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 <h1 class="c4 c14"><a name="h.dtr57fc6nczs" id=
 "h.dtr57fc6nczs"></a><span class="c24">The TreeLogic JavaScript Coding Standard</span></h1>
 <h1 class="c4 c14"><a name="h.3lukcd6ec7jk" id=
 "h.3lukcd6ec7jk"></a><span class="c27">A Practical
 Approach</span></h1>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4 c26"><span>by Chris M. Balz
 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
 &nbsp; &nbsp; 2012-10-21</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span>Forkable at:</span> <span class="c8"><a class=
 "c11" href=
 "https://gist.github.com/3924208">https://gist.github.com/3924208</a></span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6 c17">Copyright (C) &nbsp;Chris M.
 Balz.<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp;Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
 modify this document<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp;under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
 Version 1.3<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp;or any later version published by the Free Software
 Foundation;<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp;with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
 no Back-Cover Texts.<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp;A copy of the license is included in the section
 entitled "GNU<br>
 &nbsp; &nbsp;Free Documentation License".</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h2 class="c4"><a name="h.5jl7gi75seft" id=
 "h.5jl7gi75seft"></a><span>Table of Contents</span></h2>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c25 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.dtr57fc6nczs">The TreeLogic JavaScript Coding
 Standard</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c25"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.3lukcd6ec7jk">A Practical Approach</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c23"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.5jl7gi75seft">Table of Contents</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.w17nl9ecyonr">Namespacing</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.hs6trgg9arnz">Packages</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.d5t9y2p03wzz">Modules</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.yk2d3omnmdl5">Classes</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.b78aclyrbegz">What and Where to Use</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.5p9g3ixznax">Object Instantiation: Classes and
 Hashes</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.yb1w5espc2b">Constructor Format</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c28"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.d4lmqaw7ag7v">Private Variables</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.h584hdlb4ufv">Singletons</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.k6t0gv314na">Class Properties</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.glmw5f4stbg4">Avoid Parasitic Inheritance</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.axiwb5e2var2">Where to Define Classes</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ddrj4m9kl74d">&ldquo;Why&rdquo;s Not Covered
 Above</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c13"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.gimcu66sjttv">Modules</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.yzrl8vz6dgwk">Functions</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.bmnesea0xe6l">Internals</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.mcg2c9md73a0">Private Functions</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.gp0wmyazdmrv">Protected Functions</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ra2sw5ezzkym">Invoking</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.7fjye37pq4q6">As Data</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.j2qbgrpk6np4">&lsquo;var&rsquo; Declarations</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.v0awkmkowrx1">Loop Counter Caching</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.rzsgject3edh">Identifiers</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.42e0t8kshs0k">Naming</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.qzyye2slamkq">Private and Protected Properties</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.gqcbxynmo05e">&lsquo;that&rsquo;</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.2bb8e58hujqv">&lsquo;match&rsquo; vs.
 &lsquo;test&rsquo;</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.fxtblqat5m91">Access</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.2jyz28hmjwg7">Data Type Prefixing</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ple5ypf5m9e5">Built-In Objects</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.4bmtqrp3gaqh">Performance</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.a7k9m0gp8wyc">Overview</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ekd4cuwig14c">Caching</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ta1e3atvn4ac">Messaging Data Formats</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.dir2kok2h9gh">Which Messaging Data Format to Use</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.kdsc56tlnfrr">Commenting JSON</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.doey2srr2tvv">Code Format</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.gstz9pf40l15">Purpose</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.c50416cnsfm2">Whitespace</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.btmp67td2cm0">Indenting</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.fql68ac253cb">Curly Braces</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.65bieoxmoylx">Line Length</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.8cdivrfr57be">Line Breaks</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.y0slwg6wa2m0">Statement Terminators</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.kyykh3cgp1v3">Conditional Parentheses</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.4vindrg87vh0">Object Initializer Syntax</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.cesukrsq658g">Testing for Equality</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.5bxtuuklgbu1">Documentation</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ouuy6zlmqea0">Security</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.50ekesniokr6">Overview</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.66i0v5gidbnw">Various Measures</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.4y5hypttfa2b">&lsquo;parseInt&rsquo;</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.2fjo1pu4og4o">&lsquo;window.name&rsquo;</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.hlyfrkimu3vx">Android</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.7mk617fpkpcb">External Environments</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.pzvpng843eki">Frameworks</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.tdcjhyy551yk">Document Object Model</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.tog6jfmkpt05">NodeJS</a></span></p>
 <p class="c13 c4"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.sgxlj3zh0gqn">GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.e93ad1j6byjw">0. PREAMBLE</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ps02bkv1r9r3">1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.l5t6umkmjz4q">2. VERBATIM COPYING</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.18mhs1nje4vt">3. COPYING IN QUANTITY</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.llaqq9qc46ts">4. MODIFICATIONS</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.k53hm87wq5ad">5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.5hw1y38mvgm0">6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ge7kihin0kaw">7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT
 WORKS</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.ghx68256x0cw">8. TRANSLATION</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.wx8aftj0yhb7">9. TERMINATION</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.l15xp4veaojo">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
 LICENSE</a></span></p>
 <p class="c4 c5"><span class="c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "#h.txe1ejocoaau">11. RELICENSING</a></span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.w17nl9ecyonr" id=
 "h.w17nl9ecyonr"></a><span>Namespacing</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.hs6trgg9arnz" id=
 "h.hs6trgg9arnz"></a><span>Packages</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Namespace all identifiers from
 the global namespace with at least one three-character identifier,
 and prefer more characters. &nbsp;This forms your JavaScript
 package namespace. &nbsp;All characters must be lowercase, using
 the underbar where words meet. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">For example,</span><span class=
 "c0">&nbsp;</span><span class=
 "c20 c12 c6">com.tl.flfy</span><span class=
 "c0">&nbsp;</span><span class="c2 c6">would represent a for-profit
 business with the abbreviation &lsquo;tl&rsquo; for the company
 name (although that could be the domain name too), and the project
 &lsquo;flfy&rsquo; (say, for the &ldquo;Fluffy&rdquo; project at
 the company designated by &ldquo;tl&rdquo;). &nbsp;Then underneath
 &lsquo;flfy&rsquo;, provide appropriate package namespacing, such
 as those found in a model-view-controller
 architecture</span><span class="c0">:</span> <span class=
 "c12 c6 c20">com.tl.flfy.ctrlr</span><span class="c2 c6">.
