Use a docker build container without a volume mount.

build.sh

#!/usr/bin/env bash

PROJ=your-image-name

TAG=${1:-latest}

HASH=`date +%s`
BUILD_NAME=${PROJ}-build-${HASH}

rm -rf target
mkdir target
docker build -t ${BUILD_NAME} -f Dockerfile.build . || exit 1
docker create --name ${BUILD_NAME} ${BUILD_NAME} /bin/true || exit 1
docker cp ${BUILD_NAME}:/target/$PROJ ./target/$PROJ || exit 1
docker rm ${BUILD_NAME} || exit 1
docker rmi -f ${BUILD_NAME} || exit 1