Effectful programming with callbacks

Effectful.swift

/*
* A callback-base implementation of effectful computation that defers interpretation
* until after computation is expressed (so you can inject different interpreters
* onto the same computation).
*
* The downside is the results aren't expressed as values. They are callback calls.
* You probably don't actually want to use this, but it seems interesting to think about.
*
* Inspired by "Programming with Algebraic Effects and Handlers" by
* Andrej Bauer and Matija Pretnar 2012
*
* Tested on Swift 3.1.1
* see http://swift.sandbox.bluemix.net/#/repl/5905133f4ee0cd258050b0a4
* bkase @ 2017
*/


// An effectful computation

// An effect handler takes some input and a sink and performs some effect to feed the sink some output based on the input zero or more times
typealias EffectHandler<I,O> = (I, (O) -> ()) -> ()
// A callback 
typealias Callback<O> = (O) -> ()

// An effectful computation needs a handler and a sink to feed output
// By binding the handler later, we can reuse the same effectful computation
// but interpret the effects differently.
struct Effectful<EffIn,EffOut,Out> {
	let handle: (@escaping EffectHandler<EffIn, EffOut>) -> (Callback<Out>) -> ()
}

// Nondeterministic choice as an effect

let effectful = Effectful<[Int],Int,Int> { decide in { next in
	decide([0,5,8]) { y in
		decide([10,20]) { x in
			next(x - y)
		}
	}
} }

// Choose interpreter later
let chooseFirst = effectful.handle { choices, k in k(choices[0]) }
let chooseAll = effectful.handle { choices, k in 
	choices.forEach{ k($0) } 
}

func toStdout<T>(t: T) -> () { print("\(t)") }
print("Choose first")
chooseFirst(toStdout)
print("Choose all")
chooseAll(toStdout)