 &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Create a single directory for
 each package. &nbsp;This allows directory browsing itself to reveal
 the system&rsquo;s overall code structure.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Allow similarly-namespaced code
 to co-exist (such as code namespaced at the top-level with
 &lsquo;com&rsquo;) easily by never overwriting the top-level
 namespace (except of course with your sub-namespace). &nbsp;If
 possible, observe that practice for the top two or three namespace
 levels. &nbsp;These then become shared namespaces. &nbsp;Never rely
 on properties (dot-properties) of shared namespaces, since other
 code may well be using them. Never use dot-properties other than
 other namespaces or module names on either one. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Why: Namespace clashes are one of
 the worst, most avoidable hassles imaginable. &nbsp;JavaScript code
 from different namespaces now commonly lives together on the same
 page, and this will become more common. &nbsp;A descriptive
 namespace helps reduce the biggest drag on productivity, time spent
 reading and understanding code. &nbsp;Keeping namespaces free of
 dot-properties allows all properties to be grouped under meaningful
 data types.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.d5t9y2p03wzz" id=
 "h.d5t9y2p03wzz"></a><span>Modules</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Name a JavaScript module this
 way:</span><span class="c0">&nbsp;</span><span class=
 "c20 c12 c6">com.tl.flfy.ctrlr.proxy_server_module</span><span class="c2 c6">.
 &nbsp;If sub-modules are provided, namespace them in this
 manner:</span> <span class=
 "c20 c12 c6">com.tl.flfy.ctrlr.proxy_server_module.fail_over.reconnector_module</span><span class="c2 c6">.
 JavaScript modules must be completely contained in a function named
 with the fully-qualified package name with all dot characters
 replaced by underbars.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Why: Modules are fundamentally
 different kinds of objects than packages because they define a set
 of private variables sealed in a function closure. &nbsp;But we
 want to be able to define a group of sub-modules, each in their own
 file. &nbsp;So we can use modules as namespaces as well.
 &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Therefore, since we mix the two
 types of identifiers in the same namespace qualifier, we add the
 suffix &lsquo;_module&rsquo; to distinguish between the two.
 &nbsp;We avoid anonymous functions in order to have a
 function&rsquo;s name be present for clarity when reading code and
 especially when reading code during the debugging process.
 &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c4 c10"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.yk2d3omnmdl5" id=
 "h.yk2d3omnmdl5"></a><span>Classes</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.b78aclyrbegz" id=
 "h.b78aclyrbegz"></a><span>What and Where to Use</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">The term class here means
 &ldquo;custom data type&rdquo;. &nbsp;Although JavaScript natively
 only supports prototypes, not classes, JavaScript can easily
 deliver class constructors. &nbsp;Most systems should use instances
 of classes as their primary means of organizing their code.
 &nbsp;By contrast to classes, prototypes present a unity of
 instance and data type. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">This does not serve</span>
 <span class="c8 c2 c6"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small">
 programming-in-the-large</a></span><span class="c2 c6">&nbsp;well
 because objects that are inherited from may be inadvertently
 changed, polluting inheriting objects that intended to be what the
 prototype object used to be before it was changed. &nbsp;Even if
 your project does not start out as programming-in-the-large, if it
 is successful it is likely to become so. &nbsp;In this case, if you
 did not use techniques appropriate to programming-in-the-large,
 then you have a misfortune.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">In fact, prototype inheritance
 was conceived of as an experiment in simplification by the creators
 of the ancestor language of JavaScript, Self. &nbsp;And it served
 JavaScript&rsquo;s original role in serving as a quick</span>
 <span class="c8 c2 c6"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small#Programming_in_the_small">
 programming-in-the-small</a></span><span class="c2 c6">&nbsp;aid to
 adorners of early websites. &nbsp;But the authors of
 &ldquo;</span><span class="c8 c2 c6"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://labs.oracle.com/techrep/1994/abstract-30.html">Self: The
 Power of Simplicity</a></span><span class="c2 c6">&rdquo; observed
 in 1994 that &ldquo;The absence of the class-instance distinction
 may make it too hard to understand which objects exist solely to
 provide shared information for</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">other objects.&rdquo; (p.
 4)</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">So most systems should be
 object-based, and classes will usually serve this best. &nbsp;It is
 possible to work more strictly within object-based approaches:
 Object-oriented systems, by comparison, use only object-based
 design approaches. &nbsp;To refine further: Almost all systems
 where computational load is low in terms of performance cost as
 compared to file i/o should be object-based, if not
 object-oriented.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.5p9g3ixznax" id=
 "h.5p9g3ixznax"></a><span>Object Instantiation: Classes and
 Hashes</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">For imperative code (where, for
 example, we are not providing an input to a declarative mechanism
 such as a template transform, or passing a message as part of a
 true network protocol over the wire, such as json), mutable values
 (meaning, non-immutables: JavaScript objects; not strings,
 booleans, numbers, functions, or undefineds) must be created
 either:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2 c6">With a formal class
 constructor using the &lsquo;new&rsquo; operator</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2 c6">As parameterized hashes
 (meaning, with member variables all of the same data
 type)</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2 c6">As static classes (defined
 most conveniently by using object initializer syntax (for
 example,</span> <span class="c12 c6">com.tl.flfy.Proxy = { . . .
