle	NN	O
in	IN	O
Nostalghia	NNP	I-MISC
being	VBG	O
two	CD	O
examples	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Stalker	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
Nostalghia	NNP	I-MISC
all	DT	O
contain	VBP	O
scenes	NNS	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
one	CD	O
or	CC	O
several	JJ	O
characters	NNS	O
lie	VBP	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
earth	NN	O
in	IN	O
contemplation	NN	O
.	.	O

Wind	NNP	O
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
used	VBN	O
often	RB	O
in	IN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Mirror	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O





Groucho	NNP	I-PER
Marx	NNP	I-PER
's	POS	O
classic	JJ	O
joke	NN	O
depends	VBZ	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
grammatical	JJ	O
ambiguity	NN	O
for	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
humor	NN	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
example	NN	O
:	:	O
"	LQU	O
Last	JJ	O
night	NN	O
I	PRP	O
shot	VBD	O
an	DT	O
elephant	NN	O
in	IN	O
my	PRP$	O
pajamas	NNS	O
.	.	O

F.	NNP	I-PER
Scott	NNP	I-PER
Fitzgerald	NNP	I-PER
uses	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
latter	JJ	O
type	NN	O
of	IN	O
ambiguity	NN	O
with	IN	O
notable	JJ	O
effect	NN	O
in	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
novel	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Great	NNP	I-MISC
Gatsby	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Christianity	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Judaism	NNP	I-MISC
employ	VBP	O
the	DT	O
concept	NN	O
of	IN	O
paradox	NN	O
synonymously	RB	O
with	IN	O
'	LQU	O
ambiguity	NN	O
'	POS	O
.	.	O

Ambiguity	NNP	O
within	IN	O
Christianity	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
and	CC	O
other	JJ	O
religions	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
resisted	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
conservatives	NNS	O
and	CC	O
fundamentalists	NNS	O
,	,	O
who	WP	O
regard	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
concept	NN	O
as	IN	O
equating	VBG	O
with	IN	O
'	LQU	O
contradiction	NN	O
'	POS	O
.	.	O

Lojban	NNP	O
and	CC	O
Loglan	NNP	I-MISC
are	VBP	O
two	CD	O
related	JJ	O
languages	NNS	O
which	WDT	O
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
created	VBN	O
with	IN	O
this	DT	O
in	IN	O
mind	NN	O
.	.	O

Many	JJ	O
algorithmic	JJ	O
languages	NNS	O
(	LRB	O
C++	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
MATLAB	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Fortran	NNP	I-MISC
)	RRB	O
require	VBP	O
the	DT	O
character	NN	O
*	NN	O
as	IN	O
symbol	NN	O
of	IN	O
multiplication	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
language	NN	O
Mathematica	NNP	I-MISC
allows	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
user	NN	O
to	TO	O
omit	VB	O
the	DT	O
multiplication	NN	O
symbol	NN	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
requires	VBZ	O
square	JJ	O
brackets	NNS	O
to	TO	O
indicate	VB	O
the	DT	O
argument	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
function	NN	O
;	;	O
square	NN	O
brackets	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
not	RB	O
allowed	VBN	O
for	IN	O
grouping	VBG	O
of	IN	O
expressions	NNS	O
.	.	O

Fortran	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
in	IN	O
addition	NN	O
,	,	O
does	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
allow	VB	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
same	JJ	O
name	NN	O
(	LRB	O
identifier	NN	O
)	RRB	O
for	IN	O
different	JJ	O
objects	NNS	O
,	,	O
for	IN	O
example	NN	O
,	,	O
function	NN	O
and	CC	O
variable	JJ	O
;	;	O
in	IN	O
particular	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
expression	NN	O
f=f	NN	O
(	LRB	O
x	NN	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
qualified	VBN	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
error	NN	O
.	.	O





Animal	JJ	O
or	CC	O
Animals	NNS	I-MISC
may	MD	O
also	RB	O
refer	VB	O
to	TO	O
:	:	O





It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
sometimes	RB	O
called	VBN	O
"	LQU	O
antbear	RBR	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
anteater	RBR	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
Cape	NNP	I-LOC
anteater	NN	O
"	RQU	O
(	LRB	O
after	IN	O
the	DT	O
Cape	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Good	NNP	I-LOC
Hope	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
"	LQU	O
earth	NN	O
hog	NN	O
"	RQU	O
or	CC	O
"	LQU	O
earth	NN	O
pig	NN	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
name	NN	O
comes	VBZ	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Afrikaans	NNPS	I-MISC
/	NNP	O
Dutch	NNP	I-MISC
for	IN	O
"	LQU	O
earth	NN	O
pig	NN	O
"	RQU	O
or	CC	O
"	LQU	O
ground	NN	O
pig	NN	O
"	RQU	O
(	LRB	O
aarde	JJ	O
earth/ground	NN	O
,	,	O
varken	JJ	O
pig	NN	O
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
because	IN	O
early	JJ	O
settlers	NNS	O
from	IN	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
thought	VBD	O
it	PRP	O
resembled	VBD	O
a	DT	O
domesticated	JJ	O
pig	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
aardvark	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
not	RB	O
closely	RB	O
related	VBN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
South	NNP	I-MISC
American	NNP	I-MISC
anteater	NN	O
,	,	O
despite	IN	O
sharing	VBG	O
some	DT	O
characteristics	NNS	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
superficial	JJ	O
resemblance	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
African	JJ	I-MISC
folklore	NN	O
the	DT	O
aardvark	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
much	RB	O
admired	VBN	O
because	IN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
diligent	JJ	O
quest	NN	O
for	IN	O
food	NN	O
and	CC	O
its	PRP$	O
fearless	JJ	O
response	NN	O
to	TO	O
soldier	JJR	O
ants	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
main	JJ	O
character	NN	O
of	IN	O
Arthur	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
a	DT	O
popular	JJ	O
animated	JJ	O
television	NN	O
series	NN	O
for	IN	O
children	NNS	O
produced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
WGBH-TV	NNP	I-ORG
and	CC	O
shown	VBN	O
in	IN	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
100	CD	O
countries	NNS	O
,	,	O
is	VBZ	O
an	DT	O
aardvark	NN	O
.	.	O

