Swift Functions

swift-functions.swift

/*
 Referenced from Stanford CS193p
 
 #: important
 ##: very important
 
 Functions
 - Defining and Calling Functions
 - Function Parameters and Return Values
 - Functions Without Parameters
 - Functions With Multiple Parameters
 - Functions Without Return Values
 - Functions With Multiple Return Values
 - #Function Argument Labels and Parameter Names
 - #Specifying Argument Labels
 - Omitting Argument Labels
 - Default Parameter Values
 - ##Function Types
 - Nested Functions
 
 Reference: https://docs.swift.org/swift-book/LanguageGuide/Functions.html
 */

/*
 Defining and Calling Functions
 */
func greet(person: String) -> String {
    let greeting = "Hello, " + person + "!"
    return greeting
}

print(greet(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello, Anna!"
print(greet(person: "Brian"))
// Prints "Hello, Brian!"

func greetAgain(person: String) -> String {
    return "Hello again, " + person + "!"
}
print(greetAgain(person: "Anna"))
// Prints "Hello again, Anna!"

/*
 Function Parameters and Return Values
 */
// Functions Without Parameters
func sayHelloWorld() -> String {
    return "hello, world"
}
print(sayHelloWorld())
// Prints "hello, world"


// Functions With Multiple Parameters
func greet(person: String, alreadyGreeted: Bool) -> String {
    if alreadyGreeted {
        return greetAgain(person: person)
    } else {
        return greet(person: person)
    }
}
print(greet(person: "Tim", alreadyGreeted: true))
// Prints "Hello again, Tim!"

// Functions Without Return Values
func anotherGreet(person: String) {
    print("Hello, \(person)!")
}
anotherGreet(person: "Dave")
// Prints "Hello, Dave!"

// Functions With Multiple Return Values
func minMax(array: [Int]) -> (min: Int, max: Int) {
    var currentMin = array[0]
    var currentMax = array[0]
    for value in array[1..<array.count] {
        if value < currentMin {
            currentMin = value
        } else if value > currentMax {
            currentMax = value
        }
    }
    return (currentMin, currentMax)
}

let bounds = minMax(array: [8, -6, 2, 109, 3, 71])
print("min is \(bounds.min) and max is \(bounds.max)")
// Prints "min is -6 and max is 109"

/*
 #Function Argument Labels and Parameter Names
 */
func someFunction(firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
    // In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
    // refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(firstParameterName: 1, secondParameterName: 2)

// #Specifying Argument Labels
func someFunction(argumentLabel parameterName: Int) {
    // In the function body, parameterName refers to the argument value
    // for that parameter.
}

func greet(person: String, from hometown: String) -> String {
    return "Hello \(person)!  Glad you could visit from \(hometown)."
}
print(greet(person: "Bill", from: "Cupertino"))
// Prints "Hello Bill!  Glad you could visit from Cupertino."

/*
 Omitting Argument Labels
 */
func someFunction(_ firstParameterName: Int, secondParameterName: Int) {
    // In the function body, firstParameterName and secondParameterName
    // refer to the argument values for the first and second parameters.
}
someFunction(1, secondParameterName: 2)

// Default Parameter Values
func someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: Int, parameterWithDefault: Int = 12) {
    // If you omit the second argument when calling this function, then
    // the value of parameterWithDefault is 12 inside the function body.
}
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 3, parameterWithDefault: 6) // parameterWithDefault is 6
someFunction(parameterWithoutDefault: 4) // parameterWithDefault is 12

/*
 ##Function Types
 */
func addTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
    return a + b
}
func multiplyTwoInts(_ a: Int, _ b: Int) -> Int {
    return a * b
}

// Using Function Types
var mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int = addTwoInts
print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 5"
mathFunction = multiplyTwoInts
print("Result: \(mathFunction(2, 3))")
// Prints "Result: 6"

// Function Types as Parameter Types
func printMathResult(_ mathFunction: (Int, Int) -> Int, _ a: Int, _ b: Int) {
    print("Result: \(mathFunction(a, b))")
}
printMathResult(addTwoInts, 3, 5)
// Prints "Result: 8"

// Function Types as Return Types
func stepForward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
    return input + 1
}
func stepBackward(_ input: Int) -> Int {
    return input - 1
}

func chooseStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
    return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}

var currentValue = 3
var moveNearerToZero = chooseStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the stepBackward() function

print("Counting to zero:")
// Counting to zero:
while currentValue != 0 {
    print("\(currentValue)... ")
    currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")

/*
 Nested Functions
 */
func chooseAnotherStepFunction(backward: Bool) -> (Int) -> Int {
    func stepForward(input: Int) -> Int { return input + 1 }
    func stepBackward(input: Int) -> Int { return input - 1 }
    return backward ? stepBackward : stepForward
}
currentValue = -4
moveNearerToZero = chooseAnotherStepFunction(backward: currentValue > 0)
// moveNearerToZero now refers to the nested stepForward() function
while currentValue != 0 {
    print("\(currentValue)... ")
    currentValue = moveNearerToZero(currentValue)
}
print("zero!")