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Created August 6, 2023 01:10
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foo.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<script>
document.documentElement.classList.add("__variable_20951f");
</script>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<script>
(function () {
try {
if (document.cookie && document.cookie.indexOf("isLoggedIn=1") > -1) {
document.documentElement.classList.add("logged-in-on-page-load");
}
} catch (err) {}
})();
</script>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<title>How Turborepo is porting from Go to Rust – Vercel</title>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="article" property="og:type" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/contentful/image/e5382hct74si/6E56Ftg7W5wsRF8rjgjS7N/42f14e2661f473af626111a517df547e/Turbo_OG.png"
name="twitter:image"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="How Turborepo is porting from Go to Rust – Vercel"
property="og:title"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="https://vercel.com/blog/how-turborepo-is-porting-from-go-to-rust"
property="og:url"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="Our strategy for making updates and maintaining stability while we migrate languages."
name="description"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="Our strategy for making updates and maintaining stability while we migrate languages."
property="og:description"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/contentful/image/e5382hct74si/6E56Ftg7W5wsRF8rjgjS7N/42f14e2661f473af626111a517df547e/Turbo_OG.png"
property="og:image"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta
content="max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"
name="robots"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="en" http-equiv="Content-Language" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
crossorigin="anonymous"
href="https://assets.vercel.com"
rel="preconnect"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
crossorigin="anonymous"
href="https://avatars.githubusercontent.com"
rel="preconnect"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="@vercel" name="twitter:site" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="Vercel" name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="white" name="theme-color" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<meta content="#000000" name="msapplication-TileColor" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/57x57.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="57x57"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/60x60.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="60x60"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/72x72.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="72x72"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/76x76.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="76x76"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/114x114.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="114x114"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/120x120.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="120x120"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/144x144.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="144x144"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/152x152.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="152x152"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/180x180.png"
rel="apple-touch-icon"
sizes="180x180"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/favicon.ico"
rel="icon shortcut"
type="image/x-icon"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link fetchpriority="low" href="/site.webmanifest" rel="manifest" />
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
color="#000000"
fetchpriority="low"
href="https://assets.vercel.com/image/upload/front/favicon/vercel/safari-pinned-tab.svg"
rel="mask-icon"
/>
<meta name="next-head" content="1" />
<link
href="/atom"
rel="alternate"
title="Vercel News"
type="application/atom+xml"
/>
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</head>
<body>
<div id="__next">
<a
class="skip-nav-link_skipLink__M2lut"
href="#geist-skip-nav"
tabindex="0"
>Skip to content</a
>
<script>
!(function () {
try {
var d = document.documentElement,
c = d.classList;
c.remove("light-theme", "dark-theme");
var e = localStorage.getItem("zeit-theme");
if ("system" === e || (!e && true)) {
var t = "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)",
m = window.matchMedia(t);
if (m.media !== t || m.matches) {
d.style.colorScheme = "dark";
c.add("dark-theme");
} else {
d.style.colorScheme = "light";
c.add("light-theme");
}
} else if (e) {
var x = { light: "light-theme", dark: "dark-theme" };
c.add(x[e] || "");
}
if (e === "light" || e === "dark") d.style.colorScheme = e;
} catch (e) {}
})();
</script>
<div class="geist-page">
<span class="dark-theme invert-theme"></span>
<div class="screen_geist_screen__Hlyrv">
<div class="header_wrapper__u5Opu">
<header
class="header_header__dGL52"
style="--full: var(--ds-page-width-with-margin)"
>
<div class="header_nav_first__PxyqC">
<div>
<a
aria-controls="menu-:Rlcbsla6:"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-label="dashboard"
class="logo-context-menu-button_button__EKpor"
data-testid="header/navbar/logo"
id="menu-button-:Rlcbsla6H1:"
href="/dashboard"
><svg
