bdesham · December 24, 2014 17:13
diff --git a/gistfile1.txt b/gistfile1.txt

 STAT(1)                   BSD General Commands Manual                  STAT(1)

 NAME
     readlink, stat -- display file status

 SYNOPSIS
     stat [-FLnq] [-f format | -l | -r | -s | -x] [-t timefmt] [file ...]
     readlink [-n] [file ...]

 DESCRIPTION
     The stat utility displays information about the file pointed to by file.
     Read, write or execute permissions of the named file are not required,
     but all directories listed in the path name leading to the file must be
     searchable.  If no argument is given, stat displays information about the
     file descriptor for standard input.

     When invoked as readlink, only the target of the symbolic link is
     printed.  If the given argument is not a symbolic link, readlink will
     print nothing and exit with an error.

     The information displayed is obtained by calling lstat(2) with the given
     argument and evaluating the returned structure.

     The options are as follows:

     -F      As in ls(1), display a slash (`/') immediately after each path-
             name that is a directory, an asterisk (`*') after each that is
             executable, an at sign (`@') after each symbolic link, a percent
             sign (`%') after each whiteout, an equal sign (`=') after each
             socket, and a vertical bar (`|') after each that is a FIFO.  The
             use of -F implies -l.

     -f format
             Display information using the specified format.  See the FORMATS
             section for a description of valid formats.

     -L      Use stat(2) instead of lstat(2).  The information reported by
             stat will refer to the target of file, if file is a symbolic
             link, and not to file itself.

     -l      Display output in ls -lT format.

     -n      Do not force a newline to appear at the end of each piece of out-
             put.

     -q      Suppress failure messages if calls to stat(2) or lstat(2) fail.
             When run as readlink, error messages are automatically sup-
             pressed.

     -r      Display raw information.  That is, for all the fields in the stat
             structure, display the raw, numerical value (for example, times
             in seconds since the epoch, etc.).

     -s      Display information in ``shell output'', suitable for initializ-
             ing variables.

     -t timefmt
             Display timestamps using the specified format.  This format is
             passed directly to strftime(3).

     -x      Display information in a more verbose way as known from some
             Linux distributions.

   Formats
     Format strings are similar to printf(3) formats in that they start with
     %, are then followed by a sequence of formatting characters, and end in a
     character that selects the field of the struct stat which is to be for-
     matted.  If the % is immediately followed by one of n, t, %, or @, then a
     newline character, a tab character, a percent character, or the current
     file number is printed, otherwise the string is examined for the follow-
     ing:

     Any of the following optional flags:

     #       Selects an alternate output form for octal and hexadecimal out-
             put.  Non-zero octal output will have a leading zero, and non-
             zero hexadecimal output will have ``0x'' prepended to it.

     +       Asserts that a sign indicating whether a number is positive or
             negative should always be printed.  Non-negative numbers are not
             usually printed with a sign.

     -       Aligns string output to the left of the field, instead of to the
             right.

     0       Sets the fill character for left padding to the `0' character,
             instead of a space.

     space   Reserves a space at the front of non-negative signed output
             fields.  A `+' overrides a space if both are used.

     Then the following fields:

     size    An optional decimal digit string specifying the minimum field
             width.

     prec    An optional precision composed of a decimal point `.' and a deci-
             mal digit string that indicates the maximum string length, the
             number of digits to appear after the decimal point in floating
             point output, or the minimum number of digits to appear in
             numeric output.

     fmt     An optional output format specifier which is one of D, O, U, X,
             F, or S.  These represent signed decimal output, octal output,
             unsigned decimal output, hexadecimal output, floating point out-
             put, and string output, respectively.  Some output formats do not
             apply to all fields.  Floating point output only applies to
             timespec fields (the a, m, and c fields).

             The special output specifier S may be used to indicate that the
             output, if applicable, should be in string format.  May be used
             in combination with:

             amc     Display date in strftime(3) format.

             dr      Display actual device name.

             gu      Display group or user name.

             p       Display the mode of file as in ls -lTd.

             N       Displays the name of file.

             T       Displays the type of file.

             Y       Insert a `` -> '' into the output.  Note that the default
                     output format for Y is a string, but if specified explic-
                     itly, these four characters are prepended.

     sub     An optional sub field specifier (high, middle, low).  Only
             applies to the p, d, r, and T output formats.  It can be one of
             the following:

             H       ``High'' -- specifies the major number for devices from r
                     or d, the ``user'' bits for permissions from the string
                     form of p, the file ``type'' bits from the numeric forms
                     of p, and the long output form of T.

