Conda packages are files containing a bundle of resources: usually libraries and executables, but not always. In principle, Conda packages can include data, images, notebooks, or other assets.
One of the powerful aspects of conda, both the tool and the package format, is that dependencies are taken care of. That is, when you install any Conda package, any other packages needed get installed automatically.
A Conda package, then, is a file containing all files needed to make a given program execute correctly on a given system.