One	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
main	JJ	O
characters	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
1969-1971	CD	O
animated	JJ	O
cartoon	NN	O
The	DT	I-MISC
Ant	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Aardvark	NNP	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
blue	JJ	O
aardvark	NN	O
voiced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
John	NNP	I-PER
Byner	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
doing	VBG	O
an	DT	O
impersonation	NN	O
of	IN	O
Jackie	NNP	I-PER
Mason	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Cerebus	NNP	I-MISC
the	DT	I-MISC
Aardvark	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
title	NN	O
character	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
comic-book	NN	O
series	NN	O
by	IN	O
Dave	NNP	I-PER
Sim	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Gerhard	NNP	I-PER
that	WDT	O
ran	VBD	O
from	IN	O
1977	CD	O
to	TO	O
2004	CD	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
is	VBZ	O
still	RB	O
sold	VBN	O
in	IN	O
collected	VBN	O
volumes	NNS	O
of	IN	O
reprints	NNS	O
.	.	O





The	DT	O
name	NN	O
means	VBZ	O
"	LQU	O
earth	NN	O
wolf	NN	O
"	RQU	O
in	IN	O
Afrikaans	NNPS	I-MISC
/	NNP	O
Dutch	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O





This	DT	O
evolved	VBD	O
into	IN	O
Arabic	NNP	I-MISC
al-tub	NN	O
(	LRB	O
الطّوب	NNP	O
al	JJ	O
"	LQU	O
the	DT	O
"	RQU	O
+	JJ	O
tub	NN	O
"	LQU	O
brick	NN	O
"	RQU	O
)	RRB	O
"	LQU	O
[	VBN	O
mud	NN	O
]	NN	O
brick,	NN	O
"	RQU	O
which	WDT	O
was	VBD	O
assimilated	VBN	O
into	IN	O
Old	NNP	I-MISC
Spanish	NNP	I-MISC
as	IN	O
adobe	JJ	O
[	NN	O
aˈdobe	NN	O
]	NN	O
,	,	O
still	RB	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
meaning	VBG	O
"	LQU	O
mud	NN	O
brick	NN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

The	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
structure	NN	O
ever	RB	O
made	VBN	O
from	IN	O
adobe	NN	O
(	LRB	O
bricks	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
was	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Bam	NNP	I-LOC
Citadel	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
suffered	VBD	O
serious	JJ	O
damage	NN	O
(	LRB	O
up	RP	O
to	TO	O
80	CD	O
%	NN	O
)	RRB	O
by	IN	O
an	DT	O
earthquake	NN	O
on	IN	O
December	NNP	O
26	CD	O
,	,	O
2003	CD	O
.	.	O

Other	JJ	O
large	JJ	O
adobe	NN	O
structures	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
the	DT	O
Huaca	NNP	I-LOC
del	NNP	I-LOC
Sol	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
Peru	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
with	IN	O
100	CD	O
million	CD	O
signed	JJ	O
bricks	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
ciudellas	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Chan	NNP	I-LOC
Chan	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Tambo	NNP	I-LOC
Colorado	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
both	DT	O
in	IN	O
Peru	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O





Similarly	RB	O
,	,	O
Helen	NNP	I-PER
Keller	NNP	I-PER
famously	RB	O
stated	VBD	O
that	IN	O
"	LQU	O
Life	NNP	O
is	VBZ	O
either	RB	O
a	DT	O
daring	JJ	O
adventure	NN	O
or	CC	O
nothing	DT	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Campbell	NNP	I-PER
proposed	VBD	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
heroic	JJ	O
mythological	JJ	O
stories	NNS	O
from	IN	O
culture	NN	O
to	TO	O
culture	NN	O
followed	VBD	O
a	DT	O
similar	JJ	O
underlying	JJ	O
pattern	NN	O
,	,	O
starting	VBG	O
with	IN	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
call	NN	O
to	TO	O
adventure	VB	O
"	RQU	O
,	,	O
followed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
hazardous	JJ	O
journey	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
eventual	JJ	O
triumph	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
adventure	NN	O
novel	NN	O
exhibits	VBZ	O
these	DT	O
"	LQU	O
protagonist	NN	O
on	IN	O
adventurous	JJ	O
journey	NN	O
"	RQU	O
characteristics	NNS	O
as	IN	O
do	VBP	O
many	JJ	O
popular	JJ	O
feature	NN	O
films	NNS	O
,	,	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
Star	NNP	I-MISC
Wars	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
picaresque	NN	O
novel	NN	O
originated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Spain	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
middle	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
fifteenth	JJ	O
century	NN	O
.	.	O

Throughout	IN	O
the	DT	O
eighteenth	JJ	O
century	NN	O
,	,	O
a	DT	O
great	JJ	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
novels	NNS	O
featured	VBN	O
bold	JJ	O
,	,	O
amoral	JJ	O
,	,	O
adventuring	VBG	O
protagonists	NNS	O
,	,	O
who	WP	O
made	VBD	O
their	PRP$	O
way	NN	O
into	IN	O
wealth	NN	O
and	CC	O
happiness	NN	O
,	,	O
sometimes	RB	O
with	IN	O
and	CC	O
sometimes	RB	O
without	IN	O
the	DT	O
moral	JJ	O
conversion	NN	O
that	WDT	O
generally	RB	O
accompanies	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
Spanish	JJ	I-MISC
model	NN	O
.	.	O