aria-label="Vercel logotype"
height="22"
role="img"
viewBox="0 0 283 64"
>
<path
d="M141.68 16.25c-11.04 0-19 7.2-19 18s8.96 18 20 18c6.67 0 12.55-2.64 16.19-7.09l-7.65-4.42c-2.02 2.21-5.09 3.5-8.54 3.5-4.79 0-8.86-2.5-10.37-6.5h28.02c.22-1.12.35-2.28.35-3.5 0-10.79-7.96-17.99-19-17.99zm-9.46 14.5c1.25-3.99 4.67-6.5 9.45-6.5 4.79 0 8.21 2.51 9.45 6.5h-18.9zm117.14-14.5c-11.04 0-19 7.2-19 18s8.96 18 20 18c6.67 0 12.55-2.64 16.19-7.09l-7.65-4.42c-2.02 2.21-5.09 3.5-8.54 3.5-4.79 0-8.86-2.5-10.37-6.5h28.02c.22-1.12.35-2.28.35-3.5 0-10.79-7.96-17.99-19-17.99zm-9.45 14.5c1.25-3.99 4.67-6.5 9.45-6.5 4.79 0 8.21 2.51 9.45 6.5h-18.9zm-39.03 3.5c0 6 3.92 10 10 10 4.12 0 7.21-1.87 8.8-4.92l7.68 4.43c-3.18 5.3-9.14 8.49-16.48 8.49-11.05 0-19-7.2-19-18s7.96-18 19-18c7.34 0 13.29 3.19 16.48 8.49l-7.68 4.43c-1.59-3.05-4.68-4.92-8.8-4.92-6.07 0-10 4-10 10zm82.48-29v46h-9v-46h9zM37.59.25l36.95 64H.64l36.95-64zm92.38 5l-27.71 48-27.71-48h10.39l17.32 30 17.32-30h10.39zm58.91 12v9.69c-1-.29-2.06-.49-3.2-.49-5.81 0-10 4-10 10v14.8h-9v-34h9v9.2c0-5.08 5.91-9.2 13.2-9.2z"
fill="var(--geist-foreground)"
></path></svg
></a>
<div
class="stack_stack__iZkUS stack"
data-version="v1"
style="
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--stack-direction: row;
--stack-align: center;
--stack-justify: flex-start;
--stack-padding: 0px;
--stack-gap: 8px;
"
>
<button
aria-label="open menu"
class="menu-toggle_menuToggle__6OaWw mobile-menu_indicator__le_Ik"
data-testid="mobile-menu/trigger"
type="button"
>
<div class="menu-toggle_wrap__I3ShB"></div>
</button>
</div>
</div>
<div class="header_nav_second__cIFf5">
<nav
aria-label="Navigation header with 5 links and 1 dropdown menu with links"
data-orientation="horizontal"
dir="ltr"
class="navigation-menu_root__raIWR"
>
<div style="position: relative">
<ul
data-orientation="horizontal"
class="navigation-menu_list__sVWMG"
dir="ltr"
>
<li>
<button
id="radix-:R9cbsla6:-trigger-features"
data-state="closed"
aria-expanded="false"
aria-controls="radix-:R9cbsla6:-content-features"
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data-active="false"
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Features<svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
aria-hidden="true"
style="color: currentColor"
>
<path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" />
</svg>
</button>
<div
id="radix-:R9cbsla6:-content-features"
aria-labelledby="radix-:R9cbsla6:-trigger-features"
data-orientation="horizontal"
data-state="closed"
class="navigation-menu_content__PoN9R"
style="pointer-events: none"
dir="ltr"
>
<ul
class="navigation-menu_features__oDdcA navigation-menu_withStorage__MV_0y"
>
<li
class="navigation-menu_featuresLinks__KBJZ4 navigation-menu_withStorage__MV_0y"
>
<a
class="navigation-menu_menuSubLink__YIrPI"
data-feature="Previews"
data-radix-collection-item=""
href="/features/previews"
>
<div
class="navigation-menu_menuItemHeading__4RlM1"
>
<svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
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style="color: currentColor"
>
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d="M21 11.5a8.38 8.38 0 01-.9 3.8 8.5 8.5 0 01-7.6 4.7 8.38 8.38 0 01-3.8-.9L3 21l1.9-5.7a8.38 8.38 0 01-.9-3.8 8.5 8.5 0 014.7-7.6 8.38 8.38 0 013.8-.9h.5a8.48 8.48 0 018 8v.5z"
/></svg
>Previews
</div>
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class="text_wrapper__i87JK navigation-menu_menuItemText__op6fR"
data-version="v1"
style="
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>
Zero config, more innovation
</p> </a
><a
class="navigation-menu_menuSubLink__YIrPI"
data-feature="Infrastructure"
data-radix-collection-item=""
href="/features/infrastructure"
>
<div
class="navigation-menu_menuItemHeading__4RlM1"
>
<svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="color: currentColor"
>
<path d="M12 2L2 7l10 5 10-5-10-5z" />
<path d="M2 17l10 5 10-5" />
<path d="M2 12l10 5 10-5" /></svg
>Infrastructure
</div>
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<a
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rel="noopener noreferrer"
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class="text_wrapper__i87JK text_nowrap__Libwk"
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Anthony Shew
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Content Engineer
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<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
In
<a
href="https://vercel.com/blog/turborepo-migration-go-rust"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>a previous blog post</a
>, we talked about <b>why</b> we are porting
<a
href="https://turbo.build?utm_source=turbo&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=turborepo_porting"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>Turborepo, the high-performance build system for
JavaScript and TypeScript</a
>, from Go to Rust. Now, let&#x27;s talk about <b>how</b>.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Today, our porting effort is in full swing, moving more and
more code to Rust. But when we were starting out, we had to
make sure that porting was feasible for us to accomplish. A
migration from one language to another is no small task and
there&#x27;s a lot of research to do up front to ensure that
the end goal is attainable.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Here’s how we started the process, validated our current
porting strategy, and made the call to port Turborepo to