 };</span><span class="c2 c6">&nbsp;)).</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Do not hide &lsquo;new&rsquo;:
 The &lsquo;new&rsquo; operator should not be buried as a
 convenience inside class constructors that can construct
 themselves, since this obfuscates the action taking place at the
 application level: It makes instantiations look like method calls
 or at best some kind of weird invocation of a static
 class.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.yb1w5espc2b" id=
 "h.yb1w5espc2b"></a><span>Constructor Format</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Class constructors must always be
 named with a capital letter.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">When creating a class that may be
 inherited by another class, use a utility (such as a class engine)
 from a JavaScript framework that will enable you to follow a
 pattern that avoids unwanted shared objects among instances of the
 inheriting class.</span></p>
 <h5 class="c4"><a name="h.d4lmqaw7ag7v" id=
 "h.d4lmqaw7ag7v"></a><span>Private Variables</span></h5>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Where useful, support private
 instance variables, which unfortunately only works out-of-the-box
 in JavaScript for immutable data types, by using the closure
 created by the class constructor to define &lsquo;this&rsquo;
 methods that return &lsquo;var&rsquo; variables. &nbsp;For mutables
 (objects), use object cloning to produce a brand new object for
 each &lsquo;get&rsquo; request for that object, if it is fast
 enough for your application. In essence, this provides a read-only
 object for clients.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.h584hdlb4ufv" id=
 "h.h584hdlb4ufv"></a><span>Singletons</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">When creating a singleton, prefer
 a utility (such as a class engine) from a JavaScript framework that
 will inherently enforce the singleton from a declarative
 parameter.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.k6t0gv314na" id=
 "h.k6t0gv314na"></a><span>Class Properties</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">All classes should have the
 instance property</span> <span class=
 "c12 c6">$DATA_TYPE</span><span class="c2 c6">&nbsp;with a value
 set to the fully-qualified name of the class, so that the reader
 can quickly see what they are working with, esp. when debugging.
 &nbsp;The &lsquo;$&rsquo; indicates meta information and also
 floats to the top of most property lists.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.glmw5f4stbg4" id=
 "h.glmw5f4stbg4"></a><span>Avoid Parasitic Inheritance</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Keep data types true to their
 definition by avoiding parasitic inheritance. &nbsp;Instead of
 parasitic inheritance, use composition (&ldquo;has-a&rdquo;), since
 it preserves the identity of the object contexts used.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.axiwb5e2var2" id=
 "h.axiwb5e2var2"></a><span>Where to Define Classes</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">Define all classes (static and
 nonstatic) in modules, with only one outer class per module.
 &nbsp;This enables directory listings themselves to describe the
 code structure.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.ddrj4m9kl74d" id=
 "h.ddrj4m9kl74d"></a><span>&ldquo;</span><span>Why&rdquo;s Not
 Covered Above</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2 c6">For imperative code, making
 instances from class constructors instead of using
 non-parameterized hashes (especially as parameters to other
 JavaScript functions increases code readability) localizes error
 checking, improves testability, and makes all of the above more
 portable. &nbsp;Avoiding non-parameterized hashes in imperative
 code keeps the distinction between class, instance, and data clear.
 &nbsp;Using the &lsquo;new&rsquo; operator emphasizes the
 allocation of memory for an instance of a new data type.
 &nbsp;Naming classes with a capital letter serves to differentiate
 them from other identifiers. &nbsp;Avoiding parasitic inheritance
 avoids confusing dynamic changes in data types and allows humans to
 understand classes better when they read them and then try to
 recall them during debugging.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.gimcu66sjttv" id=
 "h.gimcu66sjttv"></a><span>Modules</span></h3>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Modules should be constructed
 according the following pattern:</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class=
 "c12">com.tl.flfy.ctrlr.proxy_server_module =</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">(function
 com_tl_flfy.ctrlr.proxy_server_module() {</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp;'use
 strict';</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp;var fs =
 require('fs'),</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;url =
 require("url");</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp;// Constructor
 (optional).</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp;// Public functions
 (optional).</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp;// Private functions
 (optional).</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">&nbsp; &nbsp;. . .</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c12">})();</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Define only one outermost module per
 file. &nbsp;This enables directory browsing itself to reveal code
 structure. &nbsp;</span><span class="c2 c6">Define only a single,
 if any, public class per module. &nbsp;Keep module length to less
 than 400 lines.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Why:</span> <span class=
 "c12">&lsquo;use
 strict&rsquo;</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class="c2">saves us
 from some of the most pernicious JavaScript pitfalls, without
 reducing expressiveness or power by much in comparison. &nbsp;See
 above about namespacing. &nbsp;See below about the other aspects.
 &nbsp;Defining only one module per file enables the developer to
 use the directory browsing facility of their operating system to
 quickly understand the high-level structure of your code.
 &nbsp;</span><span class="c2 c6">Consensus of experience generally
 shows that readability and understandability begins to greatly
 decrease when modules exceed about 300 lines of code.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.yzrl8vz6dgwk" id=
 "h.yzrl8vz6dgwk"></a><span>Functions</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.bmnesea0xe6l" id=
 "h.bmnesea0xe6l"></a><span>Internals</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">All parameters should have a 'p_'
 prefix: &lsquo;p_sName&rsquo;.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Offer the highest-level functions at
 the top, working down. &nbsp;This enables human readers to get the
 context of your code, before optionally diving into the
 details.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Always return the same data type
 from any part of a function that returns a value.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Keep function length (excepting the
 outermost module wrapper function) to less than 60 lines, for
 readability and modularity.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.mcg2c9md73a0" id=
 "h.mcg2c9md73a0"></a><span>Private Functions</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Leverage private (inner) functions
 for increased readability and modularity. &nbsp;It makes rewriting
 functions much easier. &nbsp;See the</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href="#h.ra2sw5ezzkym">section on invoking
 functions</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;for how to invoke these
 functions.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.gp0wmyazdmrv" id=
 "h.gp0wmyazdmrv"></a><span>Protected Functions</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Offer protected (in the Java sense
 of package-protected) functions by prefixing their identifiers with
 an underbar character: &lsquo;this._my_protected&rsquo;.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.ra2sw5ezzkym" id=
 "h.ra2sw5ezzkym"></a><span>Invoking</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Code that invokes a function should
 either use a &lsquo;new&rsquo; operator, a &lsquo;this&rsquo;
 prefix, or where there is no local &lsquo;var&rsquo; such as
 &lsquo;that&rsquo; representing &lsquo;this&rsquo;, a
 &lsquo;.call&rsquo; or &lsquo;.apply&rsquo; invocation with the
 &lsquo;this&rsquo; identifier. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Where a private function is called
 from an instance context, &lsquo;.call&rsquo; or
 &lsquo;.apply&rsquo; should be used with the &lsquo;this&rsquo;
 identifier if that function is over twenty lines in length.