Agatho	NNP	I-PER
may	MD	O
refer	VB	O
to	TO	O
:	:	O





During	IN	O
the	DT	O
20th	JJ	O
century	NN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
nearly	RB	O
quadrupled	VBD	O
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
bounded	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
east	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
south	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Indian	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
north	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Arctic	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Given	VBN	O
its	PRP$	O
size	NN	O
and	CC	O
diversity	NN	O
,	,	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
--	IN	O
a	DT	O
toponym	NN	O
dating	VBG	O
back	RB	O
to	TO	O
classical	JJ	O
antiquity	NN	O
--	:	O
is	VBZ	O
more	JJR	O
a	DT	O
cultural	JJ	O
concept	NN	O
incorporating	VBG	O
a	DT	O
number	NN	O
of	IN	O
regions	NNS	O
and	CC	O
peoples	NNS	O
than	IN	O
a	DT	O
homogeneous	JJ	O
physical	JJ	O
entity	NN	O
.	.	O

Furthermore	RB	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
rather	RB	O
arbitrary	JJ	O
separation	NN	O
between	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
reveals	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
euro-centric	JJ	O
and	CC	O
racially	RB	O
based	VBN	O
nature	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
concept	NN	O
of	IN	O
continents	NNS	O
;	;	O
where	WRB	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
inhabited	VBN	O
only	RB	O
by	IN	O
caucasians	NNS	O
and	CC	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
inhabited	VBN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
heterogenous	JJ	O
group	NN	O
of	IN	O
'	LQU	O
others	NNS	O
'	POS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
wealth	NN	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
differs	NNS	O
very	RB	O
widely	RB	O
among	IN	O
and	CC	O
within	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
regions	NNS	O
,	,	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
vast	JJ	O
size	NN	O
and	CC	O
huge	JJ	O
range	NN	O
of	IN	O
different	JJ	O
cultures	NNS	O
,	,	O
environments	NNS	O
,	,	O
historical	JJ	O
ties	NNS	O
and	CC	O
government	NN	O
systems	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
purchasing	VBG	O
power	NN	O
parity	NN	O
terms	NNS	O
,	,	O
however	RB	O
,	,	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
economy	NN	O
in	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
second	JJ	O
largest	JJS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
peoples	NNS	O
of	IN	O
ancient	JJ	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
never	RB	O
conceived	VBD	O
the	DT	O
idea	NN	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
simply	RB	O
because	IN	O
they	PRP	O
did	VBD	O
not	RB	O
see	VB	O
themselves	PRP	O
collectively	RB	O
.	.	O

Even	RB	O
before	IN	O
Herodotus	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
Homer	NNP	I-PER
knew	VBD	O
of	IN	O
two	CD	O
figures	NNS	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Trojan	NNP	I-MISC
War	NNP	I-MISC
named	VBD	O
Asios	NNP	I-PER
;	;	O
and	CC	O
elsewhere	RB	O
he	PRP	O
describes	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
marsh	NN	O
as	IN	O
ασιος	NN	O
.	.	O

Usage	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
term	NN	O
soon	RB	O
became	VBD	O
common	JJ	O
in	IN	O
ancient	JJ	I-MISC
Greece	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
subsequently	RB	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
ancient	JJ	I-MISC
Romans	NNS	I-MISC
.	.	O

It	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
presumed	VBN	O
in	IN	O
antiquity	NN	O
to	TO	O
end	VB	O
with	IN	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
--	IN	O
the	DT	O
Greek	JJ	I-MISC
king	NN	O
Alexander	NNP	I-PER
the	DT	I-PER
Great	NNP	I-PER
believing	VBG	O
he	PRP	O
would	MD	O
reach	VB	O
the	DT	O
"	LQU	O
end	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
"	RQU	O
upon	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
arrival	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
East	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

This	DT	O
may	MD	O
be	VB	O
contrasted	VBN	O
to	TO	O
a	DT	O
similar	JJ	O
etymology	NN	O
proposed	VBN	O
for	IN	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
as	IN	O
being	VBG	O
from	IN	O
Akkadian	NNP	I-MISC
erēbu	NNP	O
(	LRB	O
m	NN	O
)	RRB	O
'	LQU	O
to	TO	O
enter	VB	O
'	POS	O
or	CC	O
'	LQU	O
set	VBN	O
'	POS	O
(	LRB	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
sun	NN	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Medieval	NNP	O
Europeans	NNPS	I-MISC
considered	VBD	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
as	IN	O
a	DT	O
continent	NN	O
a	DT	O
distinct	JJ	O
landmass	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
boundary	NN	O
between	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
conventionally	RB	O
considered	VBN	O
to	TO	O
run	VB	O
through	IN	O
the	DT	O
Dardanelles	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Marmara	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Bosporus	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Black	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Caucasus	NNP	I-LOC
Mountains	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Caspian	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Ural	NNP	I-LOC
River	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
source	NN	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Ural	NNP	I-LOC
Mountains	NNPS	I-LOC
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Kara	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
near	IN	O
Kara	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

This	DT	O
is	VBZ	O
especially	RB	O
true	JJ	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
case	NN	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
which	WDT	O
has	VBZ	O
several	JJ	O
regions	NNS	O
that	WDT	O
would	MD	O
be	VB	O
considered	VBN	O
distinct	JJ	O
landmasses	NNS	O
if	IN	O
these	DT	O
criteria	NNS	O
were	VBD	O
used	VBN	O
.	.	O