Rust.
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<div id="preview-divider"></div>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
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>Port vs. full rewrite</a
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data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
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stroke-linejoin="round"
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When we were planning our migration, we briefly considered a
full, ground-up rewrite. But, talking the idea through, we
realized it wouldn&#x27;t fit our goals as well as an
incremental port would.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="what-is-an-incremental-port"
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class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#what-is-an-incremental-port"
>What is an incremental port?</a
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height="24"
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Incremental porting moves code piece-by-piece, running new
and old code together at the same time. The goal for the
chunk of code being moved is to keep the behavior exactly
the same as before it was ported.
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<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
In our case, this means we need to have our Go code and Rust
code interoperating with each other. We want to do a simple
translation, explicitly avoiding making improvements or
changing functionality when we&#x27;re swapping out
languages for the slice of code. That way, we can do
intensive testing against both sets of code, and complete
the migration as quickly as possible.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="why-we-didn&#x27;t-do-a-full-rewrite"
></span
><a
class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#why-we-didn&#x27;t-do-a-full-rewrite"
>Why we didn&#x27;t do a full rewrite</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
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</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Full rewrites are very tempting. They are more simple to
write and ship, as you don&#x27;t need to worry about your
&quot;before&quot; and &quot;after&quot; code working
together. You also get a clean slate to write a new and
improved version, without the warts and technical debt of
the previous iteration. However, full rewrites also come
with some serious downsides.
</p>
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<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
First, a full rewrite tends to require a complete halt to
shipping new features. Otherwise, you run the risk of
chasing a moving target as the old codebase grows while you
try to catch up with your new code.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
A full rewrite also does not guarantee a better user
experience. Often, a rewrite ends up less than seamless, as
it&#x27;s not feasible for the new version to match the old
one, feature for feature, edge case for edge case. As the
surface area of the rewrite grows, there&#x27;s more room
for error and users can end up frustrated with breaking
changes and missing features.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Full rewrites also require building up an entirely new
codebase, which is a large quantity of unused code. In our
experience, unused code, even when verified with tests, can
be a breeding ground for bugs. We wanted to make sure that
any new Rust code was properly exercised as we moved through
our porting effort.
</p>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="we-chose-to-port"
></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#we-chose-to-port"
>We chose to port</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
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</h2>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Therefore, we decided to <b>port</b> Turborepo to Rust
instead of doing a full rewrite.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Porting did necessitate some tradeoffs. We had to introduce
a significant amount of complexity into our codebase, so
that we could interoperate between Go and Rust. This
complexity meant slower developer velocity to start, but we
look forward to workflow improvements going forward,
particularly when our porting effort has finished.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
More importantly, we knew we could continue shipping
features to Turborepo users while porting. All things
considered, we determined that this was a reasonable
compromise and the path that we would take.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="starting-the-port"
></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#starting-the-port"
>Starting the port </a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
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</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
We chose to start by writing a small, new Turborepo feature
in Rust. This way, we could add new functionality from the
roadmap for users, integrate Rust into our build process,
and interact with existing Go code as little as possible to
reduce our initial complexity.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Once we&#x27;d laid this groundwork, we knew that we could
slowly port more and more code to Rust over time.