 &nbsp;This helps to improve code readability. &nbsp;Always prefer
 &lsquo;call&rsquo; over &lsquo;apply&rsquo; where possible, as it
 requires the listing of the parameters individually, providing a
 greater opportunity for naming.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Why: The &lsquo;new&rsquo; operator
 emphasizes the fact that we are allocating a significant amount of
 memory in the operation. &nbsp;Controlling function
 &lsquo;this&rsquo; scope keeps one from being stuck wondering what
 instance the current closure belongs to when debugging minified,
 concatenated production code. &nbsp;Tools such as source-maps can
 avoid this, but in practicality are not always
 available.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.7fjye37pq4q6" id=
 "h.7fjye37pq4q6"></a><span>As Data</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Avoid callbacks across class and
 class instance boundaries where possible, in favor of a true event
 system. &nbsp;Callbacks carry with them their lexical scope, which
 if transported across significant, different formations of code,
 can make code not only hard to read but practically untestable, as
 encapsulation is broken by the transferred scope. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.j2qbgrpk6np4" id=
 "h.j2qbgrpk6np4"></a><span>&lsquo;var&rsquo;
 Declarations</span></h3>
 <ol class="c29" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">Define only a single
 &lsquo;var&rsquo; statement per function, and keep it at the very
 top of the function. &nbsp;This way, the reader can easily see what
 variables your function works with. &nbsp;If the list becomes hard
 to read, it is a sign you need to break out some of your existing
 code a new (or, occasionally, just a different)
 function.</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">Avoid excess code by using the
 comma operator to make a &lsquo;var&rsquo; list, rather than
 repeating &lsquo;var&rsquo;. &nbsp;&lsquo;use strict&rsquo; mode
 will make sure you don&rsquo;t accidentally declare a global
 variable by missing a comma: It will throw a hard error that
 you&rsquo;ll see.</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">Define each assignment on its
 own line, and unassigned variables at the bottom of the
 &lsquo;var&rsquo; statement on a single line.</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">Within each section (assigned
 variables, and unassigned ones), offer the highest-level variables
 first. &nbsp;This enables human readers to get the context of your
 code, before optionally diving into the details. &nbsp;</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.v0awkmkowrx1" id=
 "h.v0awkmkowrx1"></a><span>Loop Counter Caching</span></h3>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Due to the apparent fact that
 JavaScript engines translate &lsquo;for&rsquo; loops to iterators
 (traversed by &lsquo;next&rsquo;), there is no benefit to caching
 the length limit of your loops:</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://jsperf.com/loops-caching-length-of-array-that-is-out-of-function-s/4">
 http://jsperf.com/loops-caching-length-of-array-that-is-out-of-function-s/4</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;
 And there is the disadvantage that if your JavaScript
 &lsquo;Array&rsquo; instance length changes while the loop is
 running, you will either hit an undefined value or not reach the
 end of your &lsquo;Array&rsquo;.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.rzsgject3edh" id=
 "h.rzsgject3edh"></a><span>Identifiers</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.42e0t8kshs0k" id=
 "h.42e0t8kshs0k"></a><span>Naming</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Before naming something, put
 yourself in the shoes of someone new to the code who must fix a
 critical bug quickly. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Adhere to terseness, but always err
 on the side of verbosity when balancing verbosity and
 terseness.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For non-package, non-module
 identifiers, use all-capital letters for constants (called
 &ldquo;final&rdquo; in Java), with underbars where camelCase would
 be used. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For non-package, non-module
 identifiers, use use camelCase for non-constants.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Avoid redefining, except to cache
 locally, identifiers that have an identity with the global object
 in important JavaScript programming environments. &nbsp;Examples of
 such environments include the browser object model (bom). &nbsp;One
 of these identifiers is &lsquo;self&rsquo;, and another one that is
 not used in the bom but is popular in other JavaScript
 implementations is &lsquo;global&rsquo;. &nbsp;See</span>
 <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/browsers.html#the-window-object">http://dev.w3.org/html5/spec/browsers.html#the-window-object</a></span><span class="c2">.</span><span class="c2">&nbsp;</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.qzyye2slamkq" id=
 "h.qzyye2slamkq"></a><span class="c2">Private and Protected
 Properties</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">See the section on</span>
 <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11" href="#h.d4lmqaw7ag7v">private
 properties in constructors</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;for
 information on non-function private properties, and see the section
 on functions for information</span> <span class="c8 c2"><a class=
 "c11" href="#h.mcg2c9md73a0">on private
 functions</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;and</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href="#h.gp0wmyazdmrv">on protected
 functions</a></span><span class="c2">. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Where it is not desirable to
 maintain truly private objects by cloning them upon
 &lsquo;get&rsquo; method invocations, simply name them with a
 double-underbar prefix:
 &lsquo;this.__my_precious&rsquo;.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">As with functions that are methods,
 name package-protected (in the Java sense) non-method properties
 with a single underbar prefix:
 &lsquo;this._my_protected&rsquo;.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.gqcbxynmo05e" id=
 "h.gqcbxynmo05e"></a><span>&lsquo;that&rsquo;</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Use</span> <span class="c12">var
 that = this;</span><span class="c2">&nbsp;to conveniently provide
 access to the &lsquo;this&rsquo; scope from private functions.
 &nbsp;See the notes elsewhere on use of
 &lsquo;self&rsquo;.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.2bb8e58hujqv" id=
 "h.2bb8e58hujqv"></a><span>&lsquo;match&rsquo; vs.
 &lsquo;test&rsquo;</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Use the</span> <span class=
 "c12">RegExp</span><span class="c2">&nbsp;object &lsquo;test&rsquo;
 method when you simply want to check if a regular expression
 matches some text or not. &nbsp;If you want more information than
 that, then use the</span> <span class=
 "c12">String</span><span class="c2">&nbsp;object
 &lsquo;match&rsquo; method.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.fxtblqat5m91" id=
 "h.fxtblqat5m91"></a><span>Access</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Always use '.' notation instead of
 '[' notation where a dynamic key is not required.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Be explicit if your code is
 accessing the global scope:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">For initial access in a
 JavaScript scope to non-GUI globals, use &lsquo;self&rsquo;&rsquo;
 if available. &nbsp;Unfortunately, some JavaScript implementations
 do not provide &lsquo;self&rsquo;; in that case, use
 &lsquo;global&rsquo;. &nbsp;</span></li>
 <li class="c4 c7"><span class="c2">For initial access in a
 JavaScript scope to non-GUI globals, use
 &lsquo;window&rsquo;&rsquo; if available. &nbsp;</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">There is an insignificant
 performance drawback to using &lsquo;self&rsquo; and
 &lsquo;window&rsquo; prefixes:</span> <span class="c8 c2"><a class=
 "c11" href=
 "http://jsperf.com/global-lookup-with-self-window-and-neither">http://jsperf.com/global-lookup-with-self-window-and-neither</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;
 While the difference comparitively is large, the slowest case is
 around two million lookups per second. &nbsp;So in absolute terms,
 for anything JavaScript will be used for, the difference is
 negligible.</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">This not only aids in readability
 but opens the code up for optimization to compilers that would
 prefer to avoid excess scope-chain lookups.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.2jyz28hmjwg7" id=
 "h.2jyz28hmjwg7"></a><span>Data Type Prefixing</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">With the exception of integer loop
 counters, all identifiers should have data type prefixes.