Asia	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
bounded	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
south	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Indian	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
specifically	RB	O
,	,	O
from	IN	O
west	NN	O
to	TO	O
east	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Gulf	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Aden	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Arabian	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Bay	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Bengal	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
east	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
waters	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Pacific	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
including	VBG	O
,	,	O
counterclockwise	NN	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
China	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
East	NNP	I-LOC
China	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Yellow	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
of	IN	I-LOC
Okhotsk	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Bering	NNP	I-LOC
Sea	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
and	CC	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
north	NN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Arctic	NNP	I-LOC
Ocean	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Australia	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
or	CC	O
Oceania	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
southeast	NN	O
.	.	O

Some	DT	O
geographers	NNS	O
do	VBP	O
not	RB	O
consider	VB	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
separate	JJ	O
continents	NNS	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
no	DT	O
logical	JJ	O
physical	JJ	O
separation	NN	O
between	IN	O
them	PRP	O
.	.	O

One	CD	O
school	NN	O
follows	VBZ	O
historical	JJ	O
convention	NN	O
and	CC	O
treats	NNS	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
as	IN	O
different	JJ	O
continents	NNS	O
,	,	O
categorizing	VBG	O
subregions	NNS	O
within	IN	O
them	PRP	O
for	IN	O
more	JJR	O
detailed	JJ	O
analysis	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
other	JJ	O
school	NN	O
equates	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
word	NN	O
"	LQU	O
continent	NN	O
"	RQU	O
with	IN	O
a	DT	O
geographical	JJ	O
region	NN	O
when	WRB	O
referring	VBG	O
to	TO	O
Europe	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
use	VB	O
the	DT	O
term	NN	O
"	LQU	O
region	NN	O
"	RQU	O
to	TO	O
describe	VB	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
terms	NNS	O
of	IN	O
physiography	NN	O
.	.	O

Given	VBN	O
the	DT	O
scope	NN	O
and	CC	O
diversity	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
landmass	NN	O
,	,	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
sometimes	RB	O
not	RB	O
even	RB	O
clear	JJ	O
exactly	RB	O
what	WP	O
"	LQU	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
"	RQU	O
consists	VBZ	O
of	IN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
many	JJ	O
western	JJ	O
countries	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
term	NN	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
refers	NNS	O
to	TO	O
only	RB	O
a	DT	O
subset	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
population	NN	O
of	IN	O
Asian	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Various	JJ	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
countries	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
undergone	VBN	O
name	NN	O
changes	NNS	O
during	IN	O
the	DT	O
previous	JJ	O
century	NN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
result	NN	O
of	IN	O
consolidations	NNS	O
,	,	O
secessions	NNS	O
,	,	O
territories	NNS	O
gaining	VBG	O
sovereignty	NN	O
and	CC	O
regime	NN	O
changes	NNS	O
.	.	O

However	RB	O
,	,	O
in	IN	O
nominal	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
exchange	NN	O
value	NN	O
)	RRB	O
terms	NNS	O
,	,	O
they	PRP	O
rank	VBP	O
as	IN	O
follows	VBZ	O
:	IN	O
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
Korea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Saudi	NNP	I-LOC
Arabia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Taiwan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Indonesia	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
late	JJ	O
1990s	CD	O
and	CC	O
early	RB	O
2000s	CD	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
economies	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
PRC	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
growing	VBG	O
rapidly	RB	O
,	,	O
both	DT	O
with	IN	O
an	DT	O
average	JJ	O
annual	JJ	O
growth	NN	O
rate	NN	O
of	IN	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
8	CD	O
%	NN	O
.	.	O

Other	JJ	O
recent	JJ	O
very	RB	O
high	JJ	O
growth	NN	O
nations	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
include	VBP	O
Malaysia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Philippines	NNPS	I-MISC
,	,	O
Pakistan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Thailand	NNP	I-ORG
,	,	O
Vietnam	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Mongolia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Uzbekistan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Cyprus	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
mineral-rich	JJ	O
nations	NNS	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
Kazakhstan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Turkmenistan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Iran	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Brunei	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
Arab	NNP	I-LOC
Emirates	NNPS	I-LOC
,	,	O
Qatar	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Kuwait	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Saudi	NNP	I-LOC
Arabia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Bahrain	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Oman	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
the	DT	O
late	JJ	O
1980s	NNS	O
and	CC	O
early	JJ	O
1990s	NNS	O
,	,	O
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
GDP	NNP	O
was	VBD	O
almost	RB	O
as	IN	O
large	JJ	O
(	LRB	O
current	JJ	O
exchange	NN	O
rate	NN	O
method	NN	O
)	RRB	O
as	IN	O
that	DT	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
rest	NN	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
combined	VBN	O
.	.	O

Asia	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
largest	JJS	O
continent	NN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
world	NN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
considerable	JJ	O
margin	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
it	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
rich	JJ	O
in	IN	O
natural	JJ	O
resources	NNS	O
,	,	O
such	JJ	O
as	IN	O
petroleum	NN	O
,	,	O
forests	NNS	O
,	,	O
fish	NN	O
,	,	O
water	NN	O
,	,	O
rice	NN	O
,	,	O
copper	NN	O
and	CC	O
silver	NN	O
.	.	O

Manufacturing	NNP	O
in	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
traditionally	RB	O
been	VBN	O
strongest	JJS	O
in	IN	O
East	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Southeast	NNP	I-LOC
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
particularly	RB	O
in	IN	O
mainland	JJ	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Taiwan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
Korea	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Philippines	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Singapore	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Japan	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
Korea	NNP	I-LOC
continue	VBP	O
to	TO	O
dominate	VB	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
area	NN	O
of	IN	O
multinational	JJ	O
corporations	NNS	O
,	,	O
but	CC	O
increasingly	RB	O
mainland	JJ	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
are	VBP	O
making	VBG	O
significant	JJ	O
inroads	NNS	O
.	.	O

