Code snippets for Fly blog posts - https://fly.io/phoenix-files/making-a-checkboxgroup-input/

book.ex

defmodule MyApp.Books.Book do
  use Ecto.Schema
  import Ecto.Query, warn: false
  import Ecto.Changeset
  import MyApp.ChangesetHelpers

  schema "books" do
    field :name, :string

    field :genres, {:array, :string}, default: []
    # ...
  end

  @genre_options [
    {"Fantasy", "fantasy"},
    {"Science Fiction", "sci-fi"},
    {"Dystopian", "dystopian"},
    {"Adventure", "adventure"},
    {"Romance", "romance"},
    {"Detective & Mystery", "mystery"},
    {"Horror", "horror"},
    {"Thriller", "thriller"},
    {"Historical Fiction", "historical-fiction"},
    {"Young Adult (YA)", "young-adult"},
    {"Children's Fiction", "children-fiction"},
    {"Memoir & Autobiography", "autobiography"},
    {"Biography", "biography"},
    {"Cooking", "cooking"},
    # ...
  ]

  @valid_genres Enum.map(@genre_options, fn({_text, val}) -> val end)

  def genre_options, do: @genre_options

  def changeset(book, attrs) do
    book
    |> cast(attrs, [:name, :genres])
    |> common_validations()
  end

  defp common_validations(changeset) do
    changeset
    # ...
    |> validate_required([:name])
    |> clean_and_validate_array(:genres, @valid_genres)
  end
end

changeset_helpers.ex

defmodule MyApp.ChangesetHelpers do
  @moduledoc """
  Helper functions for working with changesets.

  Includes common specialized validations for working with tags.
  """
  import Ecto.Changeset

  @doc """
  Remove the blank value from the array.
  """
  def trim_array(changeset, field, blank_value \\ "") do
    update_change(changeset, field, &Enum.reject(&1, fn item -> item == blank_value end))
  end

  @doc """
  Validate that the array of string on the changeset are all in the set of valid
  values.

  NOTE: Could use `Ecto.Changeset.validate_subset/4` instead, however, it won't
  give as helpful errors.
  """
  def validate_array(changeset, field, valid_values) when is_list(valid_values) do
    validate_change(changeset, field, fn ^field, new_values ->
      if Enum.all?(new_values, &(&1 in valid_values)) do
        []
      else
        unsupported = new_values -- valid_values
        [{field, "Only the defined values are allowed. Unsupported: #{inspect(unsupported)}"}]
      end
    end)
  end

  @doc """
  When working with a field that is an array of strings, this function sorts the
  values in the array.
  """
  def sort_array(changeset, field) do
    update_change(changeset, field, &Enum.sort(&1))
  end

  @doc """
  Clean and process the array values and validate the selected values against an
  approved list.
  """
  def clean_and_validate_array(changeset, field, valid_values, blank_value \\ "") do
    changeset
    |> trim_array(field, blank_value)
    |> sort_array(field)
    |> validate_array(field, valid_values)
  end
end

core_components.ex

defmodule MyAppWeb.CoreComponents do
  use Phoenix.Component

  # ...
  def input(%{type: "checkgroup"} = assigns) do
    ~H"""
    <div phx-feedback-for={@name} class="text-sm">
      <.label for={@id}><%= @label %></.label>
      <div class="mt-1 w-full bg-white border border-gray-300 rounded-md shadow-sm pl-3 pr-10 py-2 text-left cursor-default focus:outline-none focus:ring-1 focus:ring-indigo-500 focus:border-indigo-500 sm:text-sm">
        <div class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-1 text-sm items-baseline">
          <input type="hidden" name={@name} value="" />
          <div class="flex items-center" :for={{label, value} <- @options}>
            <label
              for={"#{@name}-#{value}"} class="font-medium text-gray-700">
              <input
                type="checkbox"
                id={"#{@name}-#{value}"}
                name={@name}
                value={value}
                checked={value in @value}
                class="mr-2 h-4 w-4 rounded border-gray-300 text-indigo-600 focus:ring-indigo-500 transition duration-150 ease-in-out"
                {@rest}
              />
              <%= label %>
            </label>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
      <.error :for={msg <- @errors}><%= msg %></.error>
    </div>
    """
  end

  # ...

  @doc """
  Generate a checkbox group for multi-select.
  """
  attr :id, :any
  attr :name, :any
  attr :label, :string, default: nil
  attr :field, Phoenix.HTML.FormField,
    doc: "a form field struct retrieved from the form, for example: @form[:email]"
  attr :errors, :list
  attr :options, :list, doc: "the options to pass to Phoenix.HTML.Form.options_for_select/2"
  attr :rest, :global, include: ~w(disabled form readonly)
  attr :class, :string, default: nil

  def checkgroup(assigns) do
    new_assigns =
      assigns
      |> assign(:multiple, true)
      |> assign(:type, "checkgroup")

    input(new_assigns)
  end

  # ...
end 

This solution works well with a simple embedded list of strings.
But with many_to_many relations coming from database the "selected" state makes quite some difficulties.
Here is my solution for that.

