pattern_hash.rb

# https://www.linux.org.ru/forum/development/13492726

class Glob
  def self.=== string
    string.include? ?*
  end
end

class MyHash < Hash
  def initialize
    @regexps, @globs = {}, {}
    super { |hash, key| hash[key] = find_value_of key }
  end

  def []= key, value
    case key
    when Regexp
      @regexps[key] = value
    when Glob
      @globs[key] = value
    else
      super
    end
  end

  private
    def find_value_of key
      @regexps.find { |regexp, _value| regexp.match? key }&.last or
        @globs.find { |glob, _value| File.fnmatch? glob, key }&.last
    end
end

hash = MyHash.new
hash[/^(any|key|be|no|key)$/] = 'value'
hash['hello'] = 'world'
hash['foo*bar'] = 'Dummy staff'

p hash.values_at 'any', 'hello', 'foo_some_staff_in_the_middle_bar'
#=> ["value", "world", "Dummy staff"]