Asia	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
four	CD	O
main	JJ	O
financial	JJ	O
centres	NNS	O
:	IN	O
Tokyo	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Hong	NNP	I-LOC
Kong	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Singapore	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Shanghai	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
increased	VBN	O
use	NN	O
of	IN	O
outsourcing	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
assisted	VBN	O
the	DT	O
rise	NN	O
of	IN	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
as	IN	O
financial	JJ	O
centres	NNS	O
.	.	O

Due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
its	PRP$	O
large	JJ	O
and	CC	O
extremely	RB	O
competitive	JJ	O
information	NN	O
technology	NN	O
industry	NN	O
,	,	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
become	VBN	O
a	DT	O
major	JJ	O
hub	NN	O
for	IN	O
outsourcing	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
civilizations	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Mesopotamia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
Indus	NNP	I-LOC
Valley	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Huanghe	NNP	I-LOC
shared	VBD	O
many	JJ	O
similarities	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
central	JJ	O
steppe	NN	O
region	NN	O
had	VBD	O
long	RB	O
been	VBN	O
inhabited	VBN	O
by	IN	O
horse-mounted	JJ	O
nomads	NNS	O
who	WP	O
could	MD	O
reach	VB	O
all	DT	O
areas	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
steppes	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
northernmost	JJ	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
including	VBG	O
much	NN	O
of	IN	O
Siberia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
was	VBD	O
largely	RB	O
inaccessible	JJ	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
steppe	NN	O
nomads	NNS	O
,	,	O
owing	VBG	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
dense	NN	O
forests	NNS	O
,	,	O
climate	NN	O
and	CC	O
tundra	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Caucasus	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Himalaya	NNP	I-LOC
mountains	NNS	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Karakum	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Gobi	NNP	I-LOC
deserts	NNS	O
formed	VBD	O
barriers	NNS	O
that	IN	O
the	DT	O
steppe	NN	O
horsemen	NNS	O
could	MD	O
cross	VB	O
only	RB	O
with	IN	O
difficulty	NN	O
.	.	O

Asia	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
home	NN	O
to	TO	O
several	JJ	O
language	NN	O
families	NNS	O
and	CC	O
many	JJ	O
language	NN	O
isolates	NNS	O
.	.	O

Most	JJS	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
countries	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
one	CD	O
language	NN	O
that	WDT	O
is	VBZ	O
natively	RB	O
spoken	VBN	O
.	.	O

For	IN	O
instance	NN	O
,	,	O
according	VBG	O
to	TO	O
Ethnologue	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
600	CD	O
languages	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
spoken	VBN	O
in	IN	O
Indonesia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
800	CD	O
languages	NNS	O
spoken	VBN	O
in	IN	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
and	CC	O
more	JJR	O
than	IN	O
100	CD	O
are	VBP	O
spoken	VBN	O
in	IN	I-LOC
the	DT	I-LOC
Philippines	NNPS	I-LOC
.	.	O

China	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
many	JJ	O
languages	NNS	O
and	CC	O
dialects	NNS	O
in	IN	O
different	JJ	O
provinces	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
polymath	NN	O
Rabindranath	NNP	I-PER
Tagore	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
a	DT	O
Bengali	NNP	I-MISC
poet	NN	O
,	,	O
dramatist	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
writer	NN	O
from	IN	O
Santiniketan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
now	RB	O
in	IN	O
West	NNP	I-LOC
Bengal	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
became	VBD	O
in	IN	O
1913	CD	O
the	DT	O
first	JJ	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
Nobel	NNP	O
laureate	NN	O
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
the	DT	O
writer	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
national	JJ	O
anthems	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Bangladesh	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
won	VBD	O
the	DT	O
Nobel	NNP	I-MISC
Prize	NNP	I-MISC
in	IN	I-MISC
Physics	NNP	I-MISC
"	LQU	O
for	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
work	NN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
scattering	NN	O
of	IN	O
light	NN	O
and	CC	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
discovery	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
effect	NN	O
named	VBN	O
after	IN	O
him	PRP	O
"	RQU	O
.	.	O

Most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
said	VBN	O
awardees	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
from	IN	O
Japan	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Israel	NNP	I-LOC
except	IN	O
for	IN	O
Chandrasekhar	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Raman	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
Salam	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
Pakistan	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
Arafat	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
Palestinian	NNP	I-LOC
Territories	NNPS	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
Kim	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
Korea	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
Horta	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Belo	NNP	I-PER
(	LRB	O
Timor	NNP	I-LOC
Leste	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Asian	JJ	I-MISC
mythology	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
complex	JJ	O
and	CC	O
diverse	JJ	O
.	.	O

Almost	RB	O
all	DT	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
religions	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
philosophical	JJ	O
character	NN	O
and	CC	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
philosophical	JJ	O
traditions	NNS	O
cover	VBP	O
a	DT	O
large	JJ	O
spectrum	NN	O
of	IN	O
philosophical	JJ	O
thoughts	NNS	O
and	CC	O
writings	NNS	O
.	.	O