Lets say a Product <> Tag relation:

  schema "products" do
    field :name, :string
    many_to_many :tags, Shopex.Products.Tag,
      join_through: "product_tag_relations", 
      on_replace: :delete
  end

In the changeset I use put_assoc to fetch existing tags via list of ids:

 def changeset(product, attrs) do
    product
    |> cast(attrs, [:name,:archived_at])
    |> validate_required([:name])
    |> put_tags(attrs)
    |> cast_assoc( :variants )
  end
  
  defp put_tags(changeset, attrs) do
    case Map.get(attrs,"tags",[]) do
      [] -> changeset
      tags ->
        found = attrs["tags"]
          |> Enum.filter( fn x -> x != "" end)
          |> Products.list_product_tags()
        put_assoc(changeset, :tags, found)
    end
  end

Little side note:
In case you want to support also the full %Tag{} data in the changeset params you can extend the put_tags function to check if the attr["tags"] is a list of strings or of %Tags{}

In the form controller I fetch the available tags for options:

@impl true
  def handle_params(%{"id" => id}, _, socket) do
    product = Products.get_product!(id)
    tags = Products.list_product_tags()
       |> Enum.map( &({&1.name,&1.id}) )

    {:noreply,
     socket
     |> assign(:page_title, page_title(socket.assigns.live_action))
     |> assign(:product,product)
     |> assign(:tags, tags)
     |> assign_form(Products.change_product(product))}
  end

This is the form snippet for my case:

<.input type="checkgroup" multiple="true" field={@form[:tags]} options={@tags} />

On first render the assigns.value in the checkgroup input is a list of %Tags{ id, name}

Thats not to difficult. You just need to map it to a list of ids and assign this list:

  def input(%{type: "checkgroup"} = assigns) do
    assigns = assign( assigns, :selected, Enum.map( assigns.value, &1(&1.id) ) )
    ...
    <input
         ...,
         checked={value in @selected}
    /> 

But this works only on the first render, because as soon as you select/unselect a checkbox the value of the field is a list of %Ecto.Changeset{}. Bummer!

The changeset has happily the selected tags with full data in the %Ecto.Changeset{ data } field.

In some cases the value field is also just a list of id strings, including the dummy value "" for an empty selection.

to deal with these cases I wrote a helper:

  defp pick_selected( assigns ) do
     assigns.value
      |> Enum.map(fn x->
           case x do
             %Ecto.Changeset{ action: :update, data: data } ->
               data.id
             %Ecto.Changeset{} -> nil
             %{id: id} ->
               id
             x when is_binary(x) -> if x == "", do: nil, else: x
             _ -> nil
           end
         end)
      |> Enum.filter( &!is_nil(&1))
  end

Note that I am not pattern matching for %Tag{ id } but only in general for %{ id }.
Because the logic is not Tag specific but rather many_to_many/ has_many specific.
The component should still work if you have another input like %Options{ id } or %Categories{}

And then you just replace in the checkgroup input the id mapping with the helper:

  def input(%{type: "checkgroup"} = assigns) do
    assigns = assign( assigns, :selected, pick_selected( assigns) ) )
    ...
    <input
         ...,
         checked={value in @selected}
    /> 

I replaced the line checked={value in @value} with checked={@value && value in @value} to avoid the protocol Enumerable not implemented for nil of type Atom error mentioned by @ciroque above.

In some cases the value field is also just a list of id strings, including the dummy value "" for an empty selection.

to deal with these cases I wrote a helper:

  defp pick_selected( assigns ) do
     assigns.value
      |> Enum.map(fn x->
           case x do
             %Ecto.Changeset{ action: :update, data: data } ->
               data.id
             %Ecto.Changeset{} -> nil
             %{id: id} ->
               id
             x when is_binary(x) -> if x == "", do: nil, else: x
             _ -> nil
           end
         end)
      |> Enum.filter( &!is_nil(&1))
  end

A bit shorter

  defp pick_selected_checkgroup(assigns) do
    assigns.value
    |> Enum.map(fn
      %Ecto.Changeset{action: :update, data: data} -> data.id
      %Ecto.Changeset{} -> nil
      %{id: id} -> id
      x when is_binary(x) and x != "" -> x
      _ -> nil
    end)
    |> Enum.reject(&is_nil/1)
  end