</p>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
<span class="heading_target__nEYko" id="global-turbo"></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#global-turbo"
>Global
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
></a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
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></span>
</h2>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
We decided to have our first Rust feature be
<a
href="https://turbo.build/blog/turbo-1-7-0#global-turbo?utm_source=turbo&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=turborepo_porting"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>global
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
></a
>, a feature that allows users to install Turborepo as a
globally available command on their machine.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
A global installation of
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
will look for a locally installed
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
program in the repository, execute it if it exists, and
otherwise fallback to the global
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
binary. That way, you can easily run
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
from anywhere in your repository, but also keep a specific
version of
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
pinned in your
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>package.json</code
>.
</p>
<div class="geist-show-on-desktop">
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</div>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
This feature is implemented through what we started calling
&quot;the Rust shim,&quot; a bit of Rust code that wraps the
existing Go code. The Go portion is compiled via CGO as a C
static library and then linked to the Rust binary. Luckily,
global
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
only required a few features from the rest of
Turborepo&#x27;s code, such as reading configuration and
navigating the file system.
</p>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
<span class="heading_target__nEYko" id="cli-parsing"></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#cli-parsing"
>CLI parsing</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
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width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
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/>
<path
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/></svg
></span>
</h2>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
As we implemented global
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>, we realized we needed to parse a few command line
arguments like
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>--cwd</code
>, the argument for setting
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>&#x27;s current working directory.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
After global
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>, it made sense to continue by porting the rest of the CLI
argument parser to Rust. To parse arguments, we use the
<a
href="https://docs.rs/clap/latest/clap/"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
><code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>clap</code
>
crate</a
>
(Rust’s equivalent of an npm package).
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>clap</code
>
lets you define a data type with the arguments, annotate it
a little bit, and it will automatically create a parser.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
With the pieces in place, we had to work on sending the args
from the Rust entry point to the Go code. For better or
worse,
<a
href="https://faultlore.com/blah/c-isnt-a-language/"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>C is the standard for foreign function interfacing
(FFI)</a
>, so we had to use C to communicate between Rust and Go.
</p>
<div class="geist-show-on-desktop">
<div class="geist-hide-on-dark">
<figure
class="renderers_image-wrapper__iG_Go"
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<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
We wanted to avoid having too many types in C, as we weren’t
confident that we could write cross-platform C types that
played well with both Rust and Go. Instead, we decided to
serialize our arguments to JSON and send it to Go as a
string. Even though JSON serialization does have some
overhead, we knew that the arguments struct would only be a
few hundred bytes in size, so the performance impact would
be minimal.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
On the Rust side, we used another cornerstone crate of the
Rust ecosystem,
<a
href="https://docs.rs/serde/latest/serde/"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
><code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>serde</code
></a
>, which lets you serialize and deserialize data in various
different formats, using some minimal annotation. For the Go
side, we were already using JSON in the codebase, so it was
easy to receive the JSON string and deserialize it into a Go
struct.
</p>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
<span class="heading_target__nEYko" id="ship-it"></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#ship-it">Ship it?</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h2>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
With these two features ported, we were ready to ship our
first hybrid Go-Rust release.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
However, before we could release, we needed to make sure the
Go-Rust binary worked in all the various contexts that
Turborepo is used,
<a
href="https://turbo.build/repo/docs/installing?utm_source=turbo&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=turborepo_porting"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>like the different operating systems and Linux distros
that we support</a
>. As we tested our code, we started noticing some issues on
a couple platforms.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="windows-difficulties"
></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#windows-difficulties"
>Windows difficulties</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
On Windows, there are two main toolchains,
<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>Microsoft Visual C++ (MSVC)</a
>
and
<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MinGW"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>Minimalist GNU for Windows (MinGW)</a
>.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Go <b>only</b> uses MinGW, but we were using Rust with MSVC.