Christianity	NNP	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
present	JJ	O
in	IN	O
most	JJS	O
Asian	JJ	I-MISC
countries	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Abrahamic	JJ	I-MISC
religions	NNS	I-MISC
of	IN	O
Judaism	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Christianity	NNP	I-MISC
,	,	O
Islam	NNP	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Baha'i	NNP	I-MISC
Faith	NNP	I-MISC
originated	VBD	O
in	IN	O
West	NNP	I-LOC
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	I-LOC
the	DT	I-LOC
Philippines	NNPS	I-LOC
and	CC	O
East	NNP	I-LOC
Timor	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Roman	NNP	I-PER
Catholicism	NNP	I-PER
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
predominant	JJ	O
religion	NN	O
;	;	O
it	PRP	O
was	VBD	O
introduced	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
Spaniards	NNS	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Portuguese	NN	I-MISC
,	,	O
respectively	RB	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
Armenia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Cyprus	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Georgia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Eastern	NNP	I-MISC
Orthodoxy	NNP	I-MISC
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
predominant	JJ	O
religion	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
world	NN	O
's	POS	O
largest	JJS	O
Muslim	NN	I-MISC
community	NN	O
(	LRB	O
within	IN	O
the	DT	O
bounds	NNS	O
of	IN	O
one	CD	O
nation	NN	O
)	RRB	O
is	VBZ	O
in	IN	O
Indonesia	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

South	NNP	I-LOC
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
mainly	RB	O
Pakistan	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
India	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Bangladesh	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
holds	VBZ	O
30	CD	O
%	NN	O
of	IN	O
Muslims	NNPS	I-MISC
.	.	O

There	EX	O
are	VBP	O
also	RB	O
significant	JJ	O
Muslim	NNP	I-MISC
populations	NNS	O
in	IN	O
China	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Iran	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Malaysia	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
southern	JJ	O
Philippines	NNP	I-MISC
(	LRB	O
Mindanao	NNP	I-LOC
)	RRB	O
,	,	O
Russia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
most	JJS	O
of	IN	O
West	NNP	I-LOC
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Central	NNP	I-LOC
Asia	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O





Aruban	NNP	I-LOC
citizens	NNS	O
hold	VBP	O
Dutch	JJ	I-MISC
passports	NNS	O
.	.	O

Unlike	IN	O
much	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Caribbean	NNP	I-MISC
region	NN	O
,	,	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
dry	JJ	O
climate	NN	O
and	CC	O
an	DT	O
arid	NN	O
,	,	O
cactus-strewn	JJ	O
landscape	NN	O
.	.	O

Sea	NNP	I-LOC
currents	NNS	O
made	VBD	O
canoe	JJ	O
travel	NN	O
to	TO	O
other	JJ	O
Caribbean	JJ	I-LOC
islands	NNS	I-LOC
difficult	JJ	O
,	,	O
thus	RB	O
Caquetio	NNP	I-MISC
culture	NN	O
remained	VBD	O
closer	JJR	O
to	TO	O
that	DT	O
of	IN	O
mainland	JJ	O
South	NNP	I-LOC
America	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Europeans	NNPS	I-MISC
first	RB	O
learned	VBN	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
when	WRB	O
Amerigo	NNP	I-PER
Vespucci	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
Alonso	NNP	I-PER
de	NNP	I-PER
Ojeda	NNP	I-PER
happened	VBD	O
upon	IN	O
it	PRP	O
in	IN	O
August	NNP	O
1499	CD	O
.	.	O

Vespucci	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
in	IN	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
his	PRP$	O
four	CD	O
letters	NNS	O
to	TO	O
Lorenzo	NNP	I-PER
di	NNP	I-PER
Pierfrancesco	NNP	I-PER
de	NNP	I-PER
'	POS	I-PER
Medici	NNP	I-PER
,	,	O
described	VBD	O
his	PRP$	O
voyage	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
islands	NNS	O
along	IN	O
the	DT	O
coast	NN	O
of	IN	O
Venezuela	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
wrote	VBD	O
about	IN	O
an	DT	O
island	NN	O
where	WRB	O
most	JJS	O
trees	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
of	IN	O
brazil	JJ	O
wood	NN	O
and	CC	O
,	,	O
from	IN	O
this	DT	O
island	NN	O
,	,	O
he	PRP	O
went	VBD	O
to	TO	O
one	CD	O
ten	JJ	O
leagues	NNS	O
away	RB	O
,	,	O
where	WRB	O
they	PRP	O
had	VBD	O
houses	NNS	O
built	VBN	O
as	IN	O
in	IN	O
Venice	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
was	VBD	O
colonized	VBN	O
by	IN	O
Spain	NNP	I-LOC
for	IN	O
over	IN	O
a	DT	O
century	NN	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
under	IN	O
Dutch	NNP	I-MISC
administration	NN	O
since	IN	O
1636	CD	O
,	,	O
initially	RB	O
under	IN	O
Peter	NNP	I-PER
Stuyvesant	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

Stuyvesant	NNP	I-PER
was	VBD	O
on	IN	O
a	DT	O
special	JJ	O
mission	NN	O
in	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
November	NNP	O
and	CC	O
December	NNP	O
1642	CD	O
.	.	O

Under	IN	O
the	DT	O
Dutch	JJ	I-MISC
W.I.C	NNP	O
.	.	O

administration	NN	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
"	LQU	O
New	NNP	O
Netherland	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Curaçao	NNP	I-LOC
"	RQU	O
from	IN	O
1648	CD	O
to	TO	O
1664	CD	O
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
Dutch	JJ	I-MISC
government	NN	O
regulations	NNS	O
of	IN	O
1629	CD	O
,	,	O
also	RB	O
applied	VBD	O
in	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1933	CD	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
sent	VBD	O
its	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
petition	NN	O
for	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
separate	JJ	O
status	NN	O
and	CC	O
autonomy	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
Queen	NNP	O
.	.	O

U-156	NNP	I-MISC
was	VBD	O
later	RB	O
destroyed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
a	DT	O
US	NNP	I-LOC
plane	NN	O
as	IN	O
the	DT	O
crew	NN	O
was	VBD	O
sunbathing	VBG	O
;	;	O
only	RB	O
one	CD	O
survived	VBD	O
.	.	O