 &nbsp;Use:</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">'s' for string
 ('sName')</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">&lsquo;b&rsquo; for boolean
 (&lsquo;bGo&rsquo;)</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">'i' for integer
 ('iNumber')</span></li>
 </ol>
 <ol class="c16" start="1">
 <li class="c4 c5 c21"><span class="c2">Except for highly idiomatic
 uses such as a loop counter, where no data type prefix is
 necessary.</span></li>
 </ol>
 <ol class="c15" start="4">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">'fl' for floating-point
 ('flSomeDecimalNumber')</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">'o' for an 'object' that is not
 used as a hash</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">'h' for an object that is used
 as a hash</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">&lsquo;r&rsquo; for a regular
 expression object</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">&lsquo;w&rsquo; for a window
 object</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">&lsquo;d&rsquo; for a document
 object</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">&lsquo;e&rsquo; for an
 HTMLElement</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">'fn' for a function that is
 passed as an argument (such as a callback function
 ('fnHandleRequest'), but not, for example, a class constructor, a
 method, or a module name).</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">While JavaScript was created with an
 intentionally low barrier to entry, and therefore is loosely typed,
 code that respects basic data types is much faster to work with
 because the developer&rsquo;s intent can be discerned almost
 instantly by others who read the code. &nbsp;Using type prefixes
 enables us to &nbsp;read and modify code faster.</span></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.ple5ypf5m9e5" id=
 "h.ple5ypf5m9e5"></a><span>Built-In Objects</span></h3>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Unless you are writing for an
 absolutely performance-critical environment where you are sure no
 other JavaScript will run, do not modify built-in objects or their
 prototypes. &nbsp;This will enable your code to co-exist with
 minimal effort with other code, and will avoid providing unwelcome
 surprises for other developers.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.4bmtqrp3gaqh" id=
 "h.4bmtqrp3gaqh"></a><span>Performance</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.a7k9m0gp8wyc" id=
 "h.a7k9m0gp8wyc"></a><span>Overview</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Performance in JavaScript is largely
 driven by the underlying techniques used by the JavaScript
 interpreter/just-in-time-compiler engines. &nbsp;Due to the
 high-level nature of JavaScript, its performance characteristics
 can be counterintuitive. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For example, tests show that loops
 written with syntax accessing the &lsquo;.length&rsquo; of an array
 that lives outside of function scope on every iteration are
 actually, on some browsers, slightly faster than those that cache
 the array length. &nbsp;This must be due to the underlying
 optimizations in the JavaScript interpreter, which are likely done
 according to what kind of code commonly written by the JavaScript
 user base most needs optimization:</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://jsperf.com/loops-caching-length-of-array-that-is-out-of-function-s/7">
 http://jsperf.com/loops-caching-length-of-array-that-is-out-of-function-s/7</a></span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">However, happily, short loops do
 optimize as expected:</span> <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11"
 href=
 "http://jsperf.com/loop-length-caching/2">http://jsperf.com/loop-length-caching/2</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;
 But the operations per second are so high, that it&rsquo;s hard to
 imagine very many practical use-cases for this kind of
 optimization.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">And in the same vein, notably, heap
 access no longer slows down appreciably with respect to the growth
 in heap size, as shown by this test:</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://jsperf.com/js-performance-under-memory-load/5">http://jsperf.com/js-performance-under-memory-load/5</a></span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">The Rule of Thumb is: Write
 JavaScript code that is succinct and readable first and foremost,
 above performance considerations. &nbsp;Because JavaScript today is
 so fast, outside of rare circumstances, many optimizations
 don&rsquo;t make much (if any) difference.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">The Golden Rule is: Before you
 commit code that is harder to read because of its optimizations,
 challenge your assumptions about JavaScript performance at</span>
 <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://jsperf.com">http://jsperf.com</a></span><span class=
 "c2">.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.ekd4cuwig14c" id=
 "h.ekd4cuwig14c"></a><span>Caching</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Make use of caching where possible,
 noting the above section on the futility of caching the
 &lsquo;.length&rsquo; property of JavaScript arrays. &nbsp;Here is
 an example of the utility (though not of great magnitude) of
 caching regular expression objects:</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://jsperf.com/caching-regex-objects">http://jsperf.com/caching-regex-objects</a></span><span class="c2">&nbsp;.</span></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.ta1e3atvn4ac" id=
 "h.ta1e3atvn4ac"></a><span>Messaging Data Formats</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.dir2kok2h9gh" id=
 "h.dir2kok2h9gh"></a><span>Which Messaging Data Format to
 Use</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Use XML where the data is complex
 and the payload is under 100 kilobytes. &nbsp;Use JSON in all other
 cases.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.kdsc56tlnfrr" id=
 "h.kdsc56tlnfrr"></a><span>Commenting JSON</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Until JSON supports comments,
 comment JSON by inserting keys named
 &ldquo;json-comment&rdquo;.</span></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.doey2srr2tvv" id=
 "h.doey2srr2tvv"></a><span>Code Format</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.gstz9pf40l15" id=
 "h.gstz9pf40l15"></a><span>Purpose</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Code format should make the code
 look consistent. &nbsp;It should not try to make it look correct.
 &nbsp;&ldquo;Correct&rdquo; does not exist in matters of style.