This caused some runtime issues, but, luckily, the solution
was simple: we moved our Rust toolchain to MinGW.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Next up, we had some issues with paths. Windows has a couple
concepts of paths, including what’s called a Universal
Naming Convention (UNC) path. When you ask Windows to
canonicalize a path (resolve all symlinks and normalize
components of the path), it gives you a UNC path.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
However, despite the name, UNC paths are not supported
everywhere—sometimes not even by Windows itself! This caused
a few bugs where we’d provide a UNC path and get an invalid
path error. The solution was to use a helpful Rust crate
called
<a
href="https://docs.rs/dunce/latest/dunce/"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>dunce</a
>
that lets you canonicalize a path and get a non-UNC path
back, handling the intricacies of this problem for us.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span class="heading_target__nEYko" id="alpine-linux"></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#alpine-linux"
>Alpine Linux</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
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></span>
</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
The second set of challenges came with Alpine Linux. At
Vercel, we use Alpine, a common operating system for cloud
computing, to create lightweight containers for building
your projects.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Alpine, though, does not come with
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>glibc</code
>, the de-facto implementation of the C standard library.
This is a problem because many binaries assume
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>glibc</code
>
is installed and don’t package it themselves. There are some
libraries that pave over this issue using packages like
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>gcompat</code
>
or
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>libc6-compat</code
>, but they didn’t end up working for us because the version
of
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>glibc</code
>
that Rust requires was too modern for our supported targets.
When we’d try to run the binary, we’d get errors that the
required
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>glibc</code
>
version was not available.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
As a result, we decided to compile Turborepo as a fully
static binary. This meant that we packaged our own C
standard library implementation using
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>musl</code
>
(since you can&#x27;t statically link
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>glibc</code
>
due to licensing issues). This seems to work just fine for
both Rust and Go: Rust lets you set the C standard library
in the target (<code
class="code_code__U8dqF"
style="font-size: 0.9em"
>aarch64-unknown-linux-musl</code
>
vs.
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu</code
>) and Go does not use a C standard library by default.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
However, when we ran this statically linked binary, it would
return a segmentation fault. Even worse, when we inspected
with a debugger, we’d find a corrupted stack. And, even
worser, the segfault appeared to be coming from the Go
runtime itself!
</p>
<hr
style="
border: 0;
border-top: 1px solid var(--accents-2);
margin: 50px 0;
"
/>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
After a lot of searching, we tracked down a
<a
href="https://github.com/golang/go/issues/13492"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>seven year-old GitHub issue</a
>
which explained that Go cannot be compiled as a C static
library with
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>musl</code
>. This posed a significant challenge, as Alpine Linux is an
essential platform for Turborepo and its users. We had to go
back to the drawing board and figure out how we could ship
our Go-Rust combination.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Eventually, after a ton more deliberation, we came up with a
solution: we’d compile our Go code and our Rust code as two
separate binaries. The Rust code would call the Go code and
pass the args serialized to JSON via the CLI.
</p>
<div class="geist-show-on-desktop">
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<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
We knew that the args were small enough that they could be
passed via CLI without too much of a performance hit. And
because we were using a serialization format, the code
changes were extremely small. All we had to do was change
how Rust was sending the JSON string to Go.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
With that, we were able to get our first hybrid Go-Rust
release out the door. The first version of
<code class="code_code__U8dqF" style="font-size: 0.9em"
>turbo</code
>
that was shipped to you using these compilation strategies
was
<a
href="https://turbo.build/blog/turbo-1-7-0?utm_source=turbo&amp;utm_medium=blog&amp;utm_campaign=turborepo_porting"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>version 1.7.0</a
>.
</p>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="what-we-learned"
></span
><a class="heading_link__sr7K9" href="#what-we-learned"
>What we learned</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h2>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Through this effort, we&#x27;ve learned a lot about moving
from one language to another. Let&#x27;s take note of what
we&#x27;ve found.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="serialization-is-useful-for-ffi"
></span
><a
class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#serialization-is-useful-for-ffi"
>Serialization is useful for FFI</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Our first takeaway is that serialization formats are very
useful for interoperability. By serializing to JSON, a
format with robust support in both Go and Rust, we were able
to minimize our FFI surface area, and avoid a whole class of
cross-platform, cross-language bugs. When we had to switch
from a single, linked binary to two binaries, we were able
to do so with relative ease because our FFI surface area was
so small.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
The tradeoff here is that serialization and deserialization
is slow. You can only depend on this technique if either you
know your serialized payloads will be small or you
don&#x27;t care about the performance hit for your use case.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="porting-takes-preparation"
></span
><a
class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#porting-takes-preparation"
>Porting takes preparation</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
The second takeaway is that incremental porting is feasible
but requires lots of careful testing and strategizing. We
ran into quite a few tricky bugs and we caught these issues
through lots of automated and manual testing. You can
<a
href="https://github.com/vercel/turbo/tree/main/.github/workflows"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>check out our (and Turbopack&#x27;s) testing suites in
our GitHub workflows</a
>.