To	TO	O
protect	VB	O
their	PRP$	O
population	NN	O
,	,	O
they	PRP	O
have	VBP	O
the	DT	O
right	NN	O
to	TO	O
control	VB	O
the	DT	O
admission	NN	O
of	IN	O
people	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Netherlands	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

There	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
the	DT	O
supervision	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
admission	NN	O
and	CC	O
expulsion	NN	O
of	IN	O
people	NNS	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Netherlands	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
setting	NN	O
of	IN	O
general	JJ	O
conditions	NNS	O
for	IN	O
the	DT	O
admission	NN	O
and	CC	O
expulsion	NN	O
of	IN	O
aliens	NNS	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
officially	RB	O
not	RB	O
a	DT	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
European	NNP	I-ORG
Union	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

He	PRP	O
proclaimed	VBD	O
:	:	O
"	LQU	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
shall	MD	O
never	RB	O
accept	VB	O
a	DT	O
federation	NN	O
and	CC	O
a	DT	O
second	JJ	O
class	NN	O
nationality	NN	O
.	.	O
"	RQU	O

Betico	NNP	I-PER
Croes	NNP	I-PER
worked	VBD	O
in	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
to	TO	O
inform	VB	O
and	CC	O
prepare	VB	O
the	DT	O
people	NNS	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
for	IN	O
independence	NN	O
.	.	O

This	DT	O
achievement	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
largely	RB	O
due	JJ	O
to	TO	O
Betico	NNP	I-PER
Croes	NNP	I-PER
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
political	JJ	O
support	NN	O
of	IN	O
other	JJ	O
nations	NNS	O
like	IN	O
the	DT	O
USA	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Panama	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
Venezuela	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
various	JJ	O
European	JJ	I-MISC
countries	NNS	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
1990	CD	O
,	,	O
movement	NN	O
toward	IN	O
independence	NN	O
was	VBD	O
postponed	VBN	O
upon	IN	O
the	DT	O
request	NN	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
Prime	NNP	O
Minister	NNP	O
,	,	O
Nelson	NNP	I-PER
O.	NNP	I-PER
Oduber	NNP	I-PER
.	.	O

The	DT	O
article	NN	O
scheduling	NN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
complete	JJ	O
independence	NN	O
was	VBD	O
rescinded	VBN	O
in	IN	O
1995	CD	O
,	,	O
although	IN	O
the	DT	O
process	NN	O
can	MD	O
begin	VB	O
again	RB	O
after	IN	O
a	DT	O
referendum	NN	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
Aruban	JJ	I-LOC
legal	JJ	O
system	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
based	VBN	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
Dutch	JJ	I-MISC
model	NN	O
.	.	O

Arubans	NNS	I-LOC
benefit	VBP	O
from	IN	O
a	DT	O
strong	JJ	O
primary	JJ	O
school	NN	O
education	NN	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
renowned	VBN	O
for	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
white	JJ	O
,	,	O
sandy	JJ	O
beaches	NNS	O
on	IN	O
the	DT	O
western	JJ	O
and	CC	O
southern	JJ	O
coasts	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
island	NN	O
,	,	O
relatively	RB	O
sheltered	VBD	O
from	IN	O
fierce	JJ	O
ocean	NN	O
currents	NNS	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
this	DT	O
is	VBZ	O
where	WRB	O
most	RBS	O
tourist	NN	O
development	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
taken	VBN	O
place	NN	O
.	.	O

To	TO	O
the	DT	O
east	NN	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
are	VBP	O
Bonaire	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Curaçao	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
two	CD	O
island	NN	O
territories	NNS	O
which	WDT	O
form	VBP	O
the	DT	O
southwest	JJS	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Netherlands	NNP	I-LOC
Antilles	NNPS	I-LOC
;	;	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
these	DT	O
two	CD	O
Netherlands	NNPS	I-LOC
Antilles	NNPS	I-LOC
islands	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
sometimes	RB	O
called	VBN	O
the	DT	O
ABC	NNP	I-LOC
islands	NNS	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
isothermal	JJ	O
temperature	NN	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
pleasantly	RB	O
tropical	JJ	O
marine	JJ	O
climate	NN	O
attracts	VBZ	O
tourists	NNS	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
island	NN	O
all	DT	O
year	NN	O
round	NN	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
enjoys	VBZ	O
one	CD	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
highest	JJS	O
standards	NNS	O
of	IN	O
living	VBG	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
Caribbean	JJ	I-MISC
region	NN	O
including	VBG	O
a	DT	O
low	JJ	O
unemployment	NN	O
rate	NN	O
.	.	O

About	IN	O
three	CD	O
quarters	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Aruban	NNP	I-LOC
gross	JJ	O
national	JJ	O
product	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
earned	VBN	O
through	IN	O
tourism	NN	O
or	CC	O
related	JJ	O
activities	NNS	O
.	.	O

Most	JJS	O
tourists	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
from	IN	O
Venezuela	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
(	LRB	O
predominately	RB	O
from	IN	O
eastern	JJ	O
and	CC	O
southern	JJ	O
states	NNS	O
)	RRB	O
.	.	O

Its	PRP$	O
main	JJ	O
trading	NN	O
partners	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
Venezuela	NNP	I-LOC
,	,	O
the	DT	O
United	NNP	I-LOC
States	NNPS	I-LOC
and	CC	O
Netherlands	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Deficit	NN	O
spending	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
a	DT	O
staple	NN	O
in	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
history	NN	O
,	,	O
and	CC	O
modestly	RB	O
high	JJ	O
inflation	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
present	JJ	O
as	RB	O
well	RB	O
.	.	O