             L       ``Low'' -- specifies the minor number for devices from r
                     or d, the ``other'' bits for permissions from the string
                     form of p, the ``user'', ``group'', and ``other'' bits
                     from the numeric forms of p, and the ls -F style output
                     character for file type when used with T (the use of L
                     for this is optional).

             M       ``Middle'' -- specifies the ``group'' bits for permis-
                     sions from the string output form of p, or the ``suid'',
                     ``sgid'', and ``sticky'' bits for the numeric forms of p.

     datum   A required field specifier, being one of the following:

             d       Device upon which file resides.

             i       file's inode number.

             p       File type and permissions.

             l       Number of hard links to file.

             u, g    User ID and group ID of file's owner.

             r       Device number for character and block device special
                     files.

             a, m, c, B
                     The time file was last accessed or modified, of when the
                     inode was last changed, or the birth time of the inode.

             z       The size of file in bytes.

             b       Number of blocks allocated for file.

             k       Optimal file system I/O operation block size.

             f       User defined flags for file.

             v       Inode generation number.

             The following four field specifiers are not drawn directly from
             the data in struct stat, but are:

             N       The name of the file.

             T       The file type, either as in ls -F or in a more descrip-
                     tive form if the sub field specifier H is given.

             Y       The target of a symbolic link.

             Z       Expands to ``major,minor'' from the rdev field for char-
                     acter or block special devices and gives size output for
                     all others.

     Only the % and the field specifier are required.  Most field specifiers
     default to U as an output form, with the exception of p which defaults to
     O, a, m, and c which default to D, and Y, T, and N which default to S.

 EXIT STATUS
     The stat and readlink utilities exit 0 on success, and >0 if an error
     occurs.

 EXAMPLES
     Given a symbolic link foo that points from /tmp/foo to /, you would use
     stat as follows:

           > stat -F /tmp/foo
           lrwxrwxrwx 1 jschauma cs 1 Apr 24 16:37:28 2002 /tmp/foo@ -> /

           > stat -LF /tmp/foo
           drwxr-xr-x 16 root wheel 512 Apr 19 10:57:54 2002 /tmp/foo/

     To initialize some shell variables, you could use the -s flag as follows:

           > csh
           % eval set `stat -s .cshrc`
           % echo $st_size $st_mtimespec
           1148 1015432481

           > sh
           $ eval $(stat -s .profile)
           $ echo $st_size $st_mtimespec
           1148 1015432481

     In order to get a list of the kind of files including files pointed to if
     the file is a symbolic link, you could use the following format:

           $ stat -f "%N: %HT%SY" /tmp/*
           /tmp/bar: Symbolic Link -> /tmp/foo
           /tmp/output25568: Regular File
           /tmp/blah: Directory
           /tmp/foo: Symbolic Link -> /

     In order to get a list of the devices, their types and the major and
     minor device numbers, formatted with tabs and linebreaks, you could use
     the following format:

           stat -f "Name: %N%n%tType: %HT%n%tMajor: %Hr%n%tMinor: %Lr%n%n" /dev/*
           [...]
           Name: /dev/wt8
                   Type: Block Device
                   Major: 3
                   Minor: 8

           Name: /dev/zero
                   Type: Character Device
                   Major: 2
                   Minor: 12

     In order to determine the permissions set on a file separately, you could
     use the following format:

           > stat -f "%Sp -> owner=%SHp group=%SMp other=%SLp" .
           drwxr-xr-x -> owner=rwx group=r-x other=r-x

     In order to determine the three files that have been modified most
     recently, you could use the following format:

           > stat -f "%m%t%Sm %N" /tmp/* | sort -rn | head -3 | cut -f2-
           Apr 25 11:47:00 2002 /tmp/blah
           Apr 25 10:36:34 2002 /tmp/bar
           Apr 24 16:47:35 2002 /tmp/foo

 SEE ALSO
     file(1), ls(1), lstat(2), readlink(2), stat(2), printf(3), strftime(3)

 HISTORY
     The stat utility appeared in NetBSD 1.6 and FreeBSD 4.10.