 &nbsp;Consistent code is much faster to work with.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.c50416cnsfm2" id=
 "h.c50416cnsfm2"></a><span>Whitespace</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Because code indented with single
 spaces looks the same everywhere, while code formatted with tabs
 does not, use spaces only. &nbsp;Although this may be the fault of
 the tools, it is a practical limitation.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.btmp67td2cm0" id=
 "h.btmp67td2cm0"></a><span>Indenting</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Indent four spaces for every level
 of code indenting.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.fql68ac253cb" id=
 "h.fql68ac253cb"></a><span>Curly Braces</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Preserve valuable vertical screen
 real estate by keeping a curly brace on the same line as the code
 that originates it.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.65bieoxmoylx" id=
 "h.65bieoxmoylx"></a><span>Line Length</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Format the line length to be as long
 as commonly available monitors on portable notebook computers will
 allow.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.8cdivrfr57be" id=
 "h.8cdivrfr57be"></a><span>Line Breaks</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Ensure that there are three line
 breaks (two blank lines) before:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">A function declaration that is
 not a wrapper function for a module. &nbsp;(This allows the single
 line breaks in a function to clearly appear within their
 function).</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Ensure that there are two line
 breaks (one blank line) before:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">A control statement such as
 &lsquo;return&rsquo;, &lsquo;break&rsquo;, or
 &lsquo;continue&rsquo;.</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Ensure that there are two line
 breaks (one blank line) after:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">The closing curly brace of
 function declaration that is not a wrapper function for a
 module.</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Provide a single line break
 after:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="2">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">A statement terminator
 (&lsquo;;&rsquo;).</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">Code that creates a block (such
 as an opening curly brace).</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Optionally break lines
 after:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">A conditional operator
 (including &lsquo;?&rsquo; and &lsquo;:&rsquo;)<br>
 A &lsquo;case:&rsquo; statement</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c2">A mathematical
 operator<br></span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Do not use line-breaks in place of
 semi-colons (see &lsquo;Statement Terminators&rsquo;,
 below).</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.y0slwg6wa2m0" id=
 "h.y0slwg6wa2m0"></a><span>Statement Terminators</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Use only semi-colons for this, not
 line breaks. &nbsp;Follow such semi-colons with line-breaks.
 &nbsp;The only reason to do so is to avoid ambiguity to human code
 readers, but such ambiguity can be challenging. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For example, no semi-colon is
 automatically inserted in place of a line break after a function
 assignment that has as its next non-whitespace, non-comment program
 text a pair of function-invocation parentheses, as shown in</span>
 <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://stackoverflow.com/a/1169596">this
 example</a></span><span class="c2">.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.kyykh3cgp1v3" id=
 "h.kyykh3cgp1v3"></a><span>Conditional Parentheses</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Use a single space to bracket the
 contents of conditional parentheses. &nbsp;This reduces clutter
 around the central subject, the condition. &nbsp;The opening curly
 brace can follow an &lsquo;if&rsquo; directly, as the distinction
 between the letter (in this case, &lsquo;f&rsquo;) and the opening
 parenthesis needs no extra emphasis. &nbsp;That lack of space in
 turn serves to emphasize the central subject. &nbsp;Also, keep the
 closing smooth parenthesis and the following curly brace from
 visually colliding by using a space there.
 &nbsp;Examples:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c12">if( foo === bar ) { . .
 .</span><span>&nbsp;</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c12">while( foo-- ) { . .
 .</span></li>
 </ol>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.4vindrg87vh0" id=
 "h.4vindrg87vh0"></a><span>Object Initializer Syntax</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Keep a balance between compactness
 and readability. &nbsp;Examples (json would only add double-quotes
 around all the keys):</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c12">{ foo: bar, bat: baz
 }</span></li>
 <li class="c7 c4"><span class="c12">[ &lsquo;a&rsquo;,
 &lsquo;b&rsquo;, &lsquo;c&rsquo; ]</span></li>
 </ol>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.cesukrsq658g" id=
 "h.cesukrsq658g"></a><span>Testing for Equality</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For readability and efficiency, test
 for identity instead of equality wherever convenient. &nbsp;This
 means using the operator &lsquo;===&rsquo; instead of the operator
 &lsquo;==&rsquo;. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.5bxtuuklgbu1" id=
 "h.5bxtuuklgbu1"></a><span>Documentation</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For very reusable API, follow</span>
 <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/documentation/index-137868.html">
 the Javadoc standards</a></span><span class="c2">, mapping them
 over to JavaScript data types as needed. &nbsp;Document the data
 type of parameterized hashes:</span> <span class="c12">@param
 hFoo&lt;string&gt;</span><span class="c2">. &nbsp;In the class file
 header, document all class (@class) and instance (@object)
 properties.</span></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.ouuy6zlmqea0" id=
 "h.ouuy6zlmqea0"></a><span>Security</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.50ekesniokr6" id=
 "h.50ekesniokr6"></a><span>Overview</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span>Never keep secrets on the client. &nbsp;If you
 follow this golden rule, you&rsquo;ve done all you can to make your
 client-side JavaScript secure. &nbsp;As for making client-side
 JavaScript harder to crack, please see the section below called
 &ldquo;Various Measures&rdquo;. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span>Regarding server-side JavaScript, the same
 &ldquo;harder to crack&rdquo; measures apply. &nbsp;Additionally,
 on the server (regardless of language) be sure to filter out code
 that would allow cross-site scripting (</span><span class=
 "c8"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting">XSS</a></span><span>)
 attacks.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.66i0v5gidbnw" id=
 "h.66i0v5gidbnw"></a><span>Various Measures</span></h3>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.4y5hypttfa2b" id=
 "h.4y5hypttfa2b"></a><span>&lsquo;parseInt&rsquo;</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Specify the base you intend to use
 (usually 10), to avoid making it easy for an attacker to convert
 your base to 8 by prepending a &ldquo;0&rdquo; to the first
 argument to parseInt.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.2fjo1pu4og4o" id=
 "h.2fjo1pu4og4o"></a><span>&lsquo;window.name&rsquo;</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Avoid storing any private values in
 this property, because it is preserved from one page to another and
 from one domain to another.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.hlyfrkimu3vx" id=
 "h.hlyfrkimu3vx"></a><span>Android</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">JavaScript values set from Android
 native Java will persist across page loads. &nbsp;So only
 non-sensitive info should be set there, or it should be cleaned up
 on page unload.</span></p>
 <h3 class="c4"><a name="h.7mk617fpkpcb" id=
 "h.7mk617fpkpcb"></a><span>External Environments</span></h3>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">JavaScript is commonly used for
 working with the document object model (dom) on the Web browser,
 and for server-side handling of the Web front tier, such as with
 NodeJS. &nbsp;Therefore, a JavaScript standard should include best
 practices where there is substantial gain in these
 areas.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.pzvpng843eki" id=
 "h.pzvpng843eki"></a><span>Frameworks</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">If you are doing</span> <span class=
 "c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small">
 programming-in-the-large</a></span><span class="c2">, avoid
 JavaScript frameworks that will make this difficult, such as
 jQueryUI. &nbsp;Keep in mind that most of the vast audience of
 JavaScript frameworks is doing</span> <span class="c8 c2"><a class=
 "c11" href=
 "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_in_the_large_and_programming_in_the_small#Programming_in_the_small">
 programming-in-the-small</a></span><span class="c2">. &nbsp;Reflect
 first upon what you are doing.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.tdcjhyy551yk" id=
 "h.tdcjhyy551yk"></a><span>Document Object Model</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Use cascading style sheet class
 names (css) instead of directly setting cascading style sheet
 properties except where unavoidable (such as in some animation
 code). &nbsp;This maintains a separation between presentation and
 logic. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Do not develop code to uniquefy
 document object model element &lsquo;id&rsquo; attribute values.