Recent	JJ	O
efforts	NNS	O
at	IN	O
tightening	VBG	O
monetary	JJ	O
policy	NN	O
are	VBP	O
correcting	VBG	O
this	DT	O
and	CC	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
will	MD	O
have	VB	O
its	PRP$	O
first	JJ	O
balanced	JJ	O
budget	NN	O
in	IN	O
2009	CD	O
.	.	O

[	NNP	O
citation	NN	O
needed	VBD	O
]	JJ	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
received	VBD	O
some	DT	O
development	NN	O
aid	NN	O
from	IN	O
the	DT	O
Dutch	JJ	I-MISC
government	NN	O
each	DT	O
year	NN	O
through	IN	O
2009	CD	O
,	,	O
as	IN	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
a	DT	O
deal	NN	O
in	IN	O
which	WDT	O
the	DT	O
Netherlands	NNP	I-LOC
gradually	RB	O
reduced	VBD	O
its	PRP$	O
financial	JJ	O
help	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
island	NN	O
each	DT	O
successive	JJ	O
year	NN	O
.	.	O

In	IN	O
2006	CD	O
the	DT	O
Aruban	NNP	I-LOC
government	NN	O
has	VBZ	O
also	RB	O
changed	VBN	O
several	JJ	O
tax	NN	O
laws	NNS	O
to	TO	O
further	RBR	O
reduce	VB	O
the	DT	O
deficit	NN	O
.	.	O

Direct	JJ	O
taxes	NNS	O
have	VBP	O
been	VBN	O
converted	VBN	O
to	TO	O
indirect	JJ	O
taxes	NNS	O
as	IN	O
proposed	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
IMF	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

The	DT	O
inflation	NN	O
on	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
in	IN	O
2007	CD	O
was	VBD	O
8.7	CD	O
%	NN	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
situated	VBN	O
in	IN	O
the	DT	O
deep	JJ	O
southern	JJ	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
Caribbean	NNP	I-MISC
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
population	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
estimated	VBN	O
to	TO	O
be	VB	O
80	CD	O
%	NN	O
mestizo	NN	O
and	CC	O
20	CD	O
%	NN	O
other	JJ	O
ethnicities	NNS	O
.	.	O

Recently	RB	O
there	EX	O
has	VBZ	O
been	VBN	O
substantial	JJ	O
immigration	NN	O
to	TO	O
the	DT	O
island	NN	O
from	IN	O
neighboring	JJ	O
American	JJ	I-MISC
and	CC	O
Caribbean	JJ	I-MISC
nations	NNS	O
,	,	O
possibly	RB	O
attracted	VBN	O
by	IN	O
the	DT	O
higher	JJR	O
paid	VBN	O
jobs	NNS	O
.	.	O

Much	NN	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
families	NNS	O
are	VBP	O
present	JJ	O
by	IN	O
way	NN	O
of	IN	O
Venezuela	NNP	I-LOC
and	CC	O
there	EX	O
is	VBZ	O
a	DT	O
seasonal	JJ	O
increase	NN	O
of	IN	O
Venezuelans	NNS	I-MISC
living	VBG	O
in	IN	O
second	JJ	O
homes	NNS	O
.	.	O

The	DT	O
origins	NNS	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
population	NN	O
and	CC	O
location	NN	O
of	IN	O
the	DT	O
island	NN	O
give	VBP	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
a	DT	O
mixed	JJ	O
culture	NN	O
.	.	O

On	IN	O
January	NNP	O
25	CD	O
,	,	O
Betico	NNP	I-PER
Croes	NNP	I-PER
'	POS	O
birthday	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
celebrated	VBN	O
.	.	O

Language	NN	O
can	MD	O
be	VB	O
seen	VBN	O
as	IN	O
an	DT	O
important	JJ	O
part	NN	O
of	IN	O
island	NN	O
culture	NN	O
in	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
official	JJ	O
language	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
Dutch	JJ	I-MISC
.	.	O

The	DT	O
latter	NN	O
is	VBZ	O
offered	VBN	O
in	IN	O
high	JJ	O
school	NN	O
and	CC	O
college	NN	O
,	,	O
since	IN	O
a	DT	O
high	JJ	O
percentage	NN	O
of	IN	O
Aruban	NNP	I-LOC
students	NNS	O
continue	VBP	O
their	PRP$	O
studies	NNS	O
in	IN	O
Europe	NNP	I-ORG
.	.	O

In	IN	O
recent	JJ	O
years	NNS	O
,	,	O
the	DT	O
government	NN	O
of	IN	O
Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
has	VBZ	O
shown	VBN	O
an	DT	O
increased	VBN	O
interest	NN	O
in	IN	O
acknowledging	VBG	O
the	DT	O
cultural	JJ	O
and	CC	O
historical	JJ	O
importance	NN	O
of	IN	O
its	PRP$	O
native	JJ	O
language	NN	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
also	RB	O
has	VBZ	O
18	CD	O
radio	NN	O
stations	NNS	O
and	CC	O
three	CD	O
local	JJ	O
television	NN	O
stations	NNS	O
.	.	O

Aruba	NNP	I-LOC
's	POS	O
Queen	NNP	I-LOC
Beatrix	NNP	I-LOC
International	NNP	I-LOC
Airport	NNP	I-LOC
is	VBZ	O
located	VBN	O
near	IN	O
Oranjestad	NNP	I-LOC
.	.	O

Direct	JJ	O
flights	NNS	O
from	IN	O
Italy	NNP	I-LOC
started	VBD	O
in	IN	O
November	NNP	O
2008	CD	O
.	.	O

WikiNER source: https://metatext.io/datasets/wikiner