 AUTHORS
     The stat utility was written by Andrew Brown <[email protected]>.  This
     man page was written by Jan Schaumann <[email protected]>.

 BSD                               May 8, 2003                              BSD

	STAT(1) BSD General Commands Manual STAT(1)

	NAME
	readlink, stat -- display file status

	SYNOPSIS
	stat [-FLnq] [-f format \| -l \| -r \| -s \| -x] [-t timefmt] [file ...]
	readlink [-n] [file ...]

	DESCRIPTION
	The stat utility displays information about the file pointed to by file.
	Read, write or execute permissions of the named file are not required,
	but all directories listed in the path name leading to the file must be
	searchable. If no argument is given, stat displays information about the
	file descriptor for standard input.

	When invoked as readlink, only the target of the symbolic link is
	printed. If the given argument is not a symbolic link, readlink will
	print nothing and exit with an error.

	The information displayed is obtained by calling lstat(2) with the given
	argument and evaluating the returned structure.

	The options are as follows:

	-F As in ls(1), display a slash (`/') immediately after each path-
	name that is a directory, an asterisk (`*') after each that is
	executable, an at sign (`@') after each symbolic link, a percent
	sign (`%') after each whiteout, an equal sign (`=') after each
	socket, and a vertical bar (`\|') after each that is a FIFO. The
	use of -F implies -l.

	-f format
	Display information using the specified format. See the FORMATS
	section for a description of valid formats.

	-L Use stat(2) instead of lstat(2). The information reported by
	stat will refer to the target of file, if file is a symbolic
	link, and not to file itself.

	-l Display output in ls -lT format.

	-n Do not force a newline to appear at the end of each piece of out-
	put.

	-q Suppress failure messages if calls to stat(2) or lstat(2) fail.
	When run as readlink, error messages are automatically sup-
	pressed.

	-r Display raw information. That is, for all the fields in the stat
	structure, display the raw, numerical value (for example, times
	in seconds since the epoch, etc.).

	-s Display information in ``shell output'', suitable for initializ-
	ing variables.

	-t timefmt
	Display timestamps using the specified format. This format is
	passed directly to strftime(3).

	-x Display information in a more verbose way as known from some
	Linux distributions.

	Formats
	Format strings are similar to printf(3) formats in that they start with
	%, are then followed by a sequence of formatting characters, and end in a
	character that selects the field of the struct stat which is to be for-
	matted. If the % is immediately followed by one of n, t, %, or @, then a
	newline character, a tab character, a percent character, or the current
	file number is printed, otherwise the string is examined for the follow-
	ing:

	Any of the following optional flags:

	# Selects an alternate output form for octal and hexadecimal out-
	put. Non-zero octal output will have a leading zero, and non-
	zero hexadecimal output will have ``0x'' prepended to it.

	+ Asserts that a sign indicating whether a number is positive or
	negative should always be printed. Non-negative numbers are not
	usually printed with a sign.

	- Aligns string output to the left of the field, instead of to the
	right.

	0 Sets the fill character for left padding to the `0' character,
	instead of a space.

	space Reserves a space at the front of non-negative signed output
	fields. A `+' overrides a space if both are used.

	Then the following fields:

	size An optional decimal digit string specifying the minimum field
	width.

	prec An optional precision composed of a decimal point `.' and a deci-
	mal digit string that indicates the maximum string length, the
	number of digits to appear after the decimal point in floating
	point output, or the minimum number of digits to appear in
	numeric output.

	fmt An optional output format specifier which is one of D, O, U, X,
	F, or S. These represent signed decimal output, octal output,
	unsigned decimal output, hexadecimal output, floating point out-
	put, and string output, respectively. Some output formats do not
	apply to all fields. Floating point output only applies to
	timespec fields (the a, m, and c fields).

	The special output specifier S may be used to indicate that the
	output, if applicable, should be in string format. May be used
	in combination with:

	amc Display date in strftime(3) format.

	dr Display actual device name.

	gu Display group or user name.

	p Display the mode of file as in ls -lTd.

	N Displays the name of file.

	T Displays the type of file.

	Y Insert a `` -> '' into the output. Note that the default
	output format for Y is a string, but if specified explic-
	itly, these four characters are prepended.

	sub An optional sub field specifier (high, middle, low). Only
	applies to the p, d, r, and T output formats. It can be one of
	the following:

	H ``High'' -- specifies the major number for devices from r
	or d, the ``user'' bits for permissions from the string
	form of p, the file ``type'' bits from the numeric forms
	of p, and the long output form of T.

