This is my recommended path for learning Haskell.

Something to keep in mind: don't sweat the stuff you don't understand immediately. Just keep moving.

Primary course

Getting started (do you have a compiler installed yet?)

Ubuntu users -> PPA

This PPA is excellent and is what I use on all my Linux dev and build machines: http://launchpad.net/~hvr/+archive/ghc

Specifically:

sudo apt-get install python-software-properties
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:hvr/ghc
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install cabal-install-1.20 ghc-7.8.2 happy-1.19.3 alex-3.1.3

Then add ~/.cabal/bin:/opt/cabal/1.20/bin:/opt/ghc/7.8.2/bin:/opt/happy/1.19.3/bin:/opt/alex/3.1.3/bin to your PATH (bash_profile, zshrc, bashrc, etc)

Mac OS X and non-Ubuntu Linux users -> download the binary distribution

Download the latest binary distributions for cabal and ghc:

GHC

GHC is the most popular compiler + package management system for the Haskell language.

http://www.haskell.org/ghc/

Cabal

Cabal does project management and dependency resolution. It's how you'll install projects, typically into their own sandbox.

https://www.haskell.org/cabal/download.html

Detailed guide

Excellent guide here: http://www.davesquared.net/2014/05/platformless-haskell.html

Windows

Either Haskell Platform (if you'll need stuff that compiles in dependencies for things like OpenGL) or the aforementioned binary distribution.

Yorgey course - Do this first, this is the primary way I recommend being introduced to Haskell.

http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~cis194/lectures.html Brent Yorgey's course is the best I've found so far and replaces both Yann Esposito's HF&H and the NICTA course. This course is particularly valuable as it will not only equip you to write Haskell but also help you understand parser combinators.

Supplementary course that provides more material on intermediate topics

This is Bryan O'Sullivan's online course from the class he teaches at Stanford. If you don't know who he is, take a gander at half the libraries any Haskell application ends up needing and his name is on it. Of particular note if you've already done the Yorgey course are the modules on phantom types, information flow control, language extensions, concurrency, pipes, and lenses.

http://www.scs.stanford.edu/14sp-cs240h/

Development Environment

FAQ and working with Cabal

Fantastic FAQ

http://dev.stephendiehl.com/hask/ (this also covers some basics for Cabal)

Cabal guidelines

Cabal Hell was a problem for Haskell users before the introduction of sandboxes. Installing outside of a sandbox will install into your user package-db. This is not a good idea except for foundational packages like Cabal, alex, and happy. Nothing else should be installed in the user or global package-dbs unless you know what you're doing.

To experiment with a package or start a project, begin by doing cabal sandbox init in a new directory.

Put briefly:

Always use sandboxes for installing new packages, building new or existing projects, or starting experiments
Use cabal repl to start a project-scoped ghci instance

Exercises for practice

You should do Yorgey's course before attempting this: https://github.com/NICTA/course/

Secondary material, references

LYAH and Real World Haskell (Thanks bos!) are available online.

I recommend RWH as a reference (thick book). The chapters for parsing and monads are great for getting a sense for where monads are useful. Other people have said that they've liked it a lot. Perhaps a good follow-up for practical idioms after you've got the essentials of Haskell down?

For learning some common typeclasses

Useful for understanding typeclasses in general but also some Hask-specific category theory: http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Typeclassopedia

Search code by type signature

The Hoogle search engine can search by type:

http://www.haskell.org/hoogle/?hoogle=%28a+-%3E+b%29+-%3E+%5ba%5d+-%3E+%5bb%5d

Alternately:

https://www.fpcomplete.com/hoogle

Also Hayoo (which has all of hackage enabled for search by default): http://holumbus.fh-wedel.de/hayoo/hayoo.html

Fun Stuff

After you're comfortable with Haskell, strongly consider learning Lenses and Prisms, even if just as a "user". You don't need to understand the underlying category for it to be useful.

Seen here: http://hackage.haskell.org/package/lens

Frontend/JavaScript

If you need JavaScript, you probably want Purescript for generating JS. Purescript not strictly Haskell but it is very similar and quite pleasant.

Parallelism/Concurrency

This book by Simon Marlow is probably the best I've ever read on the topics of Parallelism and Concurrency: http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000929

http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/Functional_Reactive_Programming

Recursion Schemes

Some of the crazy *-morphism words you've heard are actually about recursion. NB - before tackling this material you should know how to implement foldr for lists and at least one other data structure, such as a tree. (folds are catamorphisms) Knowing how to implement an unfold (anamorphism) for the same will round things out a bit.

This material dovetails with traversable and foldable.

http://patrickthomson.ghost.io/an-introduction-to-recursion-schemes/

http://fho.f12n.de/posts/2014-05-07-dont-fear-the-cat.html - good demonstration of how hylomorphism is the composition of cata and ana.

http://comonad.com/reader/2009/recursion-schemes/ - this field guide is excellent.

http://eprints.eemcs.utwente.nl/7281/01/db-utwente-40501F46.pdf

https://www.fpcomplete.com/user/edwardk/recursion-schemes/catamorphisms

Lenses and Prisms

People vastly overestimate the difficulty of using Lens. Anybody comfortable with Functor/Foldable/Traversable (or even just the first one) can leverage lenses and prisms to make their life happier.

If you've ever done something like: (fmap . fmap) you've were "lensing" in your head.

I recommend these two tutorials/introductions:

https://www.fpcomplete.com/school/to-infinity-and-beyond/pick-of-the-week/a-little-lens-starter-tutorial

https://github.com/ekmett/lens#lens-lenses-folds-and-traversals