 &nbsp;Use css classnames or html5 attributes instead.
 &nbsp;&lsquo;id&rsquo; attribute values should already be unique
 enough to support their use anywhere.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Outside of dedicated templating
 mechanisms and template input written in JavaScript, avoid writing
 html in JavaScript wherever possible. &nbsp;Use a template
 mechanism such as</span> <span class="c8 c2"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://handlebarsjs.com/">handlebars</a></span><span class=
 "c2">&nbsp;to keep html out of your JavaScript. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Keep your custom code separate from
 the &lsquo;this&rsquo; scope of dom objects. &nbsp;This will help
 keep your code encapsulated and when debugging,
 recognizable.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.tog6jfmkpt05" id=
 "h.tog6jfmkpt05"></a><span>NodeJS</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">For performance reasons, NodeJS must
 use callbacks extensively. &nbsp;This is a JavaScript web server
 pattern, not a JavaScript web application pattern. &nbsp;Steer out
 of this in your code where possible. &nbsp;</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c2">Recall that NodeJS files add to the
 whole context. &nbsp;Therefore, avoid polluting the global
 namespace by keeping your code entirely within modules.</span></p>
 <hr style="page-break-before:always;display:none;">
 <h3 class="c4 c14"><a name="h.sgxlj3zh0gqn" id=
 "h.sgxlj3zh0gqn"></a><span class="c6 c9">GNU Free Documentation
 License</span></h3>
 <p class="c4 c14"><span class="c3">Version 1.3, 3 November
 2008</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Copyright &copy; 2000, 2001, 2002,
 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. &lt;</span><span class=
 "c8 c6 c22"><a class="c11" href=
 "http://fsf.org/">http://fsf.org/</a></span><span class=
 "c3">&gt;</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Everyone is permitted to copy and
 distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing
 it is not allowed.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.e93ad1j6byjw" id=
 "h.e93ad1j6byjw"></a><span class="c1">0. PREAMBLE</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The purpose of this License is to
 make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document
 "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective
 freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it,
 either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License
 preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for
 their work, while not being considered responsible for
 modifications made by others.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">This License is a kind of
 "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must
 themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU
 General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for
 free software.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">We have designed this License in
 order to use it for manuals for free software, because free
 software needs free documentation: a free program should come with
 manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But
 this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for
 any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is
 published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally
 for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.ps02bkv1r9r3" id=
 "h.ps02bkv1r9r3"></a><span class="c1">1. APPLICABILITY AND
 DEFINITIONS</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">This License applies to any manual
 or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice placed by the
 copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of
 this License. Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free
 license, unlimited in duration, to use that work under the
 conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, refers to any such
 manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
 addressed as "you". You accept the license if you copy, modify or
 distribute the work in a way requiring permission under copyright
 law.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">A "Modified Version" of the Document
 means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either
 copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into
 another language.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">A "Secondary Section" is a named
 appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals
 exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of
 the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related
 matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that
 overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of
 mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.)
 The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with
 the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial,
 philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
 them.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The "Invariant Sections" are certain
 Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of
 Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is
 released under this License. If a section does not fit the above
 definition of Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as
 Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the
 Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are
 none.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The "Cover Texts" are certain short
 passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or
 Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is
 released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5
 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">A "Transparent" copy of the Document
 means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose
 specification is available to the general public, that is suitable
 for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text
 editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs
 or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is
 suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation
 to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A
 copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or
 absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage
 subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image
 format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of
 text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called
 "Opaque".</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Examples of suitable formats for
 Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo
 input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly
 available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or
 PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image
 formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include
 proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary
 word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing
 tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML,
 PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output
 purposes only.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The "Title Page" means, for a
 printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as
 are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to
 appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have
 any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most
 prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning
 of the body of the text.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The "publisher" means any person or
 entity that distributes copies of the Document to the
 public.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">A section "Entitled XYZ" means a
 named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ
 or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ
 in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name
 mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications",
 "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a
 section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
 section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The Document may include Warranty
 Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License
 applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered
 to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards
 disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty
 Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of
 this License.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.l5t6umkmjz4q" id=
 "h.l5t6umkmjz4q"></a><span class="c1">2. VERBATIM
 COPYING</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may copy and distribute the
 Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially,
 provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license
 notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced
 in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to
 those of this License. You may not use technical measures to
 obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies
 you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in
 exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of
 copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may also lend copies, under the
 same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display
 copies.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.18mhs1nje4vt" id=
 "h.18mhs1nje4vt"></a><span class="c1">3. COPYING IN
 QUANTITY</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">If you publish printed copies (or
 copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document,
 numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires
 Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry,
 clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on
 the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both
 covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher
 of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with
 all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
 other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes
 limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the
 Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim
 copying in other respects.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">If the required texts for either
 cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first
 ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and
 continue the rest onto adjacent pages.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">If you publish or distribute Opaque
 copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either
 include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque
 copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network
 location from which the general network-using public has access to
 download using public-standard network protocols a complete
 Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you
 use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when
 you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
 this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute
 an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of
 that edition to the public.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">It is requested, but not required,
 that you contact the authors of the Document well before
 redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to
 provide you with an updated version of the Document.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.llaqq9qc46ts" id=
 "h.llaqq9qc46ts"></a><span class="c1">4. MODIFICATIONS</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may copy and distribute a
 Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2
 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under
 precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role
 of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of
 the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In
 addition, you must do these things in the Modified
 Version:</span></p>
 <ol class="c15" start="1">
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">A. Use in the Title Page (and
 on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document,
 and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were
 any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use
 the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
 that version gives permission.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">B. List on the Title Page, as
 authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship
 of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at
 least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its
 principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release
 you from this requirement.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">C. State on the Title page the
 name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
 publisher.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">D. Preserve all the copyright
 notices of the Document.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">E. Add an appropriate copyright
 notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright
 notices.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">F. Include, immediately after
 the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
 permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this
 License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">G. Preserve in that license
 notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
 Texts given in the Document's license notice.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">H. Include an unaltered copy of
 this License.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">I. Preserve the section
 Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item
 stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the
 Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section
 Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title,
 year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title
 Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
 the previous sentence.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">J. Preserve the network
 location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
 Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network
 locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based
 on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a
 network location for a work that was published at least four years
 before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
 version it refers to gives permission.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">K. For any section Entitled
 "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the
 section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of
 each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given
 therein.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">L. Preserve all the Invariant
 Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their
 titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part
 of the section titles.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">M. Delete any section Entitled
 "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified
 Version.</span></li>
 <li class="c19 c4"><span class="c3">N. Do not retitle any existing
 section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with
 any Invariant Section.</span></li>
 <li class="c4 c19"><span class="c3">O. Preserve any Warranty
 Disclaimers.</span></li>
 </ol>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">If the Modified Version includes new
 front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary
 Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may
 at your option designate some or all of these sections as
 invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant
 Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles
 must be distinct from any other section titles.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may add a section Entitled
 "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of
 your Modified Version by various parties&mdash;for example,
 statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an
 organization as the authoritative definition of a
 standard.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may add a passage of up to five
 words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a
 Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the
 Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of
 Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by)
 any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for
 the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by
 the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add
 another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission
 from the previous publisher that added the old one.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The author(s) and publisher(s) of
 the Document do not by this License give permission to use their
 names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any
 Modified Version.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.k53hm87wq5ad" id=
 "h.k53hm87wq5ad"></a><span class="c1">5. COMBINING
 DOCUMENTS</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may combine the Document with
 other documents released under this License, under the terms
 defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you
 include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of
 the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant
 Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you
 preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The combined work need only contain
 one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections
 may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
 Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title
 of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in
 parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that
 section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment
 to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the
 license notice of the combined work.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">In the combination, you must combine
 any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents,
 forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any
 sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled
 "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled
 "Endorsements".</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.5hw1y38mvgm0" id=
 "h.5hw1y38mvgm0"></a><span class="c1">6. COLLECTIONS OF
 DOCUMENTS</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may make a collection consisting
 of the Document and other documents released under this License,
 and replace the individual copies of this License in the various
 documents with a single copy that is included in the collection,
 provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim
 copying of each of the documents in all other respects.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may extract a single document
 from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this
 License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the
 extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects
 regarding verbatim copying of that document.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.ge7kihin0kaw" id=
 "h.ge7kihin0kaw"></a><span class="c1">7. AGGREGATION WITH
 INDEPENDENT WORKS</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">A compilation of the Document or its
 derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works,
 in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
 "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not
 used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond
 what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in
 an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the
 aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the
 Document.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">If the Cover Text requirement of
 section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if
 the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the
 Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the
 Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of
 covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must
 appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
 aggregate.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.ghx68256x0cw" id=
 "h.ghx68256x0cw"></a><span class="c1">8. TRANSLATION</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Translation is considered a kind of
 modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document
 under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
 translations requires special permission from their copyright
 holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant
 Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
 Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all
 the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers,
 provided that you also include the original English version of this
 License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.
 In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original
 version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original
 version will prevail.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">If a section in the Document is
 Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the
 requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will
 typically require changing the actual title.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.wx8aftj0yhb7" id=
 "h.wx8aftj0yhb7"></a><span class="c1">9. TERMINATION</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">You may not copy, modify,
 sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided
 under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify,
 sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically
 terminate your rights under this License.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">However, if you cease all violation
 of this License, then your license from a particular copyright
 holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the
 copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license,
 and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of
 the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the
 cessation.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Moreover, your license from a
 particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the
 copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable
 means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation
 of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you
 cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the
 notice.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Termination of your rights under
 this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have
 received copies or rights from you under this License. If your
 rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt
 of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any
 rights to use it.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.l15xp4veaojo" id=
 "h.l15xp4veaojo"></a><span class="c1">10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS
 LICENSE</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The Free Software Foundation may
 publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License
 from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to
 the present version, but may differ in detail to address new
 problems or concerns. See</span> <span class="c8 c6 c22"><a class=
 "c11" href=
 "http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a></span><span class="c3">.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">Each version of the License is given
 a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a
 particular numbered version of this License "or any later version"
 applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and
 conditions either of that specified version or of any later version
 that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
 Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of
 this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a
 draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies
 that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can
 be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version
 permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
 Document.</span></p>
 <h4 class="c4"><a name="h.txe1ejocoaau" id=
 "h.txe1ejocoaau"></a><span class="c1">11. RELICENSING</span></h4>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration
 Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that
 publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent
 facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that
 anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive
 Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means
 any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
 site.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative
 Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative
 Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal
 place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future
 copyleft versions of that license published by that same
 organization.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">"Incorporate" means to publish or
 republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another
 Document.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">An MMC is "eligible for relicensing"
 if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were
 first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC,
 and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1)
 had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus
 incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.</span></p>
 <p class="c4"><span class="c3">The operator of an MMC Site may
 republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same
 site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is
 eligible for relicensing.</span></p>
 <p class="c10 c4"></p>
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