	L ``Low'' -- specifies the minor number for devices from r
	or d, the ``other'' bits for permissions from the string
	form of p, the ``user'', ``group'', and ``other'' bits
	from the numeric forms of p, and the ls -F style output
	character for file type when used with T (the use of L
	for this is optional).

	M ``Middle'' -- specifies the ``group'' bits for permis-
	sions from the string output form of p, or the ``suid'',
	``sgid'', and ``sticky'' bits for the numeric forms of p.

	datum A required field specifier, being one of the following:

	d Device upon which file resides.

	i file's inode number.

	p File type and permissions.

	l Number of hard links to file.

	u, g User ID and group ID of file's owner.

	r Device number for character and block device special
	files.

	a, m, c, B
	The time file was last accessed or modified, of when the
	inode was last changed, or the birth time of the inode.

	z The size of file in bytes.

	b Number of blocks allocated for file.

	k Optimal file system I/O operation block size.

	f User defined flags for file.

	v Inode generation number.

	The following four field specifiers are not drawn directly from
	the data in struct stat, but are:

	N The name of the file.

	T The file type, either as in ls -F or in a more descrip-
	tive form if the sub field specifier H is given.

	Y The target of a symbolic link.

	Z Expands to ``major,minor'' from the rdev field for char-
	acter or block special devices and gives size output for
	all others.

	Only the % and the field specifier are required. Most field specifiers
	default to U as an output form, with the exception of p which defaults to
	O, a, m, and c which default to D, and Y, T, and N which default to S.

	EXIT STATUS
	The stat and readlink utilities exit 0 on success, and >0 if an error
	occurs.

	EXAMPLES
	Given a symbolic link foo that points from /tmp/foo to /, you would use
	stat as follows:

	> stat -F /tmp/foo
	lrwxrwxrwx 1 jschauma cs 1 Apr 24 16:37:28 2002 /tmp/foo@ -> /

	> stat -LF /tmp/foo
	drwxr-xr-x 16 root wheel 512 Apr 19 10:57:54 2002 /tmp/foo/

	To initialize some shell variables, you could use the -s flag as follows:

	> csh
	% eval set `stat -s .cshrc`
	% echo $st_size $st_mtimespec
	1148 1015432481

	> sh
	$ eval $(stat -s .profile)
	$ echo $st_size $st_mtimespec
	1148 1015432481

	In order to get a list of the kind of files including files pointed to if
	the file is a symbolic link, you could use the following format:

	$ stat -f "%N: %HT%SY" /tmp/*
	/tmp/bar: Symbolic Link -> /tmp/foo
	/tmp/output25568: Regular File
	/tmp/blah: Directory
	/tmp/foo: Symbolic Link -> /

	In order to get a list of the devices, their types and the major and
	minor device numbers, formatted with tabs and linebreaks, you could use
	the following format:

	stat -f "Name: %N%n%tType: %HT%n%tMajor: %Hr%n%tMinor: %Lr%n%n" /dev/*
	[...]
	Name: /dev/wt8
	Type: Block Device
	Major: 3
	Minor: 8

	Name: /dev/zero
	Type: Character Device
	Major: 2
	Minor: 12

	In order to determine the permissions set on a file separately, you could
	use the following format:

	> stat -f "%Sp -> owner=%SHp group=%SMp other=%SLp" .
	drwxr-xr-x -> owner=rwx group=r-x other=r-x

	In order to determine the three files that have been modified most
	recently, you could use the following format:

	> stat -f "%m%t%Sm %N" /tmp/* \| sort -rn \| head -3 \| cut -f2-
	Apr 25 11:47:00 2002 /tmp/blah
	Apr 25 10:36:34 2002 /tmp/bar
	Apr 24 16:47:35 2002 /tmp/foo

	SEE ALSO
	file(1), ls(1), lstat(2), readlink(2), stat(2), printf(3), strftime(3)

	HISTORY
	The stat utility appeared in NetBSD 1.6 and FreeBSD 4.10.

	AUTHORS
	The stat utility was written by Andrew Brown <[email protected]>. This
	man page was written by Jan Schaumann <[email protected]>.

	BSD May 8, 2003 BSD