</p>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Testing is also extremely important for nailing down the
behavior of your code, whether it’s the exact edge cases of
CLI parsing, or the order in which configuration is loaded.
These exact details are not so crucial when you’re writing
your first implementation, but they’re absolutely paramount
to avoid breaking changes during a port or rewrite. You
should aim to write tests <b>before</b> you start porting
code, so that you have a known specification to work
against.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="cross-compatibility-is-difficult"
></span
><a
class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#cross-compatibility-is-difficult"
>Cross-compatibility is difficult</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
The third takeaway is that cross-platform, cross-language
release engineering is extremely challenging. Every
platform, language, and compiler has their own quirks that
can make interoperability difficult and, the more things you
have working together, the more opportunities you have for a
new complication.
</p>
<h3 class="renderers_heading3__s68C0">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="porting-is-worth-it-for-us"
></span
><a
class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#porting-is-worth-it-for-us"
>Porting is worth it for us</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
stroke-linecap="round"
stroke-linejoin="round"
stroke-width="1.5"
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
width="24"
style="
color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
height: 0.75em;
"
>
<path
d="M10 13a5 5 0 007.54.54l3-3a5 5 0 00-7.07-7.07l-1.72 1.71"
/>
<path
d="M14 11a5 5 0 00-7.54-.54l-3 3a5 5 0 007.07 7.07l1.71-1.71"
/></svg
></span>
</h3>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
Finally, while porting from Go to Rust has been challenging,
it has proven to be the correct choice for us strategically.
Even with our porting effort going on, we&#x27;ve been able
to ship new features, handle bugs in existing functionality,
and keep helping our users while we migrate. It&#x27;s
required some extraordinarily tricky debugging, careful
planning, and rigorous testing, but we believe it has been
worth it.
</p>
<h2 class="renderers_heading2__9zxb_">
<span
class="heading_target__nEYko"
id="try-out-(ported)-turborepo"
></span
><a
class="heading_link__sr7K9"
href="#try-out-(ported)-turborepo"
>Try out (ported) Turborepo</a
><span class="heading_permalink__6hJz8"
><svg
class="with-icon_icon__MHUeb"
data-testid="geist-icon"
fill="none"
height="24"
shape-rendering="geometricPrecision"
stroke="currentColor"
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stroke-linejoin="round"
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color: currentColor;
width: 0.75em;
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<path
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<path
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></span>
</h2>
<p class="renderers_paragraph__ebcQ5">
This week, Turborepo saved 5,742 hours of time for the
product engineers and CI machines at Vercel. If you want to
try out the same technology in just a few minutes,
<a
href="https://vercel.com/blog/vercel-remote-cache-turbo"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>check out our article</a
>
on how you can get started with
<a
href="https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/monorepos/remote-caching"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh link_highlight__kJZF9"
>Vercel Remote Cache</a
>.
</p>
<div class="explore-more_wrapper__7FarS">
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Explore more
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<div class="explore-more_cardsGrid__P85E_">
<a
class="link_link__hbWKh explore-more_cardLink__rZmfg"
href="/templates/next.js/turborepo-next-basic"
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Deploy this template
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by
<!-- -->▲ Vercel
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div> </a
><a
href="https://turbo.build"
rel="noopener"
target="_blank"
class="link_link__hbWKh explore-more_cardLink__rZmfg"
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<div class="explore-more_card__fge_u">
<div class="explore-more_cardHeader__3nZpp">
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Visit turbo.build
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Why Turborepo is migrating from Go to Rust
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Anthony Shew,
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Faster iteration with Turborepo and Vercel Remote
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