- Manchu tribes, one of the descendants of Jurchen
- Manchuria in the 16th century had been brought under Chinese type of intensive agriculture only in the southernmost region
- The Ming had recognized the frontier nature of this region by organizing it in the military districts rather than under a civil administration only
- In their rise to power the Manchus took full advantage of their strategic position on a frontier where they could learn Chinese ways and yet not be entirely subjected to Chinese rule
The Manchu Conquest